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| Product NDC Code | 14789-109 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Drug Name | Potassium chloride |
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| Type | Generic | ||||
| Pharm Class | Increased Large Intestinal Motility [PE], Inhibition Large Intestine Fluid/Electrolyte Absorption [PE], Osmotic Activity [MoA], Osmotic Laxative [EPC], Potassium Compounds [CS], Potassium Salt [EPC] |
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| Active Ingredients |
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| Route | INTRAVENOUS | ||||
| Dosage Form | INJECTION | ||||
| RxCUI drug identifier | 312507, 1860239, 1860241, 1860463, 1860466 |
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| Application Number | ANDA214727 | ||||
| Labeler Name | Nexus Pharamaceuticals Inc. | ||||
| Packages |
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Overdosage of Potassium Chloride
Information about signs, symptoms, and laboratory findings of acute ovedosage and the general principles of overdose treatment.OVERDOSAGE Potassium overdose can cause potentially fatal hyperkalemia. Manifestations of hyperkalemia include: Disturbances in cardiac conduction and arrhythmias, including bradycardia, heart block, asystole, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation Hypotension Muscle weakness up to and including muscular and respiratory paralysis, paresthesia Gastrointestinal symptoms (ileus, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain) Frequently, mild or moderate hyperkalemia is asymptomatic and may be manifested only by increased serum potassium concentrations and, possibly, characteristic electrocardiographic changes. However, fatal arrhythmias can develop at any time. In addition to arrhythmias and conduction disorders, the EKG shows progressive changes that occur with increasing potassium levels. Possible changes include: peaking of T waves, loss of P waves, and QRS widening. However, the correlation between potassium levels and EKG changes is not precise, and whether or at which potassium level certain EKG signs develop depends on factors such as patient sensitivity, the presence of other electrolyte disorders, and the rapidity of the development of hyperkalemia. The presence of any EKG findings that are suspected to be caused by hyperkalemia should be considered a medical emergency. In the event of hyperkalemia, discontinue the infusion immediately and institute close EKG, laboratory and other monitoring and, as necessary, corrective therapy to reduce serum potassium levels as necessary. The use of potassium containing foods or medications must also be eliminated. Treatment of mild to severe hyperkalemia with signs and symptoms of potassium intoxication includes the following: Dextrose Injection, USP, 10% or 25%, containing 10 units of crystalline insulin per 20 grams of dextrose administered intravenously, 300 to 500 mL per hour. Absorption and exchange of potassium using sodium or ammonium cycle cation exchange resin, orally and as retention enema. Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. In cases of digitalization, too rapid a lowering of plasma potassium concentration can cause digitalis toxicity.
Adverse reactions
Information about undesirable effects, reasonably associated with use of the drug, that may occur as part of the pharmacological action of the drug or may be unpredictable in its occurrence. Adverse reactions include those that occur with the drug, and if applicable, with drugs in the same pharmacologically active and chemically related class. There is considerable variation in the listing of adverse reactions. They may be categorized by organ system, by severity of reaction, by frequency, by toxicological mechanism, or by a combination of these.ADVERSE REACTIONS The following adverse reactions associated with the use of Potassium Chloride Injection were identified in postmarketing reports. Because these reactions were reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to estimate their frequency, reliably, or to establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. Immune system disorders : Hypersensitivity, as manifested by rash and angioedema Metabolism and nutrition disorders : Hyperkalemia, hyponatremia Cardiac disorders : Cardiac arrest*, asystole*, ventricular fibrillation*, bradycardia *as a manifestation of rapid intravenous administration and/or of hyperkalemia Respiratory, Thoracic, and Mediastinal Disorders : Dyspnea General disorders and administration site conditions : Chest pain, infusion site thrombosis, infusion site phlebitis, infusion site erythema, infusion site swelling, infusion site pain, infusion site irritation, and/or a burning sensation. Nervous System Disorders : Hyponatremic encephalopathy The following adverse reactions were reported in association with extravasation: Skin necrosis, skin ulcer, soft tissue necrosis, muscle necrosis, nerve injury, tendon injury, and vascular injury.
Potassium Chloride Drug Interactions
Information about and practical guidance on preventing clinically significant drug/drug and drug/food interactions that may occur in people taking the drug.Drug Interactions Other Products that Cause Hyperkalemia Administration of Potassium Chloride Injection in patients treated concurrently or recently with other products that can cause hyperkalemia or increase the risk of hyperkalemia (e.g., potassium-sparing diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, cyclosporine and tacrolimus) increases the risk of severe and potentially fatal hyperkalemia, in particular in the presence of other risk factors for hyperkalemia (see WARNINGS ). Avoid use of Potassium Chloride injection in patients receiving such products. If use cannot be avoided, monitor serum potassium concentrations. Other Drugs that Increase the Risk of Hyponatremia Administration of Potassium Chloride Injection in patients treated concomitantly with drugs associated with hyponatremia may increase the risk of developing hyponatremia (see WARNINGS ). Avoid use of Potassium Chloride Injection in patients receiving drugs that may increase the risk of hyponatremia, such as diuretics and antiepileptics. Drugs that increase the vasopressin effect reduce renal electrolyte free water excretion and may also increase the risk of hyponatremia following treatment with intravenous fluids. If use cannot be avoided, monitor serum sodium concentrations.
Clinical pharmacology
Information about the clinical pharmacology and actions of the drug in humans.CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY Potassium is the major cation of body cells (160 mEq/liter of intracellular water) and is concerned with the maintenance of body fluid composition and electrolyte balance. Potassium participates in carbohydrate utilization, protein synthesis, and is critical in the regulation of nerve conduction and muscle contraction, particularly in the heart. Chloride, the major extracellular anion, closely follows the metabolism of sodium, and changes in the acid-base of the body are reflected by changes in the chloride concentration. Normally about 80 to 90% of the potassium intake is excreted in the urine, the remainder in the stools and to a small extent, in the perspiration. The kidney does not conserve potassium well so that during fasting, or in patients on a potassium-free diet, potassium loss from the body continues resulting in potassium depletion. A deficiency of either potassium or chloride will lead to a deficit of the other.
Contraindications
Information about situations in which the drug product is contraindicated or should not be used because the risk of use clearly outweighs any possible benefit, including the type and nature of reactions that have been reported.CONTRAINDICATIONS Potassium Chloride Injection is contraindicated in patients with: hyperkalemia known hypersensitivity to Potassium Chloride Injection
Description
General information about the drug product, including the proprietary and established name of the drug, the type of dosage form and route of administration to which the label applies, qualitative and quantitative ingredient information, the pharmacologic or therapeutic class of the drug, and the chemical name and structural formula of the drug.DESCRIPTION This Potassium Chloride Injection, is a sterile, nonpyrogenic, highly concentrated, readyto-use, solution of Potassium Chloride, USP in Water for Injection, USP for electrolyte replenishment in a single dose container for intravenous administration. It contains no antimicrobial agents. * Normal physiologic osmolarity range is approximately 280 to 310 mOsmol/L. Administration of substantially hypertonic solutions (≥600 mOsmol/L) may cause vein damage. Potassium Chloride Injection mEq Potassium/ Container Composition (g/L) Potassium Chloride, USP (KCl) Osmolarity* (mOsmol/L) (calc) pH Ionic Concentration (mEq/L) Potassium Chloride 10 mEq/100 mL 7.45 200 5.8 (4.0 to 8.0) 100 100 10 mEq/50 mL 20 mEq/100 mL 14.9 400 5.8 (4.0 to 8.0) 200 200 20 mEq/50 mL 40 mEq/100 mL 29.8 799 5.8 (4.0 to 8.0) 400 400
| Potassium Chloride Injection mEq Potassium/ Container | |||||
| Chloride | |||||
| 10 mEq/100 mL | 7.45 | 5.8 (4.0 to 8.0) | 100 | ||
| 10 mEq/50 mL 20 mEq/100 mL | 14.9 | 5.8 (4.0 to 8.0) | 200 | ||
| 20 mEq/50 mL 40 mEq/100 mL | 29.8 | 5.8 (4.0 to 8.0) | 400 | ||
Dosage and administration
Information about the drug product’s dosage and administration recommendations, including starting dose, dose range, titration regimens, and any other clinically sigificant information that affects dosing recommendations.DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION The dose and rate of administration are dependent upon the specific condition of each patient. Administer intravenously only with a calibrated infusion device at a slow, controlled rate. Highest concentrations (400 mEq/L) should be exclusively administered via central intravenous route. Whenever possible, administration via a central route is recommended for all concentrations of Potassium Chloride Injection for thorough dilution by the blood stream and decreasing the risk of extravasation and to avoid pain and phlebitis associated with peripheral infusion (see WARNINGS ). Correct placement of the catheter should be verified before administration. Recommended administration rates should not usually exceed 10 mEq per hour or 200 mEq for a 24 hour period if the serum potassium level is greater than 2.5 mEq per liter. In urgent cases where the serum potassium level is less than 2.0 mEq per liter or where severe hypokalemia is a threat, (serum potassium level less than 2.0 mEq per liter and electrocardiographic changes and/or muscle paralysis), rates up to 40 mEq per hour or 400 mEq over a 24 hour period can be administered very carefully when guided by continuous monitoring of the EKG and frequent serum K + determinations to avoid hyperkalemia and cardiac arrest. Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration, whenever solution and container permit. Do not administer unless solution is clear and seal is intact. Use of a final filter is recommended during administration of all parenteral solutions where possible. Do not add supplementary medication.
Indications and usage
A statement of each of the drug products indications for use, such as for the treatment, prevention, mitigation, cure, or diagnosis of a disease or condition, or of a manifestation of a recognized disease or condition, or for the relief of symptoms associated with a recognized disease or condition. This field may also describe any relevant limitations of use.INDICATIONS AND USAGE Potassium Chloride Injection is indicated in the treatment of potassium deficiency states when oral replacement is not feasible. THIS HIGHLY CONCENTRATED, READY-TO-USE POTASSIUM CHLORIDE INJECTION IS INTENDED FOR THE MAINTENANCE OF SERUM K + LEVELS AND FOR POTASSIUM SUPPLEMENTATION IN FLUID RESTRICTED PATIENTS WHO CANNOT ACCOMMODATE ADDITIONAL VOLUMES OF FLUID ASSOCIATED WITH POTASSIUM SOLUTIONS OF LOWER CONCENTRATION. When using these products, these patients should be on continuous cardiac monitoring and frequent testing for serum potassium concentration and acid-base balance.
Spl product data elements
Usually a list of ingredients in a drug product.Potassium Chloride Potassium Chloride Potassium Chloride Potassium Cation Potassium Chloride Potassium Chloride Potassium Chloride Potassium Cation Potassium Chloride Potassium Chloride Potassium Chloride Potassium Cation
Laboratory tests
Information on laboratory tests helpful in following the patient’s response to the drug or in identifying possible adverse reactions. If appropriate, information may be provided on such factors as the range of normal and abnormal values expected in the particular situation and the recommended frequency with which tests should be performed before, during, and after therapy.Laboratory Tests Serum potassium levels are not necessarily indicative of tissue potassium levels. Clinical evaluation and periodic laboratory determinations are necessary to monitor changes in fluid balance, electrolyte concentrations, and acid-base balance during prolonged parenteral therapy or whenever the condition of the patient warrants such evaluation. Significant deviations from normal concentrations may require the use of additional electrolyte supplements, or the use of electrolyte-free dextrose solutions to which individualized electrolyte supplements may be added.
Package label principal display panel
The content of the principal display panel of the product package, usually including the product’s name, dosage forms, and other key information about the drug product.Principal Display Panel - 50 mL (400 mEq/L) Bag Label For Use Only With A Calibrated Infusion Device Highly Concentrated 400 mEq/L NDC 14789-107-08 Potassium Chloride Injection 50 mL 20 mEQ EACH 50 mL CONTAINS POTASSIUM CHLORIDE 1.49 g IN WATER FOR INJECTION. ELECTROLYTES PER 1000 mL: POTASSIUM 400 mEq; CHLORIDE 400 mEq. 799 mOsmol/LITER (CALC.) pH 5.8 (4.0 to 8.0) HYPERTONIC - MAY CAUSE VEIN DAMAGE. DO NOT ADD SUPPLEMENTARY MEDICATION. WHENEVER POSSIBLE USE CENTRAL ROUTE. DISCONTINUE INFUSION IF ADVERSE REACTION OCCURS. SINGLE-DOSE CONTAINER. FOR INTRAVENOUS USE. USUAL DOSAGE: SEE INSERT. STERILE, NONPYROGENIC. USE ONLY IF SOLUTION IS CLEAR AND CONTAINER IS UNDAMAGED. MUST NOT BE USED IN SERIES CONNECTIONS. Rx ONLY Not made with natural rubber latex. Figure
Principal Display Panel - 50 mL (200 mEq/L) Bag Label For Use Only With A Calibrated Infusion Device Highly Concentrated 200 mEq/L NDC 14789-108-08 Potassium Chloride Injection 50 mL 10 mEQ EACH 100 mL CONTAINS POTASSIUM CHLORIDE 1490 mg IN WATER FOR INJECTION. ELECTROLYTES PER 1000 mL: POTASSIUM 200 mEq; CHLORIDE 200 mEq. 400 mOsmol/LITER (CALC.) pH 5.8 (4.0 to 8.0) DO NOT ADD SUPPLEMENTARY MEDICATION. WHENEVER POSSIBLE USE CENTRAL ROUTE. SINGLE-DOSE CONTAINER. USUAL DOSAGE: SEE INSERT. FOR INTRAVENOUS USE. STERILE, NONPYROGENIC. USE ONLY IF SOLUTION IS CLEAR AND CONTAINER IS UNDAMAGED. MUST NOT BE USED IN SERIES CONNECTIONS. Rx ONLY Not made with natural rubber latex. Figure
Principal Display Panel - 100 mL (100 mEq/L) Bag Label For Use Only With A Calibrated Infusion Device Highly Concentrated 100 mEq/L NDC 14789-109-16 Potassium Chloride Injection 100 mL 10 mEQ EACH 100 mL CONTAINS POTASSIUM CHLORIDE 745 mg IN WATER FOR INJECTION. ELECTROLYTES PER 1000 mL: POTASSIUM 100 mEq; CHLORIDE 100 mEq. 200 mOsmol/LITER (CALC.) pH 5.8 (4.0 to 8.0) DO NOT ADD SUPPLEMENTARY MEDICATION. WHENEVER POSSIBLE USE CENTRAL ROUTE. SINGLE-DOSE CONTAINER. FOR INTRAVENOUS USE. USUAL DOSAGE: SEE INSERT. STERILE, NONPYROGENIC. USE ONLY IF SOLUTION IS CLEAR AND CONTAINER IS UNDAMAGED. MUST NOT BE USED IN SERIES CONNECTIONS. Rx ONLY Not made with natural rubber latex. Figure
Principal Display Panel - 100 mL (200 mEq/L) Bag Label For Use Only With A Calibrated Infusion Device Highly Concentrated 200 mEq/L NDC 14789-108-16 Potassium Chloride Injection 100 mL 20 mEQ EACH 100 mL CONTAINS POTASSIUM CHLORIDE 1490 mg IN WATER FOR INJECTION. ELECTROLYTES PER 1000 mL: POTASSIUM 200 mEq; CHLORIDE 200 mEq. 400 mOsmol/LITER (CALC.) pH 5.8 (4.0 to 8.0) DO NOT ADD SUPPLEMENTARY MEDICATION. WHENEVER POSSIBLE USE CENTRAL ROUTE. SINGLE-DOSE CONTAINER. USUAL DOSAGE: SEE INSERT. FOR INTRAVENOUS USE. STERILE, NONPYROGENIC. USE ONLY IF SOLUTION IS CLEAR AND CONTAINER IS UNDAMAGED. MUST NOT BE USED IN SERIES CONNECTIONS. Rx ONLY Not made with natural rubber latex. Figure
Principal Display Panel - 100 mL (400 mEq/L) Bag Label For Use Only With A Calibrated Infusion Device Highly Concentrated 400 mEq/L NDC 14789-107-16 Potassium Chloride Injection 100 mL 40 mEQ EACH 100 mL CONTAINS POTASSIUM CHLORIDE 2.98 g IN WATER FOR INJECTION. ELECTROLYTES PER 1000 mL: POTASSIUM 400 mEq; CHLORIDE 400 mEq. 799 mOsmol/LITER (CALC.) pH 5.8 (4.0 to 8.0) HYPERTONIC - MAY CAUSE VEIN DAMAGE. DO NOT ADD SUPPLEMENTARY MEDICATION. WHENEVER POSSIBLE USE CENTRAL ROUTE. DISCONTINUE INFUSION IF ADVERSE REACTION OCCURS. SINGLE-DOSE CONTAINER. FOR INTRAVENOUS USE. USUAL DOSAGE: SEE INSERT. STERILE, NONPYROGENIC. USE ONLY IF SOLUTION IS CLEAR AND CONTAINER IS UNDAMAGED. MUST NOT BE USED IN SERIES CONNECTIONS. Rx ONLY Not made with natural rubber latex. Figure
Spl unclassified section
Information not classified as belonging to one of the other fields. Approximately 40% of labeling with effective_time between June 2009 and August 2014 have information in this field.For Use Only With A Calibrated Infusion Device Highly Concentrated Flexible Plastic Container Ready To Use Rx only
Preparation for Administration (Use aseptic technique) Close flow control clamp of administration set. Remove cover from outlet port at bottom of container. Insert piercing pin of administration set into port with a twisting motion until the set is firmly seated. NOTE: See full directions on administration set carton. Suspend container from hanger. Squeeze and release drip chamber to establish proper fluid level in chamber. Open flow control clamp and clear air from set. Close clamp. Attach set to venipuncture device. If device is not indwelling, prime and make venipuncture. Regulate rate of administration with flow control clamp. WARNING: Do not use flexible container in series connections. Do not add supplementary medication. Such use could result in air embolism due to residual air being drawn from the primary container before administration of the fluid from the secondary container is completed.
Nursing mothers
Information about excretion of the drug in human milk and effects on the nursing infant, including pertinent adverse effects observed in animal offspring.Nursing Mothers It is not known whether this drug is present in human milk. Because many drugs are present in human milk, caution should be exercised when Potassium Chloride Injection is administered to a nursing mother.
Pediatric use
Information about any limitations on any pediatric indications, needs for specific monitoring, hazards associated with use of the drug in any subsets of the pediatric population (such as neonates, infants, children, or adolescents), differences between pediatric and adult responses to the drug, and other information related to the safe and effective pediatric use of the drug.Pediatric Use: These products should not be used in children at this time. Safety and effectiveness of Potassium Chloride Injection in pediatric patients have not been established by adequate and well-controlled studies.
Pregnancy
Information about effects the drug may have on pregnant women or on a fetus. This field may be ommitted if the drug is not absorbed systemically and the drug is not known to have a potential for indirect harm to the fetus. It may contain information about the established pregnancy category classification for the drug. (That information is nominally listed in the teratogenic_effects field, but may be listed here instead.)Pregnancy: There are no adequate, well controlled studies with Potassium Chloride Injection in pregnant women and animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with this drug. Therefore, it is not known whether potassium chloride injection can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Potassium Chloride Injection should be given during pregnancy only if potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
How supplied
Information about the available dosage forms to which the labeling applies, and for which the manufacturer or distributor is responsible. This field ordinarily includes the strength of the dosage form (in metric units), the units in which the dosage form is available for prescribing, appropriate information to facilitate identification of the dosage forms (such as shape, color, coating, scoring, and National Drug Code), and special handling and storage condition information.HOW SUPPLIED Potassium Chloride Injection in flexible plastic containers is available as follows: NDC for each individual IV Bag Potassium per container 14789-109-16 10 mEq/100 mL 14789-108-08 10 mEq/50 mL 14789-108-16 20 mEq/100 mL 14789-107-08 20 mEq/50 mL 14789-107-16 40 mEq/100 mL Exposure of pharmaceutical products to heat should be minimized. Avoid excessive heat. Store at 20 to 25°C (68 to 77°F). [See USP Controlled Room Temperature.] Manufactured in the UK Manufactured for Nexus Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Lincolnshire, IL 60069 USA KCLPI01GBR02 Revised: 03/2023 NEXUS PHARMACEUTICALS
| NDC for each individual IV Bag | Potassium per container |
| 14789-109-16 | 10 mEq/100 mL |
| 14789-108-08 | 10 mEq/50 mL |
| 14789-108-16 | 20 mEq/100 mL |
| 14789-107-08 | 20 mEq/50 mL |
| 14789-107-16 | 40 mEq/100 mL |
General precautions
Information about any special care to be exercised for safe and effective use of the drug.General Do not connect flexible plastic containers in series in order to avoid air embolism due to possible residual air contained in the primary container.
Precautions
Information about any special care to be exercised for safe and effective use of the drug.PRECAUTIONS General Do not connect flexible plastic containers in series in order to avoid air embolism due to possible residual air contained in the primary container. Laboratory Tests Serum potassium levels are not necessarily indicative of tissue potassium levels. Clinical evaluation and periodic laboratory determinations are necessary to monitor changes in fluid balance, electrolyte concentrations, and acid-base balance during prolonged parenteral therapy or whenever the condition of the patient warrants such evaluation. Significant deviations from normal concentrations may require the use of additional electrolyte supplements, or the use of electrolyte-free dextrose solutions to which individualized electrolyte supplements may be added. Drug Interactions Other Products that Cause Hyperkalemia Administration of Potassium Chloride Injection in patients treated concurrently or recently with other products that can cause hyperkalemia or increase the risk of hyperkalemia (e.g., potassium-sparing diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, cyclosporine and tacrolimus) increases the risk of severe and potentially fatal hyperkalemia, in particular in the presence of other risk factors for hyperkalemia (see WARNINGS ). Avoid use of Potassium Chloride injection in patients receiving such products. If use cannot be avoided, monitor serum potassium concentrations. Other Drugs that Increase the Risk of Hyponatremia Administration of Potassium Chloride Injection in patients treated concomitantly with drugs associated with hyponatremia may increase the risk of developing hyponatremia (see WARNINGS ). Avoid use of Potassium Chloride Injection in patients receiving drugs that may increase the risk of hyponatremia, such as diuretics and antiepileptics. Drugs that increase the vasopressin effect reduce renal electrolyte free water excretion and may also increase the risk of hyponatremia following treatment with intravenous fluids. If use cannot be avoided, monitor serum sodium concentrations. Pregnancy: There are no adequate, well controlled studies with Potassium Chloride Injection in pregnant women and animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with this drug. Therefore, it is not known whether potassium chloride injection can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Potassium Chloride Injection should be given during pregnancy only if potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. Nursing Mothers It is not known whether this drug is present in human milk. Because many drugs are present in human milk, caution should be exercised when Potassium Chloride Injection is administered to a nursing mother. Pediatric Use: These products should not be used in children at this time. Safety and effectiveness of Potassium Chloride Injection in pediatric patients have not been established by adequate and well-controlled studies.
Warnings
Information about serious adverse reactions and potential safety hazards, including limitations in use imposed by those hazards and steps that should be taken if they occur.WARNINGS Hyperkalemia THIS HIGHLY CONCENTRATED, READY-TO-USE POTASSIUM CHLORIDE INJECTION IS INTENDED FOR THE MAINTENANCE OF SERUM K + LEVELS AND FOR POTASSIUM SUPPLEMENTATION IN FLUID RESTRICTED PATIENTS WHO CANNOT ACCOMMODATE ADDITIONAL VOLUMES OF FLUID ASSOCIATED WITH POTASSIUM SOLUTIONS OF LOWER CONCENTRATION. TO AVOID POTASSIUM INTOXICATION, DO NOT INFUSE THESE SOLUTIONS RAPIDLY. Potassium Chloride Injection should be administered with extreme caution, if at all, to patients with conditions predisposing to hyperkalemia and/or associated with increased sensitivity to potassium, such as patients with: severe renal impairment, acute dehydration, extensive tissue injury or burns, certain cardiac disorders such as congestive heart failure or AV block, potassium-aggravated skeletal muscle channelopathies (e.g., hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, paramyotonia congenita, and potassium-aggravated myotonia/ paramyotonia). Potassium Chloride Injection should be administered with caution to patients who are at risk of experiencing hyperosmolality, acidosis, or undergo correction of alkalosis (conditions associated with a shift of potassium from intracellular to extracellular space) and patients treated concurrently or recently with agents or products that can cause hyperkalemia (see PRECAUTIONS, Drug Interactions ). If used in high-risk patients, especially close monitoring and careful dose selection and adjustment is required. PATIENTS REQUIRING HIGHLY CONCENTRATED SOLUTIONS SHOULD BE KEPT ON CONTINUOUS CARDIAC MONITORING AND UNDERGO FREQUENT TESTING FOR SERUM POTASSIUM AND ACID-BASE BALANCE, ESPECIALLY IF THEY RECEIVE DIGITALIS. Administration of concentrated potassium solutions can cause cardiac conduction disorders (including complete heart block) and other cardiac arrhythmias at any time during infusion. Continuous cardiac monitoring is performed to aid in the detection of cardiac arrhythmias due to a sudden increase in serum potassium concentration (e.g., when potassium infusion is started), or transient or sustained hyperkalemia (see ADVERSE REACTIONS and OVERDOSAGE ). Frequently, mild or moderate hyperkalemia is asymptomatic and may be manifested only by increased serum potassium concentrations and, possibly, characteristic EKG changes. However, fatal arrhythmias can develop at any time during hyperkalemia. Serum potassium levels are not necessarily indicative of tissue potassium levels. Tissue Damage and Thrombophlebitis When infusing concentrated potassium solutions, including Potassium Chloride Injection, care must be taken to prevent paravenous administration or extravasation because such solutions may be associated with tissue damage, which may be severe and include vascular, nerve, and tendon damage, leading to surgical intervention, including amputation. Secondary complications including pulmonary embolism from thrombophlebitis have been reported as a consequence of tissue damage from potassium chloride. Administer intravenously only with a calibrated infusion device at a slow, controlled rate. (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION ). Highest concentrations (400 mEq per L) should be exclusively administered via central intravenous route. Whenever possible, administration via a central route is recommended for all concentrations of Potassium Chloride Injection for thorough dilution by the blood stream and decreasing the risk of extravasation and to avoid pain and phlebitis associated with peripheral infusion. Correct placement of the catheter should be verified before administration. Hyponatremia Monitoring of serum sodium is particularly important for hypotonic fluids. Potassium Chloride Injection has an osmolarity of 200 to 799 mOsmol/L (see DESCRIPTION ). Potassium Chloride Injection may cause hyponatremia. The risk for hyponatremia is increased, in pediatric patients, elderly patients, postoperative patients, those with psychogenic polydipsia and in patients treated with medications that increase the risk of hyponatremia (such as certain diuretic, antiepileptic and psychotropic medications) (see PRECAUTIONS, Drug Interactions ). Acute hyponatremia can lead to acute hyponatremic encephalopathy characterized by headache, nausea, seizures, lethargy and vomiting. Patients with brain edema are at particular risk of severe, irreversible and life-threatening brain injury. Avoid Potassium Chloride Injection in patients with or at risk for hyponatremia. If use cannot be avoided, monitor serum sodium concentrations. High volume infusion must be used with close monitoring in patients with cardiac or pulmonary failure, and in patients with non-osmotic vasopression release (including SIADH), due to the risk of hospital-acquired hyponatremia. Fluid Overload Depending on the volume and rate of infusion, and the patient's underlying clinical condition, the intravenous administration of Potassium Chloride Injection can cause electrolyte disturbances such as overhydration/hypervolemia and congested states including central (e.g., pulmonary edema) and peripheral edema. Avoid Potassium Chloride Injection in patients with or at risk for fluid and/or solute overloading. If use cannot be avoided, monitor fluid balance, electrolyte concentrations and acid base balance as needed and especially during prolonged use. Hyperchloremia In patients with or at risk of hyperchloremia, Potassium Chloride Injection may exacerbate or result in hyperchloremia. Monitor plasma chloride levels and renal function in such patients.
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