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| Product NDC Code | 0008-0923 | ||||||||
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| Drug Name | Protonix i.v. |
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| Type | Brand | ||||||||
| Pharm Class | Proton Pump Inhibitor [EPC], Proton Pump Inhibitors [MoA] |
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| Active Ingredients |
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| Route | INTRAVENOUS | ||||||||
| Dosage Form | INJECTION, POWDER, FOR SOLUTION | ||||||||
| RxCUI drug identifier | 283669, 885257 |
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| Application Number | NDA020988 | ||||||||
| Labeler Name | Wyeth Pharmaceuticals LLC, a subsidiary of Pfizer Inc. | ||||||||
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| Check if available Online | Get Medication Prices online with Discount |
Overdosage of Protonix I.V.
Information about signs, symptoms, and laboratory findings of acute ovedosage and the general principles of overdose treatment.10 OVERDOSAGE Experience in patients taking very high doses of pantoprazole (greater than 240 mg) is limited. Adverse reactions seen in spontaneous reports of overdose generally reflect the known safety profile of pantoprazole. Pantoprazole is not removed by hemodialysis. In case of overdose, treatment should be symptomatic and supportive. Single intravenous doses of pantoprazole at 378, 230, and 266 mg/kg (38, 46, and 177 times the recommended human dose based on body surface area) were lethal to mice, rats and dogs, respectively. The symptoms of acute toxicity were hypoactivity, ataxia, hunched sitting, limb-splay, lateral position, segregation, absence of ear reflex, and tremor.
Adverse reactions
Information about undesirable effects, reasonably associated with use of the drug, that may occur as part of the pharmacological action of the drug or may be unpredictable in its occurrence. Adverse reactions include those that occur with the drug, and if applicable, with drugs in the same pharmacologically active and chemically related class. There is considerable variation in the listing of adverse reactions. They may be categorized by organ system, by severity of reaction, by frequency, by toxicological mechanism, or by a combination of these.6 ADVERSE REACTIONS The following serious adverse reactions are described below and elsewhere in labeling: • Injection Site Reactions [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) ] • Potential for Exacerbation of Zinc Deficiency [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ] • Acute Tubulointerstitial Nephritis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4) ] • Clostridioides difficile- Associated Diarrhea [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5) ] • Bone Fracture [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6) ] • Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7) ] • Cutaneous and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8) ] • Hepatic Effects [see Warnings and Precautions (5.9) ] • Hypomagnesemia and Mineral Metabolism [see Warnings and Precautions (5.10) ] • Fundic Gland Polyps [see Warnings and Precautions (5.11) ] Most common adverse reactions (> 2%) are: headache, diarrhea, nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, flatulence, dizziness, and arthralgia. ( 6.1 ) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Pfizer Inc. at 1-800-438-1985 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch . 6.1 Clinical Trials Experience Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Adults Safety in nine randomized comparative US clinical trials in patients with GERD included 1,473 patients on oral pantoprazole (20 mg or 40 mg), 299 patients on an H 2 -receptor antagonist, 46 patients on another PPI, and 82 patients on placebo. The most frequently occurring adverse reactions are listed in Table 2. The number of patients treated in comparative studies with PROTONIX I.V. is limited; however, the adverse reactions seen were similar to those seen in the oral studies. Thrombophlebitis was the only new adverse reaction identified with PROTONIX I.V. Table 2: Adverse Reactions Reported in Clinical Trials of Adult Patients with GERD at a Frequency of > 2% Oral Pantoprazole Sodium (n=1473) % Comparators (n=345) % Placebo (n=82) % Headache 12.2 12.8 8.5 Diarrhea 8.8 9.6 4.9 Nausea 7.0 5.2 9.8 Abdominal pain 6.2 4.1 6.1 Vomiting 4.3 3.5 2.4 Flatulence 3.9 2.9 3.7 Dizziness 3.0 2.9 1.2 Arthralgia 2.8 1.4 1.2 Additional adverse reactions that were reported for oral pantoprazole sodium in US clinical trials with a frequency of ≤2% are listed below by body system: Body as a Whole: allergic reaction, fever, photosensitivity reaction, facial edema, thrombophlebitis (intravenous only) Gastrointestinal: constipation, dry mouth, hepatitis Hematologic: leukopenia (reported in ex-US clinical trials only), thrombocytopenia Metabolic/Nutritional: elevated CPK (creatine phosphokinase), generalized edema, elevated triglycerides, liver function tests abnormal Musculoskeletal: myalgia Nervous: depression, vertigo Skin and Appendages: urticaria, rash, pruritus Special Senses: blurred vision Pediatrics Adverse reactions reported with single and multiple doses of PROTONIX I.V. in 18 hospitalized pediatric patients 1 to 16 years of age were generally similar to those reported in adults treated with intravenous or oral pantoprazole sodium and in pediatric patients treated with oral pantoprazole sodium in clinical trials. Additionally, upper respiratory tract infections in pediatric patients less than 16 years of age and otitis media in pediatric patients less than 1 year of age were reported with oral pantoprazole sodium. Zollinger-Ellison (ZE) Syndrome In clinical studies of ZE Syndrome, adverse reactions reported in 35 patients administered PROTONIX I.V. doses of 80 mg to 240 mg per day for up to 2 years were similar to those reported in adult patients with GERD. 6.2 Postmarketing Experience The following adverse reactions have been identified during post approval use of pantoprazole sodium products. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. These adverse reactions are listed below by body system: General disorders and administration conditions: asthenia, fatigue, malaise Immune system disorders: anaphylaxis (including anaphylactic shock), systemic lupus erythematosus Investigations: weight changes Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders: severe dermatologic reactions (some fatal), including erythema multiforme, SJS/TEN, DRESS, AGEP, angioedema (Quincke's edema) and cutaneous lupus erythematosus Musculoskeletal disorders: rhabdomyolysis, bone fracture Renal and genitourinary disorders: acute tubulointerstitial nephritis, erectile dysfunction Hepatobiliary disorders: hepatocellular damage leading to jaundice and hepatic failure Psychiatric disorder: hallucinations, confusion, insomnia, somnolence Metabolism and nutritional disorders: hyponatremia, hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia, hypokalemia, hyponatremia Infections and infestations: Clostridioides difficile -associated diarrhea Hematologic: pancytopenia, agranulocytosis Nervous: ageusia, dysgeusia Gastrointestinal disorders: fundic gland polyps
Protonix I.V. Drug Interactions
Information about and practical guidance on preventing clinically significant drug/drug and drug/food interactions that may occur in people taking the drug.7 DRUG INTERACTIONS Table 3 includes drugs with clinically important drug interactions and interaction with diagnostics when administered concomitantly with PROTONIX I.V. and instructions for preventing or managing them. Consult the labeling of concomitantly used drugs to obtain further information about interactions with PPIs. Table 3: Clinically Relevant Interactions Affecting Drugs Co-Administered with PROTONIX I.V. and Interaction with Diagnostics Antiretrovirals Clinical Impact: The effect of PPIs on antiretroviral drugs is variable. The clinical importance and the mechanisms behind these interactions are not always known. • Decreased exposure of some antiretroviral drugs (e.g., rilpivirine atazanavir, and nelfinavir) when used concomitantly with pantoprazole may reduce antiviral effect and promote the development of drug resistance. • Increased exposure of other antiretroviral drugs (e.g., saquinavir) when used concomitantly with pantoprazole may increase toxicity of the antiretroviral drugs . • There are other antiretroviral drugs which do not result in clinically relevant interactions with pantoprazole. Intervention: Rilpivirine-containing products: Concomitant use with PROTONIX I.V. is contraindicated [see Contraindications (4) ] . See prescribing information. Atazanavir: See prescribing information for atazanavir for dosing information. Nelfinavir: Avoid concomitant use with PROTONIX I.V. See prescribing information for nelfinavir. Saquinavir: See the prescribing information for saquinavir and monitor for potential saquinavir toxicities. Other antiretrovirals: See prescribing information. Warfarin Clinical Impact: Increased INR and prothrombin time in patients receiving PPIs, including pantoprazole, and warfarin concomitantly. Increases in INR and prothrombin time may lead to abnormal bleeding and even death. Intervention: Monitor INR and prothrombin time. Dose adjustment of warfarin may be needed to maintain target INR range. See prescribing information for warfarin. Clopidogrel Clinical Impact: Concomitant administration of pantoprazole and clopidogrel in healthy subjects had no clinically important effect on exposure to the active metabolite of clopidogrel or clopidogrel-induced platelet inhibition [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ]. Intervention: No dose adjustment of clopidogrel is necessary when administered with an approved dose of PROTONIX I.V. Methotrexate Clinical Impact: Concomitant use of PPIs with methotrexate (primarily at high dose) may elevate and prolong serum concentrations of methotrexate and/or its metabolite hydroxymethotrexate, possibly leading to methotrexate toxicities. No formal drug interaction studies of high-dose methotrexate with PPIs have been conducted [see Warnings and Precautions (5.14) ] . Intervention: A temporary withdrawal of PROTONIX I.V. may be considered in some patients receiving high-dose methotrexate. Drugs Dependent on Gastric pH for Absorption (e.g., iron salts, erlotinib, dasatinib, nilotinib, mycophenolate mofetil, ketoconazole/itraconazole) Clinical Impact: Pantoprazole can reduce the absorption of other drugs due to its effect on reducing intragastric acidity. Intervention: Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF): Co-administration of pantoprazole sodium in healthy subjects and in transplant patients receiving MMF has been reported to reduce the exposure to the active metabolite, mycophenolic acid (MPA), possibly due to a decrease in MMF solubility at an increased gastric pH [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ] . The clinical relevance of reduced MPA exposure on organ rejection has not been established in transplant patients receiving PROTONIX I.V. and MMF. Use PROTONIX I.V. with caution in transplant patients receiving MMF. See the prescribing information for other drugs dependent on gastric pH for absorption. Interactions with Investigations of Neuroendocrine Tumors Clinical Impact: CgA levels increase secondary to PPI-induced decreases in gastric acidity. The increased CgA level may cause false positive results in diagnostic investigations for neuroendocrine tumors [see Warnings and Precautions (5.12) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.2) ] . Intervention: Temporarily stop PROTONIX I.V. treatment at least 14 days before assessing CgA levels and consider repeating the test if initial CgA levels are high. If serial tests are performed (e.g., for monitoring), the same commercial laboratory should be used for testing, as reference ranges between tests may vary. False Positive Urine Tests for THC Clinical Impact: There have been reports of false positive urine screening tests for tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in patients receiving PPIs [see Warnings and Precautions (5.13) ] . Intervention: An alternative confirmatory method should be considered to verify positive results. See the full prescribing information for a list of clinically important drug interactions. ( 7 )
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Clinical pharmacology
Information about the clinical pharmacology and actions of the drug in humans.12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 12.1 Mechanism of Action Pantoprazole is a PPI that suppresses the final step in gastric acid production by covalently binding to the (H + , K + )-ATPase enzyme system at the secretory surface of the gastric parietal cell. This effect leads to inhibition of both basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion irrespective of the stimulus. The binding to the (H + , K + )-ATPase results in a duration of antisecretory effect that persists longer than 24 hours for all doses tested (20 mg to 120 mg). 12.2 Pharmacodynamics Antisecretory Activity The magnitude and time course for inhibition of pentagastrin-stimulated acid output (PSAO) by single doses (20 to 120 mg) of PROTONIX I.V. were assessed in a single-dose, open-label, placebo-controlled, dose-response study. The results of this study are shown in Table 4. Healthy subjects received a continuous infusion for 25 hours of pentagastrin (PG) at 1 mcg/kg/h, a dose known to produce submaximal gastric acid secretion. The placebo group showed a sustained, continuous acid output for 25 hours, validating the reliability of the testing model. PROTONIX I.V. had an onset of antisecretory activity within 15 to 30 minutes of administration. Doses of 20 to 80 mg of PROTONIX I.V. substantially reduced the 24-hour cumulative PSAO in a dose-dependent manner, despite a short plasma elimination half-life. Complete suppression of PSAO was achieved with 80 mg within approximately 2 hours and no further significant suppression was seen with 120 mg. The duration of action of PROTONIX I.V. was 24 hours. Table 4: Gastric Acid Output (mEq/hr, Mean ± SD) and Percent Inhibition Compared to individual subject baseline prior to treatment with PROTONIX I.V. (Mean ± SD) of Pentagastrin Stimulated Acid Output Over 24 Hours Following a Single Dose of PROTONIX I.V. Inhibition of gastric acid output and the percent inhibition of stimulated acid output in response to PROTONIX I.V. may be higher after repeated doses. in Healthy Subjects NA = not applicable. ------2 hours------ ------4 hours------ ------12 hours------ ------24 hours------ Treatment Dose Acid Output % Inhibition Acid Output % Inhibition Acid Output % Inhibition Acid Output % Inhibition 0 mg (Placebo, n=4) 39 ± 21 NA 26 ± 14 NA 32 ± 20 NA 38 ± 24 NA 20 mg (n=4–6) 13 ± 18 47 ± 27 6 ± 8 83 ± 21 20 ± 20 54 ± 44 30 ± 23 45 ± 43 40 mg (n=8) 5 ± 5 82 ± 11 4 ± 4 90 ± 11 11 ± 10 81 ± 13 16 ± 12 52 ± 36 80 mg (n=8) 0.1 ± 0.2 96 ± 6 0.3 ± 0.4 99 ± 1 2 ± 2 90 ± 7 7 ± 4 63 ± 18 In one study of gastric pH in healthy subjects, pantoprazole was administered orally (40 mg enteric coated tablets) or PROTONIX I.V. (40 mg) once daily for 5 days and pH was measured for 24 hours following the fifth dose. The outcome measure was median percent of time that pH was ≥4 and the results were similar for intravenous and oral medications; however, the clinical significance of this parameter is unknown. Serum Gastrin Effects Serum gastrin concentrations were assessed in two placebo-controlled studies. In a 5-day study of oral pantoprazole with 40 and 60 mg doses in healthy subjects, following the last dose on day 5, median 24-hour serum gastrin concentrations were elevated by 3- to 4-fold compared to placebo in both 40 and 60 mg dose groups. However, by 24 hours following the last dose, median serum gastrin concentrations for both groups returned to normal levels. In another placebo-controlled, 7-day study of 40 mg intravenous or oral pantoprazole in patients with GERD and a history of EE, the mean serum gastrin concentration increased approximately 50% from baseline and as compared with placebo, but remained within the normal range. During 6 days of repeated administration of PROTONIX I.V. in patients with ZE Syndrome, consistent changes of serum gastrin concentrations from baseline were not observed. Enterochromaffin-Like (ECL) Cell Effects There are no data available on the effects of intravenous pantoprazole sodium on ECL cells. In a nonclinical study in Sprague-Dawley rats, lifetime exposure (24 months) to oral pantoprazole at doses of 0.5 to 200 mg/kg/day resulted in dose-related increases in gastric ECL-cell proliferation and gastric neuroendocrine (NE)-cell tumors. Gastric NE-cell tumors in rats may result from chronic elevation of serum gastrin concentrations. The high density of ECL cells in the rat stomach makes this species highly susceptible to the proliferative effects of elevated gastrin concentrations produced by PPIs. However, there were no observed elevations in serum gastrin following the administration of oral pantoprazole at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg/day. In a separate study, a gastric NE-cell tumor without concomitant ECL-cell proliferative changes was observed in 1 female rat following 12 months of dosing with oral pantoprazole at 5 mg/kg/day and a 9 month off-dose recovery [see Nonclinical Toxicology (13.1) ] . Endocrine Effects In a clinical pharmacology study, pantoprazole 40 mg given orally once daily for 2 weeks had no effect on the levels of the following hormones: cortisol, testosterone, triiodothyronine (T 3 ), thyroxine (T 4 ), thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyronine-binding protein, parathyroid hormone, insulin, glucagon, renin, aldosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin and growth hormone. In a 1-year study of GERD patients treated with pantoprazole 40 mg or 20 mg, there were no changes from baseline in overall levels of T 3 , T 4 , and TSH. 12.3 Pharmacokinetics Pantoprazole peak serum concentration (C max ) and area under the serum concentration-time curve (AUC) increase in a manner proportional to intravenous doses from 10 mg to 80 mg. Pantoprazole does not accumulate and its pharmacokinetics are unaltered with multiple daily dosing. Following the administration of PROTONIX I.V., the serum concentration of pantoprazole declines biexponentially with a terminal elimination half-life of approximately one hour. In CYP2C19 extensive metabolizers [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.5) ] with normal liver function receiving a 40 mg dose of PROTONIX I.V. by constant rate over 15 minutes, the peak concentration (C max ) is 5.52 ±1.42 mcg/mL and the total area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC) is 5.4 ±1.5 mcg hr/mL. The total clearance is 7.6 to 14 L/h. Distribution The apparent volume of distribution of pantoprazole is approximately 11 to 23.6 L, distributing mainly in extracellular fluid. The serum protein binding of pantoprazole is about 98%, primarily to albumin. Elimination Metabolism Pantoprazole is extensively metabolized in the liver through the cytochrome P450 (CYP) system. Pantoprazole metabolism is independent of the route of administration (intravenous or oral). The main metabolic pathway is demethylation, by CYP2C19, with subsequent sulfation; other metabolic pathways include oxidation by CYP3A4. There is no evidence that any of the pantoprazole metabolites have significant pharmacologic activity. CYP2C19 displays a known genetic polymorphism due to its deficiency in some sub-populations (e.g., 3% of Whites and African-Americans and 17 to 23% of Asians). Although these sub-populations of slow pantoprazole metabolizers have elimination half-life values from 3.5 to 10 hours, they still have minimal accumulation (23% or less) with once daily dosing. Excretion After administration of a single intravenous dose of 14 C-labeled pantoprazole sodium to healthy, extensive CYP2C19 metabolizers, approximately 71% of the dose was excreted in the urine with 18% excreted in the feces through biliary excretion. There was no renal excretion of unchanged pantoprazole. Specific Populations Geriatric Patients After repeated intravenous administration in elderly subjects (65 to 76 years of age), the AUC and elimination half-life values of pantoprazole were similar to those observed in younger subjects. Pediatric Patients The pharmacokinetics of pantoprazole were studied in 40 pediatric patients 1 to less than 16 years of age in three open-label clinical trials in pediatric patients with GERD following intravenous administration and 180 pediatric patients from birth to 16 years of age in four randomized, open-label clinical studies in pediatric patients with GERD following oral administration. Population PK analyses predicted the following dosage regimens would achieve comparable steady-state plasma exposures (AUC 0-24 ) to those observed in adult patients administered 40 mg of PROTONIX I.V. once daily: 0.8 mg/kg once daily for pediatric patients 3 months to less than 1 year, 10 mg once daily for pediatric patients 1 year to 17 years with body weight less than 15 kg, 20 mg once daily for pediatric patients 1 year to 17 years with body weight greater than 15 kg but less than 40 kg, and 40 mg once daily for pediatric patients 1 year to 17 years with body weight of 40 kg and greater. The pharmacokinetics of pantoprazole following intravenous administration in pediatric patients less than 3 months of age have not been characterized. Male and Female Patients After oral administration there was a modest increase in the AUC and C max of pantoprazole in women compared to men. However, weight-normalized clearance values are similar in women and men. Patients with Renal Impairment In patients with severe renal impairment, pharmacokinetic parameters for pantoprazole were similar to those of healthy subjects. Patients with Hepatic Impairment In patients with mild to severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class A to C), maximum pantoprazole concentrations increased only slightly (1.5-fold) relative to healthy subjects when pantoprazole sodium was administered orally. Although serum half-life values increased to 7 to 9 hours and AUC values increased by 5- to 7-fold in hepatic-impaired patients, these increases were no greater than those observed in CYP2C19 poor metabolizers, where no dosage adjustment is warranted. These pharmacokinetic changes in hepatic-impaired patients result in minimal drug accumulation following once daily, multiple-dose administration. Oral pantoprazole doses higher than 40 mg per day have not been studied in hepatically impaired patients. Drug Interaction Studies Effect of Other Drugs on Pantoprazole Pantoprazole is metabolized mainly by CYP2C19 and to minor extents by CYPs 3A4, 2D6 and 2C9. In in vivo drug-drug interaction studies with CYP2C19 substrates (diazepam [also a CYP3A4 substrate] and phenytoin [also a CYP3A4 inducer]), nifedipine, midazolam, and clarithromycin (CYP3A4 substrates), metoprolol (a CYP2D6 substrate), diclofenac, naproxen and piroxicam (CYP2C9 substrates) and theophylline (a CYP1A2 substrate) in healthy subjects, the pharmacokinetics of pantoprazole were not significantly altered. Effect of Pantoprazole on Other Drugs Clopidogrel Clopidogrel is metabolized to its active metabolite in part by CYP2C19. In a crossover clinical study, 66 healthy subjects were administered clopidogrel (300 mg loading dose followed by 75 mg per day) alone and with oral pantoprazole (80 mg at the same time as clopidogrel) for 5 days. On Day 5, the mean AUC of the active metabolite of clopidogrel was reduced by approximately 14% (geometric mean ratio was 86%, with 90% CI of 79 to 93%) when pantoprazole sodium was coadministered with clopidogrel as compared to clopidogrel administered alone. Pharmacodynamic parameters were also measured and demonstrated that the change in inhibition of platelet aggregation (induced by 5 micromolar ADP) was correlated with the change in the exposure to clopidogrel active metabolite. The clinical significance of this finding is not clear. Mycophenolate Mofetil (MMF) Administration of oral pantoprazole 40 mg twice daily for 4 days and a single 1000 mg dose of MMF approximately one hour after the last dose of pantoprazole to 12 healthy subjects in a cross-over study resulted in a 57% reduction in the C max and 27% reduction in the AUC of MPA. Transplant patients receiving approximately 2000 mg per day of MMF (n=12) were compared to transplant patients receiving approximately the same dose of MMF and oral pantoprazole 40 mg per day (n=21). There was a 78% reduction in the C max and a 45% reduction in the AUC of MPA in patients receiving both pantoprazole and MMF [see Drug Interactions (7) ] . Other Drugs In vivo studies also suggest that pantoprazole does not significantly affect the kinetics of other drugs (theophylline, diazepam [and its active metabolite, desmethyldiazepam], phenytoin, metoprolol, nifedipine, carbamazepine, midazolam, clarithromycin, diclofenac, naproxen, piroxicam and oral contraceptives [levonorgestrel/ethinyl estradiol]). In other in vivo studies, digoxin, ethanol, glyburide, antipyrine, caffeine, metronidazole, and amoxicillin had no clinically relevant interactions with pantoprazole. Although no significant drug-drug interactions have been observed in clinical studies, the potential for significant drug-drug interactions with more than once daily dosing with high doses of pantoprazole has not been studied in poor metabolizers or individuals who are hepatically impaired. Antacids There was also no interaction with concomitantly administered antacids. 12.5 Pharmacogenomics CYP2C19 displays a known genetic polymorphism due to its deficiency in some subpopulations (e.g., approximately 3% of Whites and African-Americans and 17% to 23% of Asians are poor metabolizers). Although these subpopulations of pantoprazole poor metabolizers have elimination half-life values of 3.5 to 10 hours in adults, they still have minimal accumulation (23% or less) with once daily dosing. For adult patients who are CYP2C19 poor metabolizers, no dosage adjustment is needed. Similar to adults, pediatric patients who have the poor metabolizer genotype of CYP2C19 (CYP2C19 *2/*2) exhibited greater than a 6-fold increase in AUC compared to pediatric extensive (CYP2C19 *1/*1) and intermediate (CYP2C19 *1/*x) metabolizers. Poor metabolizers exhibited approximately 10-fold lower apparent oral clearance compared to extensive metabolizers.
| NA = not applicable. | ||||||||
Mechanism of action
Information about the established mechanism(s) of the drugÕs action in humans at various levels (for example receptor, membrane, tissue, organ, whole body). If the mechanism of action is not known, this field contains a statement about the lack of information.12.1 Mechanism of Action Pantoprazole is a PPI that suppresses the final step in gastric acid production by covalently binding to the (H + , K + )-ATPase enzyme system at the secretory surface of the gastric parietal cell. This effect leads to inhibition of both basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion irrespective of the stimulus. The binding to the (H + , K + )-ATPase results in a duration of antisecretory effect that persists longer than 24 hours for all doses tested (20 mg to 120 mg).
Pharmacodynamics
Information about any biochemical or physiologic pharmacologic effects of the drug or active metabolites related to the drugÕs clinical effect in preventing, diagnosing, mitigating, curing, or treating disease, or those related to adverse effects or toxicity.12.2 Pharmacodynamics Antisecretory Activity The magnitude and time course for inhibition of pentagastrin-stimulated acid output (PSAO) by single doses (20 to 120 mg) of PROTONIX I.V. were assessed in a single-dose, open-label, placebo-controlled, dose-response study. The results of this study are shown in Table 4. Healthy subjects received a continuous infusion for 25 hours of pentagastrin (PG) at 1 mcg/kg/h, a dose known to produce submaximal gastric acid secretion. The placebo group showed a sustained, continuous acid output for 25 hours, validating the reliability of the testing model. PROTONIX I.V. had an onset of antisecretory activity within 15 to 30 minutes of administration. Doses of 20 to 80 mg of PROTONIX I.V. substantially reduced the 24-hour cumulative PSAO in a dose-dependent manner, despite a short plasma elimination half-life. Complete suppression of PSAO was achieved with 80 mg within approximately 2 hours and no further significant suppression was seen with 120 mg. The duration of action of PROTONIX I.V. was 24 hours. Table 4: Gastric Acid Output (mEq/hr, Mean ± SD) and Percent Inhibition Compared to individual subject baseline prior to treatment with PROTONIX I.V. (Mean ± SD) of Pentagastrin Stimulated Acid Output Over 24 Hours Following a Single Dose of PROTONIX I.V. Inhibition of gastric acid output and the percent inhibition of stimulated acid output in response to PROTONIX I.V. may be higher after repeated doses. in Healthy Subjects NA = not applicable. ------2 hours------ ------4 hours------ ------12 hours------ ------24 hours------ Treatment Dose Acid Output % Inhibition Acid Output % Inhibition Acid Output % Inhibition Acid Output % Inhibition 0 mg (Placebo, n=4) 39 ± 21 NA 26 ± 14 NA 32 ± 20 NA 38 ± 24 NA 20 mg (n=4–6) 13 ± 18 47 ± 27 6 ± 8 83 ± 21 20 ± 20 54 ± 44 30 ± 23 45 ± 43 40 mg (n=8) 5 ± 5 82 ± 11 4 ± 4 90 ± 11 11 ± 10 81 ± 13 16 ± 12 52 ± 36 80 mg (n=8) 0.1 ± 0.2 96 ± 6 0.3 ± 0.4 99 ± 1 2 ± 2 90 ± 7 7 ± 4 63 ± 18 In one study of gastric pH in healthy subjects, pantoprazole was administered orally (40 mg enteric coated tablets) or PROTONIX I.V. (40 mg) once daily for 5 days and pH was measured for 24 hours following the fifth dose. The outcome measure was median percent of time that pH was ≥4 and the results were similar for intravenous and oral medications; however, the clinical significance of this parameter is unknown. Serum Gastrin Effects Serum gastrin concentrations were assessed in two placebo-controlled studies. In a 5-day study of oral pantoprazole with 40 and 60 mg doses in healthy subjects, following the last dose on day 5, median 24-hour serum gastrin concentrations were elevated by 3- to 4-fold compared to placebo in both 40 and 60 mg dose groups. However, by 24 hours following the last dose, median serum gastrin concentrations for both groups returned to normal levels. In another placebo-controlled, 7-day study of 40 mg intravenous or oral pantoprazole in patients with GERD and a history of EE, the mean serum gastrin concentration increased approximately 50% from baseline and as compared with placebo, but remained within the normal range. During 6 days of repeated administration of PROTONIX I.V. in patients with ZE Syndrome, consistent changes of serum gastrin concentrations from baseline were not observed. Enterochromaffin-Like (ECL) Cell Effects There are no data available on the effects of intravenous pantoprazole sodium on ECL cells. In a nonclinical study in Sprague-Dawley rats, lifetime exposure (24 months) to oral pantoprazole at doses of 0.5 to 200 mg/kg/day resulted in dose-related increases in gastric ECL-cell proliferation and gastric neuroendocrine (NE)-cell tumors. Gastric NE-cell tumors in rats may result from chronic elevation of serum gastrin concentrations. The high density of ECL cells in the rat stomach makes this species highly susceptible to the proliferative effects of elevated gastrin concentrations produced by PPIs. However, there were no observed elevations in serum gastrin following the administration of oral pantoprazole at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg/day. In a separate study, a gastric NE-cell tumor without concomitant ECL-cell proliferative changes was observed in 1 female rat following 12 months of dosing with oral pantoprazole at 5 mg/kg/day and a 9 month off-dose recovery [see Nonclinical Toxicology (13.1) ] . Endocrine Effects In a clinical pharmacology study, pantoprazole 40 mg given orally once daily for 2 weeks had no effect on the levels of the following hormones: cortisol, testosterone, triiodothyronine (T 3 ), thyroxine (T 4 ), thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyronine-binding protein, parathyroid hormone, insulin, glucagon, renin, aldosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin and growth hormone. In a 1-year study of GERD patients treated with pantoprazole 40 mg or 20 mg, there were no changes from baseline in overall levels of T 3 , T 4 , and TSH.
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Pharmacokinetics
Information about the clinically significant pharmacokinetics of a drug or active metabolites, for instance pertinent absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion parameters.12.3 Pharmacokinetics Pantoprazole peak serum concentration (C max ) and area under the serum concentration-time curve (AUC) increase in a manner proportional to intravenous doses from 10 mg to 80 mg. Pantoprazole does not accumulate and its pharmacokinetics are unaltered with multiple daily dosing. Following the administration of PROTONIX I.V., the serum concentration of pantoprazole declines biexponentially with a terminal elimination half-life of approximately one hour. In CYP2C19 extensive metabolizers [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.5) ] with normal liver function receiving a 40 mg dose of PROTONIX I.V. by constant rate over 15 minutes, the peak concentration (C max ) is 5.52 ±1.42 mcg/mL and the total area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC) is 5.4 ±1.5 mcg hr/mL. The total clearance is 7.6 to 14 L/h. Distribution The apparent volume of distribution of pantoprazole is approximately 11 to 23.6 L, distributing mainly in extracellular fluid. The serum protein binding of pantoprazole is about 98%, primarily to albumin. Elimination Metabolism Pantoprazole is extensively metabolized in the liver through the cytochrome P450 (CYP) system. Pantoprazole metabolism is independent of the route of administration (intravenous or oral). The main metabolic pathway is demethylation, by CYP2C19, with subsequent sulfation; other metabolic pathways include oxidation by CYP3A4. There is no evidence that any of the pantoprazole metabolites have significant pharmacologic activity. CYP2C19 displays a known genetic polymorphism due to its deficiency in some sub-populations (e.g., 3% of Whites and African-Americans and 17 to 23% of Asians). Although these sub-populations of slow pantoprazole metabolizers have elimination half-life values from 3.5 to 10 hours, they still have minimal accumulation (23% or less) with once daily dosing. Excretion After administration of a single intravenous dose of 14 C-labeled pantoprazole sodium to healthy, extensive CYP2C19 metabolizers, approximately 71% of the dose was excreted in the urine with 18% excreted in the feces through biliary excretion. There was no renal excretion of unchanged pantoprazole. Specific Populations Geriatric Patients After repeated intravenous administration in elderly subjects (65 to 76 years of age), the AUC and elimination half-life values of pantoprazole were similar to those observed in younger subjects. Pediatric Patients The pharmacokinetics of pantoprazole were studied in 40 pediatric patients 1 to less than 16 years of age in three open-label clinical trials in pediatric patients with GERD following intravenous administration and 180 pediatric patients from birth to 16 years of age in four randomized, open-label clinical studies in pediatric patients with GERD following oral administration. Population PK analyses predicted the following dosage regimens would achieve comparable steady-state plasma exposures (AUC 0-24 ) to those observed in adult patients administered 40 mg of PROTONIX I.V. once daily: 0.8 mg/kg once daily for pediatric patients 3 months to less than 1 year, 10 mg once daily for pediatric patients 1 year to 17 years with body weight less than 15 kg, 20 mg once daily for pediatric patients 1 year to 17 years with body weight greater than 15 kg but less than 40 kg, and 40 mg once daily for pediatric patients 1 year to 17 years with body weight of 40 kg and greater. The pharmacokinetics of pantoprazole following intravenous administration in pediatric patients less than 3 months of age have not been characterized. Male and Female Patients After oral administration there was a modest increase in the AUC and C max of pantoprazole in women compared to men. However, weight-normalized clearance values are similar in women and men. Patients with Renal Impairment In patients with severe renal impairment, pharmacokinetic parameters for pantoprazole were similar to those of healthy subjects. Patients with Hepatic Impairment In patients with mild to severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class A to C), maximum pantoprazole concentrations increased only slightly (1.5-fold) relative to healthy subjects when pantoprazole sodium was administered orally. Although serum half-life values increased to 7 to 9 hours and AUC values increased by 5- to 7-fold in hepatic-impaired patients, these increases were no greater than those observed in CYP2C19 poor metabolizers, where no dosage adjustment is warranted. These pharmacokinetic changes in hepatic-impaired patients result in minimal drug accumulation following once daily, multiple-dose administration. Oral pantoprazole doses higher than 40 mg per day have not been studied in hepatically impaired patients. Drug Interaction Studies Effect of Other Drugs on Pantoprazole Pantoprazole is metabolized mainly by CYP2C19 and to minor extents by CYPs 3A4, 2D6 and 2C9. In in vivo drug-drug interaction studies with CYP2C19 substrates (diazepam [also a CYP3A4 substrate] and phenytoin [also a CYP3A4 inducer]), nifedipine, midazolam, and clarithromycin (CYP3A4 substrates), metoprolol (a CYP2D6 substrate), diclofenac, naproxen and piroxicam (CYP2C9 substrates) and theophylline (a CYP1A2 substrate) in healthy subjects, the pharmacokinetics of pantoprazole were not significantly altered. Effect of Pantoprazole on Other Drugs Clopidogrel Clopidogrel is metabolized to its active metabolite in part by CYP2C19. In a crossover clinical study, 66 healthy subjects were administered clopidogrel (300 mg loading dose followed by 75 mg per day) alone and with oral pantoprazole (80 mg at the same time as clopidogrel) for 5 days. On Day 5, the mean AUC of the active metabolite of clopidogrel was reduced by approximately 14% (geometric mean ratio was 86%, with 90% CI of 79 to 93%) when pantoprazole sodium was coadministered with clopidogrel as compared to clopidogrel administered alone. Pharmacodynamic parameters were also measured and demonstrated that the change in inhibition of platelet aggregation (induced by 5 micromolar ADP) was correlated with the change in the exposure to clopidogrel active metabolite. The clinical significance of this finding is not clear. Mycophenolate Mofetil (MMF) Administration of oral pantoprazole 40 mg twice daily for 4 days and a single 1000 mg dose of MMF approximately one hour after the last dose of pantoprazole to 12 healthy subjects in a cross-over study resulted in a 57% reduction in the C max and 27% reduction in the AUC of MPA. Transplant patients receiving approximately 2000 mg per day of MMF (n=12) were compared to transplant patients receiving approximately the same dose of MMF and oral pantoprazole 40 mg per day (n=21). There was a 78% reduction in the C max and a 45% reduction in the AUC of MPA in patients receiving both pantoprazole and MMF [see Drug Interactions (7) ] . Other Drugs In vivo studies also suggest that pantoprazole does not significantly affect the kinetics of other drugs (theophylline, diazepam [and its active metabolite, desmethyldiazepam], phenytoin, metoprolol, nifedipine, carbamazepine, midazolam, clarithromycin, diclofenac, naproxen, piroxicam and oral contraceptives [levonorgestrel/ethinyl estradiol]). In other in vivo studies, digoxin, ethanol, glyburide, antipyrine, caffeine, metronidazole, and amoxicillin had no clinically relevant interactions with pantoprazole. Although no significant drug-drug interactions have been observed in clinical studies, the potential for significant drug-drug interactions with more than once daily dosing with high doses of pantoprazole has not been studied in poor metabolizers or individuals who are hepatically impaired. Antacids There was also no interaction with concomitantly administered antacids.
Contraindications
Information about situations in which the drug product is contraindicated or should not be used because the risk of use clearly outweighs any possible benefit, including the type and nature of reactions that have been reported.4 CONTRAINDICATIONS • PROTONIX I.V. is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity reactions including anaphylaxis to the formulation or any substituted benzimidazole. Hypersensitivity reactions may include anaphylaxis, anaphylactic shock, angioedema, bronchospasm, acute tubulointerstitial nephritis, and urticaria [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2 , 5.4) and Adverse Reactions (6) ] . • Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), including PROTONIX I.V., are contraindicated in patients receiving rilpivirine-containing products [see Drug Interactions (7) ] . • Known hypersensitivity to any component of the formulation or to substituted benzimidazoles. ( 4 ) • Patients receiving rilpivirine-containing products. ( 4 , 7 )
Description
General information about the drug product, including the proprietary and established name of the drug, the type of dosage form and route of administration to which the label applies, qualitative and quantitative ingredient information, the pharmacologic or therapeutic class of the drug, and the chemical name and structural formula of the drug.11 DESCRIPTION The active ingredient in PROTONIX ® I.V. (pantoprazole sodium), a PPI, is a substituted benzimidazole, sodium 5-(difluoromethoxy)-2-[[(3,4-dimethoxy-2-pyridinyl)methyl] sulfinyl]-1 H -benzimidazole, a compound that inhibits gastric acid secretion. Its empirical formula is C 16 H 14 F 2 N 3 NaO 4 S, with a molecular weight of 405.4. The structural formula is: Pantoprazole sodium is a white to off-white crystalline powder and is racemic. Pantoprazole has weakly basic and acidic properties. Pantoprazole sodium is freely soluble in water, very slightly soluble in phosphate buffer at pH 7.4, and practically insoluble in n-hexane. The reconstituted solution of PROTONIX I.V. is in the pH range of 9.0 to 10.5. PROTONIX I.V. is supplied for intravenous administration as a sterile, freeze-dried powder in a single-dose clear glass vial fitted with a rubber stopper and crimp seal. Each vial contains 40 mg pantoprazole (equivalent to 45.1 mg of pantoprazole sodium), edetate disodium (1 mg), and sodium hydroxide to adjust pH. Chemical Structure
Dosage and administration
Information about the drug product’s dosage and administration recommendations, including starting dose, dose range, titration regimens, and any other clinically sigificant information that affects dosing recommendations.2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION GERD and a History of EE Adults: • The recommended dosage is 40 mg once daily by intravenous injection (over at least 2 minutes) or intravenous infusion (for 15 minutes) for up to 10 days. ( 2.1 ) • Discontinue as soon as the patient is able to receive oral treatment. Switch to an appropriate oral medication within 10 days of starting PROTONIX I.V. ( 2.1 ) Pediatrics 3 Months of Age and Older: • The recommended dosage for pediatric patients 3 months of age and older is based on age and actual body weight as shown in the table. ( 2.1 ) • Administer as an intravenous infusion over 15 minutes once daily. ( 2.1 ) Age and Body Weight Recommended Dosage Regimen (up to 7 days) 3 months to less than 1 year of age Less than 12.5 kg 0.8 mg/kg once daily 12.5 kg and above 10 mg once daily 1 year to 17 years of age Up to 15 kg 10 mg once daily Greater than 15 kg up to 40 kg 20 mg once daily Greater than 40 kg 40 mg once daily • Discontinue PROTONIX I.V. as soon as the patient is able to tolerate oral treatment. Switch to an appropriate oral medication within 7 days of starting PROTONIX I.V. ( 2.1 ) Pathological Hypersecretion Conditions, Including ZE Syndrome • The recommended adult dosage is 80 mg every 12 hours by intravenous injection (over at least 2 minutes) or intravenous infusion (for 15 minutes). ( 2.2 ) • For information on how to adjust dosing for individual patient needs, see the full prescribing information. ( 2.2 ) • When switching between intravenous to oral formulations of gastric acid inhibitors, consider the pharmacodynamic action of the drugs to ensure continuity of acid suppression. ( 2.2 ) Preparation and Administration Instructions • See full prescribing information for preparation and administration instructions by indication. ( 2.3 , 2.4 ) 2.1 Recommended Dosage for GERD Associated with a History of EE Adult Patients The recommended adult dosage of PROTONIX I.V. is 40 mg once daily by intravenous injection (over at least 2 minutes) or intravenous infusion (for 15 minutes) for up to 10 days. Discontinue PROTONIX I.V. as soon as the patient is able to tolerate oral treatment. Switch to an appropriate oral medication within 10 days of starting PROTONIX I.V. Pediatric Patients • The recommended dosage for pediatric patients 3 months of age and older is based on age and actual body weight as shown in Table 1 below. • Administer as an intravenous infusion over 15 minutes once daily. Table 1: Recommended Pediatric Dosage Regimen for GERD and a History of EE Age and Body Weight Recommended Dosage Regimen (up to 7 days) 3 months to less than 1 year of age Less than 12.5 kg 0.8 mg/kg once daily 12.5 kg and above 10 mg once daily 1 year to 17 years of age Up to 15 kg 10 mg once daily Greater than 15 kg up to 40 kg 20 mg once daily Greater than 40 kg 40 mg once daily • Discontinue PROTONIX I.V. as soon as the patient is able to tolerate oral treatment. Switch to an appropriate oral medication within 7 days of starting PROTONIX I.V. 2.2 Recommended Dosage for Pathological Hypersecretion Including Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome • The recommended adult dosage of PROTONIX I.V. is 80 mg every 12 hours by intravenous injection (over at least 2 minutes) or intravenous infusion (for 15 minutes). • Adjust the frequency of dosing to individual patient needs based on acid output measurements. In those patients who need a higher dosage, 80 mg intravenously every 8 hours is expected to maintain acid output below 10 mEq/h. • When switching between intravenous to oral formulations of gastric acid inhibitors, consider the pharmacodynamic action of the drugs to ensure continuity of acid suppression. 2.3 Preparation and Administration Instructions for GERD Associated with a History of EE 15-Minute Intravenous Infusion for Pediatric or Adult Patients 1. Reconstitute each vial of PROTONIX I.V. with 10 mL of 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection. 2. Dilute the resulting solution to a final concentration as described below: • Pediatric patients 3 months to less than 1 year of age: Dilute with 21 mL 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection to a final concentration of approximately 1.3 mg/mL. • Pediatric patients 1 year to 17 years old and adult patients : Further dilute with 100 mL 5% Dextrose Injection or 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection to a final concentration of approximately 0.4 mg/mL. 3. Inspect the diluted PROTONIX I.V. solution visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to and during administration. 4. Withdraw the desired dose of the diluted PROTONIX I.V. solution for a pediatric or adult dose. 5. Discard any unused portion of the remaining PROTONIX I.V. solution. 6. Infuse intravenously over a period of approximately 15 minutes through a dedicated line or through a Y-site [see Dosage and Administration (2.5) ] . 7. Flush the intravenous line before and after administration of PROTONIX I.V. with either 5% Dextrose Injection or 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection. Storage • Store the reconstituted solution may be stored for up to 24 hours at room temperature up to 30°C (86°F) prior to intravenous infusion. • Do not freeze the reconstituted solution. 2-Minute Intravenous Injection for Adult Patients 1. Reconstitute each vial of PROTONIX I.V. with 10 mL of 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, to a final concentration of approximately 4 mg/mL. 2. Withdraw the dose of 40 mg of reconstituted PROTONIX I.V. solution. 3. Inspect the diluted PROTONIX I.V. solution visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to and during administration. 4. Administer intravenously over a period of at least 2 minutes. 5. Flush the intravenous line before and after administration of PROTONIX I.V. with either 5% Dextrose Injection or 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection. Storage • Store the reconstituted solution may be up to 6 hours at room temperature up to 30°C (86°F) prior to further dilution. • Store the diluted solution at room temperature up to 30°C (86°F) and must be used within 24 hours from the time of initial reconstitution. • Do not freeze the reconstituted or diluted solution. 2.4 Preparation and Administration Instructions for Pathological Hypersecretion Including Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome 15-Minute Intravenous Infusion 1. Reconstitute each vial of PROTONIX I.V. with 10 mL of 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection. 2. Combine the contents of the two vials and dilute with 80 mL of 5% Dextrose Injection or Sodium Chloride Injection to a total volume of 100 mL with a final concentration of approximately 0.8 mg/mL. 3. Inspect the diluted PROTONIX I.V. solution visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to and during administration. 4. Administer intravenously over a period of approximately 15 minutes at a rate of approximately 7 mL/min. 5. Flush the intravenous line before and after administration of PROTONIX I.V. with either 5% Dextrose Injection or 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection. Storage • The reconstituted solution can be stored at room temperature up to 30°C (86°F) for up to 6 hours prior to further dilution. • Once further diluted, the diluted solution can be stored at room temperature up to 30°C (86°F) for up to 24 hours from the time of initial reconstitution. • Do not freeze the reconstituted or diluted solution. 2-Minute Intravenous Injection 1. Reconstitute each vial of PROTONIX I.V. with 10 mL of 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, per vial to a final concentration of approximately 4 mg/mL. 2. Inspect the diluted PROTONIX I.V. solution visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to and during administration. 3. Administer the total volume from both vials intravenously over a period of at least 2 minutes. 4. Flush the intravenous line before and after administration of PROTONIX I.V. with either 5% Dextrose Injection or 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection. Storage • The reconstituted solution may be stored for up to 24 hours at room temperature. • Do not freeze the reconstituted solution. 2.5 Compatibility Information • Administer PROTONIX I.V. intravenously through a dedicated line or through a Y-site. • When administering through a Y-site, PROTONIX I.V. is compatible with the following solutions: o 5% Dextrose Injection o 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection • Midazolam hydrochloride is incompatible with Y-site administration of PROTONIX I.V. • PROTONIX I.V. may not be compatible with products containing zinc [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ]. • Stop administering PROTONIX I.V. immediately through a Y-site if precipitation or discoloration occurs.
Dosage forms and strengths
Information about all available dosage forms and strengths for the drug product to which the labeling applies. This field may contain descriptions of product appearance.3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS For Injection: 40 mg of pantoprazole white to off-white freeze-dried powder in a single-dose vial for reconstitution or dilution. For Injection: 40 mg pantoprazole freeze-dried powder in a single-dose vial for reconstitution or dilution. ( 3 )
Indications and usage
A statement of each of the drug products indications for use, such as for the treatment, prevention, mitigation, cure, or diagnosis of a disease or condition, or of a manifestation of a recognized disease or condition, or for the relief of symptoms associated with a recognized disease or condition. This field may also describe any relevant limitations of use.1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE PROTONIX I.V. is indicated for treatment of: • gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and a history of erosive esophagitis (EE) for up to 10 days in adults and up to 7 days in pediatric patients 3 months and older. • pathological hypersecretory conditions including Zollinger-Ellison (ZE) Syndrome in adults. Limitations of Use The safety and effectiveness of PROTONIX I.V. for the treatment of upper gastrointestinal bleeding have not been established in adult or pediatric patients. PROTONIX I.V. is a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) indicated for treatment of: • gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and a history of erosive esophagitis (EE) for up to 10 days in adults and up to 7 days in pediatric patients 3 months and older. ( 1 ) • pathological hypersecretion conditions including Zollinger-Ellison (ZE) Syndrome in adults. ( 1 ) Limitations of Use The safety and effectiveness of PROTONIX I.V. for the treatment of upper gastrointestinal bleeding have not been established in adult or pediatric patients. ( 1 )
Spl product data elements
Usually a list of ingredients in a drug product.Protonix I.V. PANTOPRAZOLE SODIUM PANTOPRAZOLE SODIUM PANTOPRAZOLE EDETATE DISODIUM SODIUM HYDROXIDE
Carcinogenesis and mutagenesis and impairment of fertility
Information about carcinogenic, mutagenic, or fertility impairment potential revealed by studies in animals. Information from human data about such potential is part of the warnings field.13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility In a 24-month carcinogenicity study, Sprague-Dawley rats were treated orally with pantoprazole doses of 0.5 to 200 mg/kg/day, about 0.1 to 40 times the exposure on a body surface area basis of a 50-kg person dosed at 40 mg/day. In the gastric fundus, treatment with 0.5 to 200 mg/kg/day produced enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cell hyperplasia and benign and malignant neuroendocrine cell tumors in a dose-related manner. In the forestomach, treatment with 50 and 200 mg/kg/day (about 10 and 40 times the recommended human dose on a body surface area basis) produced benign squamous cell papillomas and malignant squamous cell carcinomas. Rare gastrointestinal tumors associated with pantoprazole treatment included an adenocarcinoma of the duodenum with 50 mg/kg/day and benign polyps and adenocarcinomas of the gastric fundus with 200 mg/kg/day. In the liver, treatment with 0.5 to 200 mg/kg/day produced dose-related increases in the incidences of hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas. In the thyroid gland, treatment with 200 mg/kg/day produced increased incidences of follicular cell adenomas and carcinomas for both male and female rats. In a 24-month carcinogenicity study, Fischer 344 rats were treated orally with pantoprazole doses of 5 to 50 mg/kg/day, approximately 1 to 10 times the recommended human dose based on body surface area. In the gastric fundus, treatment with 5 to 50 mg/kg/day produced enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cell hyperplasia and benign and malignant neuroendocrine cell tumors. Dose selection for this study may not have been adequate to comprehensively evaluate the carcinogenic potential of pantoprazole. In a 24-month carcinogenicity study, B6C3F1 mice were treated orally with pantoprazole doses of 5 to 150 mg/kg/day, 0.5 to 15 times the recommended human dose based on body surface area. In the liver, treatment with 150 mg/kg/day produced increased incidences of hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas in female mice. Treatment with 5 to 150 mg/kg/day also produced gastric fundic ECL cell hyperplasia. A 26-week p53 +/- transgenic mouse carcinogenicity study was not positive. Pantoprazole was positive in the in vitro human lymphocyte chromosomal aberration assays, in one of two mouse micronucleus tests for clastogenic effects, and in the in vitro Chinese hamster ovarian cell/HGPRT forward mutation assay for mutagenic effects. Equivocal results were observed in the in vivo rat liver DNA covalent binding assay. Pantoprazole was negative in the in vitro Ames mutation assay, the in vitro unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) assay with rat hepatocytes, the in vitro AS52/GPT mammalian cell-forward gene mutation assay, the in vitro thymidine kinase mutation test with mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells, and the in vivo rat bone marrow cell chromosomal aberration assay. There were no effects on fertility or reproductive performance when pantoprazole was given at oral doses up to 500 mg/kg/day in male rats (98 times the recommended human dose based on body surface area) and 450 mg/kg/day in female rats (88 times the recommended human dose based on body surface area).
Nonclinical toxicology
Information about toxicology in non-human subjects.13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY 13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility In a 24-month carcinogenicity study, Sprague-Dawley rats were treated orally with pantoprazole doses of 0.5 to 200 mg/kg/day, about 0.1 to 40 times the exposure on a body surface area basis of a 50-kg person dosed at 40 mg/day. In the gastric fundus, treatment with 0.5 to 200 mg/kg/day produced enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cell hyperplasia and benign and malignant neuroendocrine cell tumors in a dose-related manner. In the forestomach, treatment with 50 and 200 mg/kg/day (about 10 and 40 times the recommended human dose on a body surface area basis) produced benign squamous cell papillomas and malignant squamous cell carcinomas. Rare gastrointestinal tumors associated with pantoprazole treatment included an adenocarcinoma of the duodenum with 50 mg/kg/day and benign polyps and adenocarcinomas of the gastric fundus with 200 mg/kg/day. In the liver, treatment with 0.5 to 200 mg/kg/day produced dose-related increases in the incidences of hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas. In the thyroid gland, treatment with 200 mg/kg/day produced increased incidences of follicular cell adenomas and carcinomas for both male and female rats. In a 24-month carcinogenicity study, Fischer 344 rats were treated orally with pantoprazole doses of 5 to 50 mg/kg/day, approximately 1 to 10 times the recommended human dose based on body surface area. In the gastric fundus, treatment with 5 to 50 mg/kg/day produced enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cell hyperplasia and benign and malignant neuroendocrine cell tumors. Dose selection for this study may not have been adequate to comprehensively evaluate the carcinogenic potential of pantoprazole. In a 24-month carcinogenicity study, B6C3F1 mice were treated orally with pantoprazole doses of 5 to 150 mg/kg/day, 0.5 to 15 times the recommended human dose based on body surface area. In the liver, treatment with 150 mg/kg/day produced increased incidences of hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas in female mice. Treatment with 5 to 150 mg/kg/day also produced gastric fundic ECL cell hyperplasia. A 26-week p53 +/- transgenic mouse carcinogenicity study was not positive. Pantoprazole was positive in the in vitro human lymphocyte chromosomal aberration assays, in one of two mouse micronucleus tests for clastogenic effects, and in the in vitro Chinese hamster ovarian cell/HGPRT forward mutation assay for mutagenic effects. Equivocal results were observed in the in vivo rat liver DNA covalent binding assay. Pantoprazole was negative in the in vitro Ames mutation assay, the in vitro unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) assay with rat hepatocytes, the in vitro AS52/GPT mammalian cell-forward gene mutation assay, the in vitro thymidine kinase mutation test with mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells, and the in vivo rat bone marrow cell chromosomal aberration assay. There were no effects on fertility or reproductive performance when pantoprazole was given at oral doses up to 500 mg/kg/day in male rats (98 times the recommended human dose based on body surface area) and 450 mg/kg/day in female rats (88 times the recommended human dose based on body surface area).
Package label principal display panel
The content of the principal display panel of the product package, usually including the product’s name, dosage forms, and other key information about the drug product.PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 40 mg Vial Label NDC 0008-0923-51 PROTONIX ® I.V. (pantoprazole sodium) for Injection 40 mg/vial Sterile For Intravenous Infusion Only Single-dose vial Rx only PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 40 mg Vial Label
PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 40 mg Vial Carton NDC 0008-0923-51 PROTONIX ® I.V. (pantoprazole sodium) for Injection 40 mg/vial Sterile For Intravenous Infusion Only Single-dose vial Contains 1 mg edetate disodium No filter required Pfizer Hospital Rx only PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 40 mg Vial Carton
PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 25 Vial Carton Package NDC 0008-0923-60 Contains 25 of NDC 0008-0923-51 25 x 40 mg Vials PROTONIX ® I.V. (pantoprazole sodium) for Injection 40 mg/vial Sterile For Intravenous Infusion Only Single-dose vial Pfizer Hospital Rx only PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 25 Vial Carton Package
PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 10 Unit Carton Bundle Label Each vial contains: Pantoprazole 40 mg (equivalent to 45.1 mg of pantoprazole sodium) Contains 1 mg edetate disodium Store at 20°-25°C (68°-77°F); excursions permitted to 15°-30°C (59°-86°F). [See USP Controlled Room Temperature]. Protect vials from light; use of vial carton is recommended. Dist. by Wyeth Pharmaceuticals LLC A subsidiary of Pfizer Inc Philadelphia, PA 19101 Under license from Takeda GmbH D78467 Konstanz, Germany MADE IN FRANCE R04/0522/ 6171032 1 Bundle of 10 unit cartons NDC 0008-0923-55 PROTONIX ® I.V. (pantoprazole sodium) for Injection 40 mg/vial Sterile For Intravenous Infusion Only Single-dose vial GTIN: 00300080923559 Pfizer Hospital LOT EXP SN Rx only PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 10 Unit Carton Bundle Label
Recent major changes
A list of the section(s) that contain substantive changes that have been approved by FDA in the product labeling. The headings and subheadings, if appropriate, affected by the change are listed together with each section’s identifying number and the month and year on which the change was incorporated in the labeling.Indications and Usage ( 1 ) 8/2024 Dosage and Administration ( 2.1 , 2.3 ) 8/2024 Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2 , 5.5 ) 8/2024
Spl unclassified section
Information not classified as belonging to one of the other fields. Approximately 40% of labeling with effective_time between June 2009 and August 2014 have information in this field.This product's labeling may have been updated. For the most recent prescribing information, please visit www.pfizer.com . For Medical Information about PROTONIX, please visit www.pfizermedinfo.com or call 1-800-438-1985. under license from Takeda GmbH D78467 Konstanz, Germany LAB-0462-24.0 Logo
Protonix I.V.: Information for patients
Information necessary for patients to use the drug safely and effectively, such as precautions concerning driving or the concomitant use of other substances that may have harmful additive effects.17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION Adverse Reactions Advise patients to report to their healthcare provider if they experience any signs or symptoms consistent with: • Injection Site Reactions [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) ] • Potential for Exacerbation of Zinc Deficiency [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ] • Acute Tubulointerstitial Nephritis [see Contraindications (4) and Warnings and Precautions (5.4) ] • Clostridioides difficile- Associated Diarrhea [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5) ] • Bone Fracture [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6) ] • Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7 )] • Cutaneous and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8) ] • Hepatic Effects [see Warnings and Precautions (5.9) ] • Hypomagnesemia and Mineral Metabolism [see Warnings and Precautions (5.10) ] Drug Interactions Advise patients to report to their healthcare provider before they start treatment with any of the following: • rilpivirine-containing products [ Contraindications (4) ] • high dose methotrexate [ Warnings and Precautions (5.14) ] . Pregnancy Advise a pregnant woman of the potential risk to a fetus. Advise females of reproductive potential to inform their healthcare provider of a known or suspected pregnancy [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1) ] .
Clinical studies
This field may contain references to clinical studies in place of detailed discussion in other sections of the labeling.14 CLINICAL STUDIES 14.1 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Associated with a History of Erosive Esophagitis (EE) A multicenter, double-blind, two-period placebo-controlled study was conducted to assess the ability of PROTONIX ® I.V. to maintain gastric acid suppression in patients switched from pantoprazole sodium delayed-release tablets to PROTONIX I.V. GERD patients (n=65, 26 to 64 years; 35 female; 9 Black, 11 Hispanic, 44 White, 1 other) with a history of EE were randomized to receive either 20 or 40 mg of oral pantoprazole once per day for 10 days (period 1), and then were switched in period 2 to either daily PROTONIX I.V. or placebo for 7 days, matching their respective dose level from period 1. Patients were administered all test medication with a light meal. Maximum acid output (MAO) and basal acid output (BAO) were determined 24 hours following the last day of oral medication (day 10), the first day (day 1) of intravenous administration and the last day of intravenous administration (day 7). MAO was estimated from a 1 hour continuous collection of gastric contents following subcutaneous injection of 6.0 mcg/kg of pentagastrin. This study demonstrated that, after 10 days of repeated oral administration followed by 7 days of intravenous administration, the oral and intravenous dosage forms of pantoprazole 40 mg are similar in their ability to suppress MAO and BAO in patients with GERD and a history of EE (see Table 5). Also, patients on oral PROTONIX who were switched to intravenous placebo experienced a significant increase in acid output within 48 hours of their last oral dose (see Table 5). However, at 48 hours after their last oral dose, patients treated with PROTONIX I.V. had a significantly lower mean basal acid output (see Table 5) than those treated with placebo. Table 5: Antisecretory Effects (mEq/h) of 40 mg PROTONIX I.V. and 40 mg Pantoprazole Delayed-Release Tablets in GERD Patients with a History of EE Parameter Pantoprazole Delayed-Release Tablets DAY 10 PROTONIX I.V. DAY 7 Intravenous Placebo DAY 7 Mean maximum acid output 6.49 n=30 6.62 n=23 29.19 p<0.0001 Significantly different from PROTONIX I.V. n=7 Mean basal acid output 0.80 n=30 0.53 n=23 4.14 n=7 To evaluate the effectiveness of PROTONIX I.V. as an initial treatment to suppress gastric acid secretion, two studies were conducted. Study 1 was a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, study of the pharmacodynamic effects of PROTONIX I.V. and pantoprazole sodium delayed-release tablets. Patients with GERD and a history of EE (n=78, 20 to 67 years; 39 females; 7 Black, 19 Hispanic, 52 White) were randomized to receive either 40 mg PROTONIX I.V., 40 mg pantoprazole sodium delayed-release tablets, or placebo once daily for 7 days. Following an overnight fast, test medication was administered and patients were given a light meal within 15 minutes. MAO and BAO were determined 24 hours following the last day of study medication. MAO was estimated from a 1 hour continuous collection of gastric contents following subcutaneous injection of 6.0 mcg/kg of pentagastrin to stimulate acid secretion. This study demonstrated that, after treatment for 7 days, patients treated with PROTONIX I.V. had a significantly lower MAO and BAO than those treated with placebo (p<0.001), and results were comparable to those of patients treated with pantoprazole sodium delayed-release tablets (see Table 6). Table 6: Antisecretory Effects (mEq/h) of Initial Treatment with 40 mg PROTONIX I.V. and 40 mg Pantoprazole Delayed-Release Tablets in GERD Patients with a History of EE Parameter PROTONIX I.V. DAY 7 Pantoprazole Delayed-Release Tablets DAY 7 Placebo DAY 7 Maximum acid output (mean ± SD) 8.4 ± 5.9 n=25 6.3 ± 6.6 n=22 20.9 ± 14.5 p<0.001 Significantly different from PROTONIX I.V. n=24 Basal acid output (mean ± SD) 0.4 ± 0.5 n=25 0.6 ± 0.8 n=22 2.8 ± 3.0 n=23 Study 2 was a single-center, double-blind, parallel-group study to compare the clinical effects of PROTONIX I.V. and pantoprazole sodium delayed-release tablets. Patients (n=45, median age 56 years, 21 males and 24 females) with acute endoscopically proven reflux esophagitis (Savary/Miller Stage II or III) with at least 1 of 3 symptoms typical for reflux esophagitis (acid eructation, heartburn, or pain on swallowing) were randomized to receive either 40 mg PROTONIX I.V. or 40 mg pantoprazole sodium delayed-release tablets once daily for 5 days. After the initial 5 days, all patients were treated with 40 mg oral pantoprazole daily to complete a total of 8 weeks of treatment. Symptom relief was assessed by calculating the daily mean of the sums of the average scores for these 3 symptoms and the daily mean of the average score for each of the symptoms separately. There was no significant difference in symptom relief between PROTONIX I.V. and pantoprazole sodium delayed-release tablets within the first 5 days. A repeat endoscopy after 8 weeks of treatment revealed that 20 out of 23 (87%) patients treated with PROTONIX I.V. plus pantoprazole sodium delayed-release tablets and 19 out of 22 (86%) of the patients treated with pantoprazole sodium delayed-release tablets had endoscopically proven healing of their esophageal lesions. Data comparing PROTONIX I.V. to other PPIs (oral or intravenous) or H 2 -receptor antagonists (oral or intravenous) are limited, and therefore, are inadequate to support any conclusions regarding comparative efficacy. 14.2 Pathological Hypersecretion Associated with Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome Two studies measured the pharmacodynamic effects of 6 day treatment with PROTONIX I.V. in patients with ZE Syndrome (with and without multiple endocrine neoplasia type I). In one of these studies, an initial treatment with PROTONIX I.V. in 21 patients (29 to 75 years; 8 female; 4 Black, 1 Hispanic, 16 White) reduced acid output to the target level (10 mEq/h or less) and significantly reduced H + concentration and the volume of gastric secretions; target levels were achieved within 45 minutes of drug administration. In the other study of 14 patients (38 to 67 years; 5 female; 2 Black, 12 White) with ZE Syndrome, treatment was switched from an oral PPI to PROTONIX I.V. PROTONIX I.V. maintained or improved control of gastric acid secretion. In both studies, total doses of 160 or 240 mg per day of PROTONIX I.V., administered in divided doses, maintained basal acid secretion below target levels in all patients. Target levels were 10 mEq/h in patients without prior gastric surgery, and 5 mEq/h in all patients with prior gastric acid-reducing surgery. Once gastric acid secretion was controlled, there was no evidence of tolerance during this 7 day study. Basal acid secretion was maintained below target levels for at least 24 hours in all patients and through the end of treatment in these studies (3 to 7 days) in all but 1 patient who required a dose adjustment guided by acid output measurements until acid control was achieved. In both studies, doses were adjusted to the individual patient need, but gastric acid secretion was controlled in greater than 80% of patients by a starting regimen of 80 mg every 12 hours.
Geriatric use
Information about any limitations on any geriatric indications, needs for specific monitoring, hazards associated with use of the drug in the geriatric population.8.5 Geriatric Use Of 286 patients in clinical studies of intravenous pantoprazole sodium in patients with GERD and a history of EE, 86 (43%) were 65 years of age and over. No overall differences in safety or effectiveness were observed between these geriatric and younger adult patients, and other reported clinical experience with oral pantoprazole sodium has not identified differences in responses between geriatric and younger adult patients, but greater sensitivity of some older individuals cannot be ruled out. No clinically meaningful differences in the pharmacokinetics of pantoprazole were observed in geriatric subjects compared to younger adult subjects [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ] .
Pediatric use
Information about any limitations on any pediatric indications, needs for specific monitoring, hazards associated with use of the drug in any subsets of the pediatric population (such as neonates, infants, children, or adolescents), differences between pediatric and adult responses to the drug, and other information related to the safe and effective pediatric use of the drug.8.4 Pediatric Use The safety and effectiveness of PROTONIX I.V. for the treatment of GERD and a history of EE for up to 7 days have been established in pediatric patients 3 months of age and older. Use of PROTONIX I.V. for this indication is supported by evidence from adequate and well-controlled studies of intravenous and oral pantoprazole sodium in adults and oral pantoprazole sodium in pediatric patients, with additional pharmacokinetic and safety data of intravenous pantoprazole in pediatric patients 1 year of age and older and oral pantoprazole in pediatric patients 3 months of age and older. Adverse reactions were generally similar to those reported in adults with intravenous or oral pantoprazole sodium [see Adverse Reactions (6.1) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ] . The safety and effectiveness of PROTONIX I.V. have not been established in patients less than 3 months of age for the treatment of GERD and a history of EE. The safety and effectiveness of PROTONIX I.V. have not been established in pediatric patients for the treatment of pathological hypersecretory conditions including ZE syndrome. Animal Toxicity Data In neonatal/juvenile animals (rats and dogs) toxicities were similar to those observed in adult animals, including gastric alterations, decreases in red cell mass, increases in lipids, enzyme induction and hepatocellular hypertrophy. An increased incidence of eosinophilic chief cells in adult and neonatal/juvenile rats, and atrophy of chief cells in adult rats and in neonatal/juvenile dogs, was observed in the fundic mucosa of stomachs in repeated-dose studies. Full to partial recovery of these effects were noted in animals of both age groups following a recovery period.
Pregnancy
Information about effects the drug may have on pregnant women or on a fetus. This field may be ommitted if the drug is not absorbed systemically and the drug is not known to have a potential for indirect harm to the fetus. It may contain information about the established pregnancy category classification for the drug. (That information is nominally listed in the teratogenic_effects field, but may be listed here instead.)8.1 Pregnancy Risk Summary Available data from published observational studies did not demonstrate an association of major malformations or other adverse pregnancy outcomes with pantoprazole. In animal reproduction studies, no evidence of adverse development outcomes was observed with pantoprazole sodium. Reproduction studies have been performed in rats at intravenous doses up to 20 mg/kg/day (4 times the recommended human dose) and rabbits at intravenous doses up to 15 mg/kg/day (6 times the recommended human dose) with administration of pantoprazole during organogenesis in pregnant animals and have revealed no evidence of harm to the fetus due to pantoprazole in this study (see Data ) . A pre-and post-natal development toxicity study in rats with additional endpoints to evaluate the effect on bone development was performed with pantoprazole sodium. Oral pantoprazole doses of 5, 15, and 30 mg/kg/day (approximately 1, 3, and 6 times the human dose of 40 mg/day) were administered to pregnant females from gestation day (GD) 6 through lactation day (LD) 21. Changes in bone morphology were observed in pups exposed to pantoprazole in utero and through milk during the period of lactation as well as by oral dosing from postnatal day (PND) 4 through PND 21 [see Use in Specific Populations (8.4) ] . There were no drug-related findings in maternal animals . Advise pregnant women of the potential risk of fetal harm. The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in the clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively. Data Human Data Available data from published observational studies failed to demonstrate an association of adverse pregnancy-related outcomes and pantoprazole use. Methodological limitations of these observational studies cannot definitely establish or exclude any drug-associated risk during pregnancy. In a prospective study by the European Network of Teratology Information Services, outcomes from a group of 53 pregnant women administered median daily doses of 40 mg pantoprazole were compared to a control group of 868 pregnant women who did not take any proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). There was no difference in the rate of major malformations between women exposed to PPIs and the control group, corresponding to a Relative Risk (RR)=0.55, [95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.08–3.95]. In a population-based retrospective cohort study covering all live births in Denmark from 1996 to 2008, there was no significant increase in major birth defects during analysis of first trimester exposure to pantoprazole in 549 live births. A meta-analysis that compared 1,530 pregnant women exposed to PPIs in at least the first trimester with 133,410 unexposed pregnant women showed no significant increases in risk for congenital malformations or spontaneous abortion with exposure to PPIs (for major malformations OR=1.12 ([95% CI 0.86–1.45] and for spontaneous abortions OR=1.29 [95% CI 0.84–1.97]). Animal Data Reproduction studies have been performed in rats at intravenous pantoprazole doses up to 20 mg/kg/day (4 times the recommended human dose based on body surface area) and rabbits at intravenous doses up to 15 mg/kg/day (6 times the recommended human dose based on body surface area) with administration of pantoprazole sodium during organogenesis in pregnant animals and have revealed no evidence of impaired fertility or harm to the fetus due to pantoprazole. A pre- and post-natal development toxicity study in rats with additional endpoints to evaluate the effect on bone development was performed with pantoprazole sodium. Oral pantoprazole doses of 5, 15, and 30 mg/kg/day (approximately 1, 3, and 6 times the human dose of 40 mg/day on a body surface area basis) were administered to pregnant females from gestation day (GD) 6 through lactation day (LD) 21. On postnatal day (PND 4) through PND 21, the pups were administered oral doses at 5, 15, and 30 mg/kg/day (approximately 1, 2.3, and 3.2 times the exposure (AUC) in humans at a dose of 40 mg). There were no drug-related findings in maternal animals. During the preweaning dosing phase (PND 4 to 21) of the pups, there were increased mortality and/or moribundity and decreased body weight and body weight gain at 5 mg/kg/day (approximately equal exposures (AUC) in humans receiving the 40 mg dose) and higher doses. On PND 21, decreased mean femur length and weight and changes in femur bone mass and geometry were observed in the offspring at 5 mg/kg/day (approximately equal exposures (AUC) in humans at the 40 mg dose) and higher doses. The femur findings included lower total area, bone mineral content and density, periosteal and endosteal circumference, and cross-sectional moment of inertia. There were no microscopic changes in the distal femur, proximal tibia, or stifle joints. Changes in bone parameters were partially reversible following a recovery period, with findings on PND 70 limited to lower femur metaphysis cortical/subcortical bone mineral density in female pups at 5 mg/kg/day (approximately equal exposures (AUC) in humans at the 40 mg dose) and higher doses.
Use in specific populations
Information about use of the drug by patients in specific populations, including pregnant women and nursing mothers, pediatric patients, and geriatric patients.8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS Pregnancy : Based on animal data, may cause fetal harm. ( 8.1 ) 8.1 Pregnancy Risk Summary Available data from published observational studies did not demonstrate an association of major malformations or other adverse pregnancy outcomes with pantoprazole. In animal reproduction studies, no evidence of adverse development outcomes was observed with pantoprazole sodium. Reproduction studies have been performed in rats at intravenous doses up to 20 mg/kg/day (4 times the recommended human dose) and rabbits at intravenous doses up to 15 mg/kg/day (6 times the recommended human dose) with administration of pantoprazole during organogenesis in pregnant animals and have revealed no evidence of harm to the fetus due to pantoprazole in this study (see Data ) . A pre-and post-natal development toxicity study in rats with additional endpoints to evaluate the effect on bone development was performed with pantoprazole sodium. Oral pantoprazole doses of 5, 15, and 30 mg/kg/day (approximately 1, 3, and 6 times the human dose of 40 mg/day) were administered to pregnant females from gestation day (GD) 6 through lactation day (LD) 21. Changes in bone morphology were observed in pups exposed to pantoprazole in utero and through milk during the period of lactation as well as by oral dosing from postnatal day (PND) 4 through PND 21 [see Use in Specific Populations (8.4) ] . There were no drug-related findings in maternal animals . Advise pregnant women of the potential risk of fetal harm. The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in the clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively. Data Human Data Available data from published observational studies failed to demonstrate an association of adverse pregnancy-related outcomes and pantoprazole use. Methodological limitations of these observational studies cannot definitely establish or exclude any drug-associated risk during pregnancy. In a prospective study by the European Network of Teratology Information Services, outcomes from a group of 53 pregnant women administered median daily doses of 40 mg pantoprazole were compared to a control group of 868 pregnant women who did not take any proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). There was no difference in the rate of major malformations between women exposed to PPIs and the control group, corresponding to a Relative Risk (RR)=0.55, [95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.08–3.95]. In a population-based retrospective cohort study covering all live births in Denmark from 1996 to 2008, there was no significant increase in major birth defects during analysis of first trimester exposure to pantoprazole in 549 live births. A meta-analysis that compared 1,530 pregnant women exposed to PPIs in at least the first trimester with 133,410 unexposed pregnant women showed no significant increases in risk for congenital malformations or spontaneous abortion with exposure to PPIs (for major malformations OR=1.12 ([95% CI 0.86–1.45] and for spontaneous abortions OR=1.29 [95% CI 0.84–1.97]). Animal Data Reproduction studies have been performed in rats at intravenous pantoprazole doses up to 20 mg/kg/day (4 times the recommended human dose based on body surface area) and rabbits at intravenous doses up to 15 mg/kg/day (6 times the recommended human dose based on body surface area) with administration of pantoprazole sodium during organogenesis in pregnant animals and have revealed no evidence of impaired fertility or harm to the fetus due to pantoprazole. A pre- and post-natal development toxicity study in rats with additional endpoints to evaluate the effect on bone development was performed with pantoprazole sodium. Oral pantoprazole doses of 5, 15, and 30 mg/kg/day (approximately 1, 3, and 6 times the human dose of 40 mg/day on a body surface area basis) were administered to pregnant females from gestation day (GD) 6 through lactation day (LD) 21. On postnatal day (PND 4) through PND 21, the pups were administered oral doses at 5, 15, and 30 mg/kg/day (approximately 1, 2.3, and 3.2 times the exposure (AUC) in humans at a dose of 40 mg). There were no drug-related findings in maternal animals. During the preweaning dosing phase (PND 4 to 21) of the pups, there were increased mortality and/or moribundity and decreased body weight and body weight gain at 5 mg/kg/day (approximately equal exposures (AUC) in humans receiving the 40 mg dose) and higher doses. On PND 21, decreased mean femur length and weight and changes in femur bone mass and geometry were observed in the offspring at 5 mg/kg/day (approximately equal exposures (AUC) in humans at the 40 mg dose) and higher doses. The femur findings included lower total area, bone mineral content and density, periosteal and endosteal circumference, and cross-sectional moment of inertia. There were no microscopic changes in the distal femur, proximal tibia, or stifle joints. Changes in bone parameters were partially reversible following a recovery period, with findings on PND 70 limited to lower femur metaphysis cortical/subcortical bone mineral density in female pups at 5 mg/kg/day (approximately equal exposures (AUC) in humans at the 40 mg dose) and higher doses. 8.2 Lactation Risk Summary The limited data from a single case report the presence of pantoprazole in human breast milk. There were no effects on the breastfed infant (see Data ) . There are no data on pantoprazole effects on milk production. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother's clinical need for PROTONIX I.V. and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed child from pantoprazole or from the underlying maternal condition. Data The breast milk of a 42-year-old woman receiving 40 mg of oral pantoprazole, at 10 months postpartum, was studied for 24 hours, to demonstrate low levels of pantoprazole present in the breast milk. Pantoprazole was detectable in milk only 2 and 4 hours after the dose with milk levels of approximately 36 mcg/L and 24 mcg/L, respectively. A milk-to-plasma ratio of 0.022 was observed at 2 hours after drug administration. Pantoprazole was not detectable (<10 mcg/L) in milk at 6, 8 and 24 hours after the dose. The relative dose to the infant was estimated to be 7.3 mcg of pantoprazole, which is equivalent to 0.14% of the weight-adjusted maternal dose. No adverse events in the infant were reported by the mother. 8.4 Pediatric Use The safety and effectiveness of PROTONIX I.V. for the treatment of GERD and a history of EE for up to 7 days have been established in pediatric patients 3 months of age and older. Use of PROTONIX I.V. for this indication is supported by evidence from adequate and well-controlled studies of intravenous and oral pantoprazole sodium in adults and oral pantoprazole sodium in pediatric patients, with additional pharmacokinetic and safety data of intravenous pantoprazole in pediatric patients 1 year of age and older and oral pantoprazole in pediatric patients 3 months of age and older. Adverse reactions were generally similar to those reported in adults with intravenous or oral pantoprazole sodium [see Adverse Reactions (6.1) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ] . The safety and effectiveness of PROTONIX I.V. have not been established in patients less than 3 months of age for the treatment of GERD and a history of EE. The safety and effectiveness of PROTONIX I.V. have not been established in pediatric patients for the treatment of pathological hypersecretory conditions including ZE syndrome. Animal Toxicity Data In neonatal/juvenile animals (rats and dogs) toxicities were similar to those observed in adult animals, including gastric alterations, decreases in red cell mass, increases in lipids, enzyme induction and hepatocellular hypertrophy. An increased incidence of eosinophilic chief cells in adult and neonatal/juvenile rats, and atrophy of chief cells in adult rats and in neonatal/juvenile dogs, was observed in the fundic mucosa of stomachs in repeated-dose studies. Full to partial recovery of these effects were noted in animals of both age groups following a recovery period. 8.5 Geriatric Use Of 286 patients in clinical studies of intravenous pantoprazole sodium in patients with GERD and a history of EE, 86 (43%) were 65 years of age and over. No overall differences in safety or effectiveness were observed between these geriatric and younger adult patients, and other reported clinical experience with oral pantoprazole sodium has not identified differences in responses between geriatric and younger adult patients, but greater sensitivity of some older individuals cannot be ruled out. No clinically meaningful differences in the pharmacokinetics of pantoprazole were observed in geriatric subjects compared to younger adult subjects [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ] .
How supplied
Information about the available dosage forms to which the labeling applies, and for which the manufacturer or distributor is responsible. This field ordinarily includes the strength of the dosage form (in metric units), the units in which the dosage form is available for prescribing, appropriate information to facilitate identification of the dosage forms (such as shape, color, coating, scoring, and National Drug Code), and special handling and storage condition information.16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING PROTONIX ® I.V. (pantoprazole sodium) is supplied in a single-dose vial as a white to off-white freeze-dried powder for reconstitution and dilution containing 40 mg of pantoprazole. PROTONIX I.V. is available as follows: NDC Number Strength Package Size NDC 0008-0923-51 40 mg/vial pantoprazole Single vial NDC 0008-0923-55 40 mg/vial pantoprazole 10 vials NDC 0008-0923-60 40 mg/vial pantoprazole 25 vials Storage and Handling Store PROTONIX I.V. at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F); excursions permitted to 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature]. Protect from light.
Storage and handling
Information about safe storage and handling of the drug product.Storage and Handling Store PROTONIX I.V. at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F); excursions permitted to 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature]. Protect from light.
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