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| Product NDC Code | 42571-333 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Drug Name | Metformin hydrochloride |
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| Type | Generic | ||||||||||
| Pharm Class | Biguanide [EPC], Biguanides [CS] |
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| Active Ingredients |
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| Route | ORAL | ||||||||||
| Dosage Form | TABLET, FILM COATED, EXTENDED RELEASE | ||||||||||
| RxCUI drug identifier | 1807888, 1807915 |
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| Application Number | ANDA212448 | ||||||||||
| Labeler Name | Micro Labs Limited | ||||||||||
| Packages |
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Overdosage of Metformin Hydrochloride
Information about signs, symptoms, and laboratory findings of acute ovedosage and the general principles of overdose treatment.10 OVERDOSAGE Overdose of metformin HCl has occurred, including ingestion of amounts greater than 50 grams. Hypoglycemia was reported in approximately 10% of cases, but no causal association with metformin has been established. Lactic acidosis has been reported in approximately 32% of metformin overdose cases. [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 ) .] Metformin is dialyzable with a clearance of up to 170 mL/minute under good hemodynamic conditions. Therefore, hemodialysis may be useful for removal of accumulated drug from patients in whom metformin overdosage is suspected.
Adverse reactions
Information about undesirable effects, reasonably associated with use of the drug, that may occur as part of the pharmacological action of the drug or may be unpredictable in its occurrence. Adverse reactions include those that occur with the drug, and if applicable, with drugs in the same pharmacologically active and chemically related class. There is considerable variation in the listing of adverse reactions. They may be categorized by organ system, by severity of reaction, by frequency, by toxicological mechanism, or by a combination of these.6 ADVERSE REACTIONS The following adverse reactions are discussed in more detail in other sections of the labeling: Lactic Acidosis [ see Boxed Warning and Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 ) ] Vitamin B 12 Deficiency [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) ] Hypoglycemia [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3 ) ] Adverse reactions occurring >5% in metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets clinical trials: hypoglycemia, diarrhea, and nausea. ( 6.1 ) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Micro Labs USA, Inc. at 1-855-839-8195 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch . 6.1 Clinical Trials Experience Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. In clinical trials conducted in the U.S., over 1,000 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus have been treated with metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets 1,500 to 2,000 mg/day in active-controlled and placebo-controlled studies with the 500 mg dosage form. In the add-on to sulfonylurea study, patients receiving background glyburide therapy were randomized to receive add-on treatment of either one of three different regimens of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets or placebo. In total, 431 patients received metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets and glyburide and 144 patients received placebo and glyburide. Adverse reactions reported in greater than 5% of patients treated with metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets that were more common in the combined metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets and glyburide group than in the placebo and glyburide group are shown in Table 1. In 0.7% of patients treated with metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets and glyburide, diarrhea was responsible for discontinuation of study medication compared to no patients in the placebo and glyburide group. Table 1: Adverse Reactions Reported by >5%* of Patients for the Combined Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets Groups Versus Placebo Group Adverse Reaction Metformin Hydrochloride Extended-Release Tablets + Glyburide (n=431) Placebo + Glyburide (n=144) Hypoglycemia 14% 5% Diarrhea 13% 6% Nausea 7% 4% *Adverse reactions that were more common in the metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets -treated than in the placebo-treated patients. Laboratory Tests Vitamin B 12 Concentrations In clinical trials of 29-week duration with metformin HCl tablets, a decrease to subnormal levels of previously normal serum vitamin B 12 levels was observed in approximately 7% of patients. 6.2 Postmarketing Experience The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. Cholestatic, hepatocellular, and mixed hepatocellular liver injury have been reported with postmarketing use of metformin.
| Hypoglycemia | 14% | 5% |
| Diarrhea | 13% | 6% |
| Nausea | 7% | 4% |
Metformin Hydrochloride Drug Interactions
Information about and practical guidance on preventing clinically significant drug/drug and drug/food interactions that may occur in people taking the drug.7 DRUG INTERACTIONS Table 2 presents clinically significant drug interactions with metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets. Table 2: Clinically Significant Drug Interactions with Metformin Hydrochloride Extended-Release Tablets Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors Clinical Impact: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors frequently cause a decrease in serum bicarbonate and induce non-anion gap, hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis. Concomitant use of these drugs with metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets may increase the risk for lactic acidosis. Intervention: Consider more frequent monitoring of these patients. Examples: Topiramate, zonisamide, acetazolamide or dichlorphenamide. Drugs that Reduce Metformin Hydrochloride Extended-Release Tablets Clearance Clinical Impact: Concomitant use of drugs that interfere with common renal tubular transport systems involved in the renal elimination of metformin (e.g., organic cationic transporter-2 [OCT2] / multidrug and toxin extrusion [MATE] inhibitors) could increase systemic exposure to metformin and may increase the risk for lactic acidosis [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 ) ]. Intervention: Consider the benefits and risks of concomitant use with metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets. Examples: Ranolazine, vandetanib, dolutegravir, and cimetidine. Alcohol Clinical Impact: Alcohol is known to potentiate the effect of metformin on lactate metabolism. Intervention: Warn patients against excessive alcohol intake while receiving metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets. Insulin Secretagogues or Insulin Clinical Impact: Coadministration of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets with an insulin secretagogue (e.g., sulfonylurea) or insulin may increase the risk of hypoglycemia. Intervention: Patients receiving an insulin secretagogue or insulin may require lower doses of the insulin secretagogue or insulin. Drugs Affecting Glycemic Control Clinical Impact: Certain drugs tend to produce hyperglycemia and may lead to loss of glycemic control. Intervention: When such drugs are administered to a patient receiving metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets, observe the patient closely for loss of blood glucose control. When such drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets, observe the patient closely for hypoglycemia. Examples: Thiazides and other diuretics, corticosteroids, phenothiazines, thyroid products, estrogens, oral contraceptives, phenytoin, nicotinic acid, sympathomimetics, calcium channel blockers, and isoniazid. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors may increase risk of lactic acidosis. Consider more frequent monitoring. ( 7 ) Drugs that reduce metformin clearance (such as ranolazine, vandetanib, dolutegravir, and cimetidine) may increase the accumulation of metformin. Consider the benefits and risks of concomitant use. ( 7 ) Alcohol can potentiate the effect of metformin on lactate metabolism. Warn patients against excessive alcohol intake. ( 7 )
| | Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors frequently cause a decrease in serum bicarbonate and induce non-anion gap, hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis. Concomitant use of these drugs with metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets may increase the risk for lactic acidosis. |
| Consider more frequent monitoring of these patients. | |
| Topiramate, zonisamide, acetazolamide or dichlorphenamide. | |
| | Concomitant use of drugs that interfere with common renal tubular transport systems involved in the renal elimination of metformin (e.g., organic cationic transporter-2 [OCT2] / multidrug and toxin extrusion [MATE] inhibitors) could increase systemic exposure to metformin and may increase the risk for lactic acidosis |
| Consider the benefits and risks of concomitant use with metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets. | |
| Ranolazine, vandetanib, dolutegravir, and cimetidine. | |
| Alcohol is known to potentiate the effect of metformin on lactate metabolism. | |
| Warn patients against excessive alcohol intake while receiving metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets. | |
| | Coadministration of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets with an insulin secretagogue (e.g., sulfonylurea) or insulin may increase the risk of hypoglycemia. |
| | Patients receiving an insulin secretagogue or insulin may require lower doses of the insulin secretagogue or insulin. |
| | Certain drugs tend to produce hyperglycemia and may lead to loss of glycemic control. |
| | When such drugs are administered to a patient receiving metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets, observe the patient closely for loss of blood glucose control. When such drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets, observe the patient closely for hypoglycemia. |
| | Thiazides and other diuretics, corticosteroids, phenothiazines, thyroid products, estrogens, oral contraceptives, phenytoin, nicotinic acid, sympathomimetics, calcium channel blockers, and isoniazid. |
Clinical pharmacology
Information about the clinical pharmacology and actions of the drug in humans.12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 12.1 Mechanism of Action Metformin is a biguanide that improves glucose tolerance in patients with type 2 diabetes, lowering both basal and postprandial plasma glucose. Metformin decreases hepatic glucose production, decreases intestinal absorption of glucose, and improves insulin sensitivity by increasing peripheral glucose uptake and utilization. With metformin therapy, insulin secretion remains unchanged while fasting insulin levels and day-long plasma insulin response may decrease. 12.3 Pharmacokinetics Absorption Following a single oral dose of 1,000 mg (2x500 mg tablets) metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets after a meal, the time to reach maximum plasma metformin concentration (Tmax) is achieved at approximately 7 to 8 hours. In both single- and multiple-dose studies in healthy subjects, once daily 1,000 mg (2x500 mg tablets) dosing provides equivalent systemic exposure, as measured by area under the curve (AUC), and up to 35% higher C max , of metformin relative to the immediate-release given as 500 mg twice daily. At usual clinical doses and dosing schedules of metformin, steady state plasma concentrations of metformin are reached within 24 to 48 hours and are generally <1 mcg/mL. In a two-way, single-dose, crossover study in healthy volunteers, the 1,000 mg tablet was found to be similar to two 500 mg tablets under fed conditions based on equivalent C max and AUCs for the two formulations. Single oral doses of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets from 500 mg to 2,500 mg resulted in less than proportional increase in both AUC and C max . Effect of food: Low-fat and high-fat meals increased the systemic exposure (as measured by AUC) from metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets by about 38% and 73%, respectively, relative to fasting. Both meals prolonged metformin Tmax by approximately 3 hours but C max was not affected. Distribution The apparent volume of distribution (V/F) of metformin following single oral doses of 850 mg metformin HCl averaged 654 ± 358 L. Metformin is negligibly bound to plasma proteins. Metformin partitions into erythrocytes, most likely as a function of time. Metabolism Intravenous, single-dose studies in healthy subjects demonstrate that metformin is excreted unchanged in the urine and does not undergo hepatic metabolism (no metabolites have been identified in humans), nor biliary excretion. Excretion Renal clearance is approximately 3.5 times greater than creatinine clearance, which indicates that tubular secretion is the major route of metformin elimination. Following oral administration, approximately 90% of the absorbed drug is eliminated via the renal route within the first 24 hours, with a plasma elimination half-life of approximately 6.2 hours. In blood, the elimination half-life is approximately 17.6 hours, suggesting that the erythrocyte mass may be a compartment of distribution. Special Populations Renal Impairment Following a single-dose administration of metformin hydrochloride extended -release tablets 500 mg in subjects with mild and moderate renal impairment, the oral and renal clearance of metformin were decreased by 33% and 50% and 16% and 53%, respectively. Metformin peak and systemic exposure was 27% and 61% greater, respectively in subjects with mild renal impairment and 74% and 2.36 fold greater in subjects with moderate renal impairment as compared to healthy subjects. [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.2 ) , Contraindications ( 4 ) , and Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 ) .] Hepatic Impairment No pharmacokinetic studies of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets have been conducted in subjects with hepatic impairment, [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 ) and Use in Specific Populations ( 8.7 ) ] Geriatrics Limited data from controlled pharmacokinetic studies of metformin HCl in healthy elderly subjects suggest that total plasma clearance of metformin is decreased by 35%, the half-life is prolonged by 64% and Cmax is increased by 76%, compared to healthy young subjects. From these data, it appears that the change in metformin pharmacokinetics with aging is primarily accounted for by a change in renal function. [see Dosage and Administration ( 2 ) and Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 ) .] Gender In the pharmacokinetic studies in healthy volunteers, there were no important differences between male and female subjects with respect to metformin AUC and t1/2. However, Cmax for metformin was 40% higher in female subjects as compared to males. In controlled clinical studies in patients with type 2 diabetes, the antihyperglycemic effect of metformin HCl tablets was comparable in males and females. The gender differences for Cmax are unlikely to be clinically important. Race A trend towards 10% higher metformin C max and AUC values for metformin are obtained in Asian subjects when compared to Caucasian, Hispanic and Black subjects. The differences between the Asian and Caucasian groups are unlikely to be clinically important. In controlled clinical studies of metformin HCl in patients with type 2 diabetes, the antihyperglycemic effect was comparable in whites (n=249), blacks (n=51) and Hispanics (n=24). Pediatrics There are no available pharmacokinetic data with metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets in pediatric patients. Drug Interactions Specific pharmacokinetic drug interaction studies with metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets have not been performed except for one with glyburide. However, such studies have been performed on metformin HCl tablets. Table 3: Effect of Coadministered Drug on Plasma Metformin Systemic Exposure Coadministered Drug Dose of Coadministered Drug 1 Dose of Metformin HCl 1 Geometric Mean Ratio (ratio with/ without coadministered drug) No Effect=1.00 AUC 2 C max No dosing adjustments required for the following: Glyburide 5 mg 500 mg 4 0.98 3 0.99 3 Furosemide 40 mg 850 mg 1.09 3 1.22 3 Nifedipine 10 mg 850 mg 1.16 1.21 Propranolol 40 mg 850 mg 0.90 0.94 Ibuprofen 400 mg 850 mg 1.05 3 1.07 3 Cationic drugs that are eliminated by renal tubular secretion may increase the accumulation of metformin: [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5 .1) and Drug Interactions ( 7 ) ]. Cimetidine 400 mg 850 mg 1.40 1.61 Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors may cause metabolic acidosis: [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5 .1) and Drug Interactions ( 7 ) ]. Topiramate 100 mg 5 500 mg 5 1.255 1.17 1 All metformin HCl and coadministered drugs were given as single doses. 2 AUC=AUC 0 to inf 3 Ratio of arithmetic means 4 Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets 500 mg 5 At steady state with topiramate 100 mg every 12 hours and metformin 500 mg every 12 hours; AUC=AUC 0 to 12h Table 4: Effect of Metformin on Coadministered Drug Systemic Exposure Coadministered Drug Dose of Coadministered Drug 1 Dose of Metformin HCl 1 Geometric Mean Ratio (ratio with/ without coadministered drug) No Effect=1.00 AUC 2 C max No dosing adjustments required for the following: Glyburide 5 mg 500 mg 4 0.78 3 0.63 3 Furosemide 40 mg 850 mg 0.87 3 0.69 3 Nifedipine 10 mg 850 mg 1.10 4 1.08 Propranolol 40 mg 850 mg 1.01 4 0.94 Ibuprofen 400 mg 850 mg 0.97 5 1.01 5 Cimetidine 400 mg 850 mg 0.95 4 1.01 1 All metformin HCl and coadministered drugs were given as single doses. 2 AUC=AUC 0 to inf unless otherwise noted. 3 Ratio of arithmetic means, p-value of difference <0.05 4 AUC 0 to 24 hr reported 5 Ratio of arithmetic means
| No dosing adjustments required for the following: | ||||
| Glyburide | 5 mg | 500 mg 4 | 0.98 3 | 0.99 3 |
| Furosemide | 40 mg | 850 mg | 1.09 3 | 1.22 3 |
| Nifedipine | 10 mg | 850 mg | 1.16 | 1.21 |
| Propranolol | 40 mg | 850 mg | 0.90 | 0.94 |
| Ibuprofen | 400 mg | 850 mg | 1.05 3 | 1.07 3 |
| Cimetidine | 400 mg | 850 mg | 1.40 | 1.61 |
| Topiramate | 100 mg 5 | 500 mg 5 | 1.255 | 1.17 |
| No dosing adjustments required for the following: | ||||
| Glyburide | 5 mg | 500 mg 4 | 0.78 3 | 0.63 3 |
| Furosemide | 40 mg | 850 mg | 0.87 3 | 0.69 3 |
| Nifedipine | 10 mg | 850 mg | 1.10 4 | 1.08 |
| Propranolol | 40 mg | 850 mg | 1.01 4 | 0.94 |
| Ibuprofen | 400 mg | 850 mg | 0.97 5 | 1.01 5 |
| Cimetidine | 400 mg | 850 mg | 0.95 4 | 1.01 |
Mechanism of action
Information about the established mechanism(s) of the drugÕs action in humans at various levels (for example receptor, membrane, tissue, organ, whole body). If the mechanism of action is not known, this field contains a statement about the lack of information.12.1 Mechanism of Action Metformin is a biguanide that improves glucose tolerance in patients with type 2 diabetes, lowering both basal and postprandial plasma glucose. Metformin decreases hepatic glucose production, decreases intestinal absorption of glucose, and improves insulin sensitivity by increasing peripheral glucose uptake and utilization. With metformin therapy, insulin secretion remains unchanged while fasting insulin levels and day-long plasma insulin response may decrease.
Pharmacokinetics
Information about the clinically significant pharmacokinetics of a drug or active metabolites, for instance pertinent absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion parameters.12.3 Pharmacokinetics Absorption Following a single oral dose of 1,000 mg (2x500 mg tablets) metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets after a meal, the time to reach maximum plasma metformin concentration (Tmax) is achieved at approximately 7 to 8 hours. In both single- and multiple-dose studies in healthy subjects, once daily 1,000 mg (2x500 mg tablets) dosing provides equivalent systemic exposure, as measured by area under the curve (AUC), and up to 35% higher C max , of metformin relative to the immediate-release given as 500 mg twice daily. At usual clinical doses and dosing schedules of metformin, steady state plasma concentrations of metformin are reached within 24 to 48 hours and are generally <1 mcg/mL. In a two-way, single-dose, crossover study in healthy volunteers, the 1,000 mg tablet was found to be similar to two 500 mg tablets under fed conditions based on equivalent C max and AUCs for the two formulations. Single oral doses of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets from 500 mg to 2,500 mg resulted in less than proportional increase in both AUC and C max . Effect of food: Low-fat and high-fat meals increased the systemic exposure (as measured by AUC) from metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets by about 38% and 73%, respectively, relative to fasting. Both meals prolonged metformin Tmax by approximately 3 hours but C max was not affected. Distribution The apparent volume of distribution (V/F) of metformin following single oral doses of 850 mg metformin HCl averaged 654 ± 358 L. Metformin is negligibly bound to plasma proteins. Metformin partitions into erythrocytes, most likely as a function of time. Metabolism Intravenous, single-dose studies in healthy subjects demonstrate that metformin is excreted unchanged in the urine and does not undergo hepatic metabolism (no metabolites have been identified in humans), nor biliary excretion. Excretion Renal clearance is approximately 3.5 times greater than creatinine clearance, which indicates that tubular secretion is the major route of metformin elimination. Following oral administration, approximately 90% of the absorbed drug is eliminated via the renal route within the first 24 hours, with a plasma elimination half-life of approximately 6.2 hours. In blood, the elimination half-life is approximately 17.6 hours, suggesting that the erythrocyte mass may be a compartment of distribution. Special Populations Renal Impairment Following a single-dose administration of metformin hydrochloride extended -release tablets 500 mg in subjects with mild and moderate renal impairment, the oral and renal clearance of metformin were decreased by 33% and 50% and 16% and 53%, respectively. Metformin peak and systemic exposure was 27% and 61% greater, respectively in subjects with mild renal impairment and 74% and 2.36 fold greater in subjects with moderate renal impairment as compared to healthy subjects. [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.2 ) , Contraindications ( 4 ) , and Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 ) .] Hepatic Impairment No pharmacokinetic studies of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets have been conducted in subjects with hepatic impairment, [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 ) and Use in Specific Populations ( 8.7 ) ] Geriatrics Limited data from controlled pharmacokinetic studies of metformin HCl in healthy elderly subjects suggest that total plasma clearance of metformin is decreased by 35%, the half-life is prolonged by 64% and Cmax is increased by 76%, compared to healthy young subjects. From these data, it appears that the change in metformin pharmacokinetics with aging is primarily accounted for by a change in renal function. [see Dosage and Administration ( 2 ) and Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 ) .] Gender In the pharmacokinetic studies in healthy volunteers, there were no important differences between male and female subjects with respect to metformin AUC and t1/2. However, Cmax for metformin was 40% higher in female subjects as compared to males. In controlled clinical studies in patients with type 2 diabetes, the antihyperglycemic effect of metformin HCl tablets was comparable in males and females. The gender differences for Cmax are unlikely to be clinically important. Race A trend towards 10% higher metformin C max and AUC values for metformin are obtained in Asian subjects when compared to Caucasian, Hispanic and Black subjects. The differences between the Asian and Caucasian groups are unlikely to be clinically important. In controlled clinical studies of metformin HCl in patients with type 2 diabetes, the antihyperglycemic effect was comparable in whites (n=249), blacks (n=51) and Hispanics (n=24). Pediatrics There are no available pharmacokinetic data with metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets in pediatric patients. Drug Interactions Specific pharmacokinetic drug interaction studies with metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets have not been performed except for one with glyburide. However, such studies have been performed on metformin HCl tablets. Table 3: Effect of Coadministered Drug on Plasma Metformin Systemic Exposure Coadministered Drug Dose of Coadministered Drug 1 Dose of Metformin HCl 1 Geometric Mean Ratio (ratio with/ without coadministered drug) No Effect=1.00 AUC 2 C max No dosing adjustments required for the following: Glyburide 5 mg 500 mg 4 0.98 3 0.99 3 Furosemide 40 mg 850 mg 1.09 3 1.22 3 Nifedipine 10 mg 850 mg 1.16 1.21 Propranolol 40 mg 850 mg 0.90 0.94 Ibuprofen 400 mg 850 mg 1.05 3 1.07 3 Cationic drugs that are eliminated by renal tubular secretion may increase the accumulation of metformin: [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5 .1) and Drug Interactions ( 7 ) ]. Cimetidine 400 mg 850 mg 1.40 1.61 Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors may cause metabolic acidosis: [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5 .1) and Drug Interactions ( 7 ) ]. Topiramate 100 mg 5 500 mg 5 1.255 1.17 1 All metformin HCl and coadministered drugs were given as single doses. 2 AUC=AUC 0 to inf 3 Ratio of arithmetic means 4 Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets 500 mg 5 At steady state with topiramate 100 mg every 12 hours and metformin 500 mg every 12 hours; AUC=AUC 0 to 12h Table 4: Effect of Metformin on Coadministered Drug Systemic Exposure Coadministered Drug Dose of Coadministered Drug 1 Dose of Metformin HCl 1 Geometric Mean Ratio (ratio with/ without coadministered drug) No Effect=1.00 AUC 2 C max No dosing adjustments required for the following: Glyburide 5 mg 500 mg 4 0.78 3 0.63 3 Furosemide 40 mg 850 mg 0.87 3 0.69 3 Nifedipine 10 mg 850 mg 1.10 4 1.08 Propranolol 40 mg 850 mg 1.01 4 0.94 Ibuprofen 400 mg 850 mg 0.97 5 1.01 5 Cimetidine 400 mg 850 mg 0.95 4 1.01 1 All metformin HCl and coadministered drugs were given as single doses. 2 AUC=AUC 0 to inf unless otherwise noted. 3 Ratio of arithmetic means, p-value of difference <0.05 4 AUC 0 to 24 hr reported 5 Ratio of arithmetic means
| No dosing adjustments required for the following: | ||||
| Glyburide | 5 mg | 500 mg 4 | 0.98 3 | 0.99 3 |
| Furosemide | 40 mg | 850 mg | 1.09 3 | 1.22 3 |
| Nifedipine | 10 mg | 850 mg | 1.16 | 1.21 |
| Propranolol | 40 mg | 850 mg | 0.90 | 0.94 |
| Ibuprofen | 400 mg | 850 mg | 1.05 3 | 1.07 3 |
| Cimetidine | 400 mg | 850 mg | 1.40 | 1.61 |
| Topiramate | 100 mg 5 | 500 mg 5 | 1.255 | 1.17 |
| No dosing adjustments required for the following: | ||||
| Glyburide | 5 mg | 500 mg 4 | 0.78 3 | 0.63 3 |
| Furosemide | 40 mg | 850 mg | 0.87 3 | 0.69 3 |
| Nifedipine | 10 mg | 850 mg | 1.10 4 | 1.08 |
| Propranolol | 40 mg | 850 mg | 1.01 4 | 0.94 |
| Ibuprofen | 400 mg | 850 mg | 0.97 5 | 1.01 5 |
| Cimetidine | 400 mg | 850 mg | 0.95 4 | 1.01 |
Contraindications
Information about situations in which the drug product is contraindicated or should not be used because the risk of use clearly outweighs any possible benefit, including the type and nature of reactions that have been reported.4 CONTRAINDICATIONS Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets are contraindicated in patients with: Severe renal impairment (eGFR below 30 mL/minute/1.73 m 2 ) [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 ) ]. Known hypersensitivity to metformin. Acute or chronic metabolic acidosis, including diabetic ketoacidosis, with or without coma. Severe renal impairment: (eGFR below 30 mL/minute/1.73 m 2 ) ( 4 , 5.1 ) Known hypersensitivity to metformin ( 4 ) Acute or chronic metabolic acidosis, including diabetic ketoacidosis, with or without coma ( 4 )
Description
General information about the drug product, including the proprietary and established name of the drug, the type of dosage form and route of administration to which the label applies, qualitative and quantitative ingredient information, the pharmacologic or therapeutic class of the drug, and the chemical name and structural formula of the drug.11 DESCRIPTION Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets, USP contains the biguanide antihyperglycemic agent metformin in the form of monohydrochloride salt. The chemical name of metformin hydrochloride is N,N-dimethylimidodicarbonimidic diamide hydrochloride. The structural formula is as shown: Metformin hydrochloride USP is a white crystalline powder with a molecular formula of C 4 H 11 N 5 •HCl and a molecular weight of 165.63. Metformin hydrochloride, USP is freely soluble in water and is practically insoluble in acetone, ether, and chloroform. The pKa of metformin is 12.4. The pH of a 1% aqueous solution of metformin hydrochloride is 6.68. Metformin hydrochloride extended release tablets, USP are modified release dosage forms that contain 500 mg or 1000 mg of metformin HCl. Each 500 mg tablet contains Ammonio Methacrylate Copolymer Type A, Coloring (Hypromellose, FD&C Blue#2/Indigo Carmine, Titanium Dioxide, Triethyl Citrate), Glyceryl dibehenate, Hydroxypropyl cellulose, Hypromellose, Magnesium Stearate, Methacralic Acid and Methyl Methacrylate Coplymer (1:1), Microcrystalline cellulose, Povidone, Talc, Triethyl citrate. Each 1000 mg tablet contains Ammonio Methacrylate Copolymer Type A, Glyceryl behenate, Hydroxypropyl cellulose, Hypromellose, Magnesium Stearate ,Methacralic Acid and Methyl Methacrylate Coplymer (1:1), Microcrystalline cellulose, Povidone, Talc, Triethyl citrate. FDA approved dissolution test specifications differ from USP. strc
Dosage and administration
Information about the drug product’s dosage and administration recommendations, including starting dose, dose range, titration regimens, and any other clinically sigificant information that affects dosing recommendations.2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION Starting dose: 500 mg orally once daily with the evening meal ( 2.1 ) Increase the dose in increments of 500 mg every 1 to 2 weeks, up to a maximum of 2,000 mg once daily with the evening meal. ( 2.1 ) Patients receiving metformin hydrochloride (HCl) tablets may be switched to metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets once daily at the same total daily dose, up to 2,000 mg once daily. ( 2.1 ) Swallow metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets whole and never crush, cut or chew. ( 2.1 ) Renal Impairment: Prior to initiation, assess renal function with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). ( 2.2 ) Do not use in patients with eGFR below 30 mL/minute/1.73 m 2 . Initiation is not recommended in patients with eGFR between 30 to 45 mL/minute/1.73 m 2 . Assess risk/benefit of continuing metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets if eGFR falls below 45 mL/minute/1.73 m 2 . Discontinue if eGFR falls below 30 mL/minute/1.73 m 2 . Discontinuation for Iodinated Contrast Imaging Procedures: Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets may need to be discontinued at time of, or prior to, iodinated contrast imaging procedures. ( 2.3 ) 2.1 Adult Dosage and Administration The recommended starting dose of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablet is 500 mg orally once daily with the evening meal. Increase the dose in increments of 500 mg every 1 to 2 weeks on the basis of glycemic control and tolerability, up to a maximum of 2,000 mg once daily with the evening meal. Patients receiving metformin hydrochloride (HCl) may be switched to metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets once daily at the same total daily dose, up to 2,000 mg once daily. Swallow metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets whole and never crush, cut or chew. If a dose of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablet is missed, instruct patients not to take two doses the same day and to resume their usual dose of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets with the next schedule dose. 2.2 Recommendations for Use in Renal Impairment Assess renal function prior to initiation of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets and periodically thereafter. Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets are contraindicated in patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) below 30 mL/minute/1.73 m 2 . Initiation of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets in patients with an eGFR between 30 to 45 mL/minute/1.73 m 2 is not recommended. In patients taking metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets whose eGFR later falls below 45 mL/minute/1.73 m 2 , assess the benefit risk of continuing therapy. Discontinue metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets if the patient’s eGFR later falls below 30 mL/minute/1.73 m 2 [see Contraindications ( 4 ) and Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 ) ]. 2.3 Discontinuation for Iodinated Contrast Imaging Procedures Discontinue metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets at the time of, or prior to, an iodinated contrast imaging procedure in patients with an eGFR between 30 and 60 mL/minute/1.73 m 2 ; in patients with a history of liver disease, alcoholism or heart failure; or in patients who will be administered intra-arterial iodinated contrast. Re-evaluate eGFR 48 hours after the imaging procedure; restart metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets if renal function is stable [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 ) ].
Dosage forms and strengths
Information about all available dosage forms and strengths for the drug product to which the labeling applies. This field may contain descriptions of product appearance.3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets, USP 500 mg are available as blue colored oval shaped biconvex, film-coated, tablets debossed with ‘M500’ on one face and plain on other face with an approximate dimension of 16.20 mm length, 8.20 mm width and 7.20 mm thickness. Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets, USP 1000 mg are available as white to off-white, oval shaped, biconvex, coated tablets debossed with ‘M1000’ on one face and plain on other face with an approximate dimension of 20.10 mm length, 11.40 mm width and 8.50 mm thickness. Metformin Hydrochloride Extended-Release Tablets: 500 mg and 1,000 mg ( 3 )
Indications and usage
A statement of each of the drug products indications for use, such as for the treatment, prevention, mitigation, cure, or diagnosis of a disease or condition, or of a manifestation of a recognized disease or condition, or for the relief of symptoms associated with a recognized disease or condition. This field may also describe any relevant limitations of use.1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablet is indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets is a biguanide indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. ( 1 )
Spl product data elements
Usually a list of ingredients in a drug product.Metformin Hydrochloride Metformin Hydrochloride HYPROMELLOSE 2208 (100000 MPA.S) CELLULOSE, MICROCRYSTALLINE GLYCERYL DIBEHENATE MAGNESIUM STEARATE METHACRYLIC ACID - METHYL METHACRYLATE COPOLYMER (1:1) TALC TRIETHYL CITRATE HYPROMELLOSE 2910 (6 MPA.S) FD&C BLUE NO. 2 TITANIUM DIOXIDE POVIDONE K30 AMMONIO METHACRYLATE COPOLYMER TYPE A HYDROXYPROPYL CELLULOSE (110000 WAMW) METFORMIN HYDROCHLORIDE METFORMIN M500 Metformin Hydrochloride Metformin Hydrochloride POVIDONE K30 HYPROMELLOSE 2208 (100000 MPA.S) MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE GLYCERYL DIBEHENATE MAGNESIUM STEARATE AMMONIO METHACRYLATE COPOLYMER TYPE A TALC TRIETHYL CITRATE HYDROXYPROPYL CELLULOSE (110000 WAMW) METHACRYLIC ACID - METHYL METHACRYLATE COPOLYMER (1:1) METFORMIN HYDROCHLORIDE METFORMIN white to off-white M1000
Carcinogenesis and mutagenesis and impairment of fertility
Information about carcinogenic, mutagenic, or fertility impairment potential revealed by studies in animals. Information from human data about such potential is part of the warnings field.13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility Long-term carcinogenicity studies have been performed in Sprague Dawley rats at doses of 150, 300, and 450 mg/kg/day in males and 150, 450, 900, and 1,200 mg/kg/day in females. These doses are approximately 2, 4, and 8 times in males, and 3, 7, 12, and 16 times in females of the maximum recommended human daily dose of 2,000 mg based on body surface area comparisons. No evidence of carcinogenicity with metformin was found in either male or female rats. A carcinogenicity study was also performed in Tg.AC transgenic mice at doses up to 2,000 mg applied dermally. No evidence of carcinogenicity was observed in male or female mice. Genotoxicity assessments in the Ames test, gene mutation test (mouse lymphoma cells), chromosomal aberrations test (human lymphocytes) and in vivo mouse micronucleus tests were negative. Fertility of male or female rats was not affected by metformin when administered at doses up to 600 mg/kg/day, which is approximately 3 times the maximum recommended human daily dose based on body surface area comparisons.
Nonclinical toxicology
Information about toxicology in non-human subjects.13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY 13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility Long-term carcinogenicity studies have been performed in Sprague Dawley rats at doses of 150, 300, and 450 mg/kg/day in males and 150, 450, 900, and 1,200 mg/kg/day in females. These doses are approximately 2, 4, and 8 times in males, and 3, 7, 12, and 16 times in females of the maximum recommended human daily dose of 2,000 mg based on body surface area comparisons. No evidence of carcinogenicity with metformin was found in either male or female rats. A carcinogenicity study was also performed in Tg.AC transgenic mice at doses up to 2,000 mg applied dermally. No evidence of carcinogenicity was observed in male or female mice. Genotoxicity assessments in the Ames test, gene mutation test (mouse lymphoma cells), chromosomal aberrations test (human lymphocytes) and in vivo mouse micronucleus tests were negative. Fertility of male or female rats was not affected by metformin when administered at doses up to 600 mg/kg/day, which is approximately 3 times the maximum recommended human daily dose based on body surface area comparisons.
Package label principal display panel
The content of the principal display panel of the product package, usually including the product’s name, dosage forms, and other key information about the drug product.PACKAGE LABEL.PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL NDC 42571-333-01 Metformin Hydrochloride Extended-Release Tablets, USP 500 mg Rx Only Once Daily 100 Tablets Micro Labs Limited NDC 42571-334-90 Metformin Hydrochloride Extended-Release Tablets, USP 1,000 mg Rx Only Once Daily 90 Tablets Micro Labs Limited labl-a labl-b
Spl unclassified section
Information not classified as belonging to one of the other fields. Approximately 40% of labeling with effective_time between June 2009 and August 2014 have information in this field.PATIENT INFORMATION Metformin Hydrochloride ( met-FOR-min HYE-droe-KLOR-ide) Extended-Release Tablets, USP for oral use What is the most important information I should know about metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets? Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets can cause serious side effects, including: Lactic acidosis. Metformin hydrochloride, the medicine in metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets, can cause a rare, but serious side effect called lactic acidosis (a buildup of lactic acid in the blood) that can cause death. Lactic acidosis is a medical emergency and must be treated in the hospital. Stop taking metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets and call your doctor right away if you get any of the following symptoms of lactic acidosis: feel very weak and tired have unusual sleepiness or sleep longer than usual have unusual (not normal) muscle pain feel cold, especially in your arms and legs have trouble breathing feel dizzy or lightheaded have unexplained stomach or intestinal problems with nausea and vomiting, or diarrhea have a slow or irregular heartbeat You have a higher chance of getting lactic acidosis if you: have severe kidney problems. See “Do not take metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets if you” have liver problems. drink a lot of alcohol (very often or short-term "binge" drinking). get dehydrated (lose a large amount of body fluids). This can happen if you are sick with a fever, vomiting, or diarrhea. Dehydration can also happen when you sweat a lot with activity or exercise and do not drink enough fluids. have certain x-ray tests with injectable dyes or contrast agents. have surgery or other procedure for which you need to restrict the amount of food and liquid you eat and drink. have congestive heart failure. have a heart attack, severe infection, or stroke. are 65 years of age or older. Tell your doctor if you have any of the problems in the list above. Tell your doctor that you are taking metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets before you have surgery or x-ray tests. Your doctor may need to stop metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets for a while if you have surgery or certain x-ray tests. Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets can have other serious side effects. See “What are the possible side effects of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets ?”. What is metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablet? Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablet is a prescription medicine that contains metformin hydrochloride. Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablet is used with diet and exercise to help control high blood sugar (hyperglycemia) in adults with type 2 diabetes. It is not known if metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablet is safe and effective in children. Do not take metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets if you: have severe kidney problems. are allergic to metformin hydrochloride or any of the ingredients in metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets . See the end of this Patient Information leaflet for a complete list of ingredients in metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets. have a condition called metabolic acidosis, including diabetic ketoacidosis (high levels of certain acids called “ketones” in your blood or urine). Before taking metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets tell your doctor about all of your medical conditions, including if you: have a history or risk for diabetic ketoacidosis. See “Do not take metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets if you:”. have kidney problems. have liver problems. have heart problems, including congestive heart failure. are 65 years of age or older. drink alcohol very often, or drink a lot of alcohol in short-term “binge” drinking. are taking insulin or a sulfonylurea medicine. are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. It is not known if metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets can harm your unborn baby. If you are pregnant, talk with your doctor about the best way to control your blood sugar while you are pregnant. are a woman who has not gone through menopause (premenopausal) who does not have periods regularly or at all. Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets can cause the release of an egg from an ovary in a woman (ovulation). This can increase your chance of getting pregnant. are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed. Metformin hydrochloride can pass into your breast milk. Talk with your doctor about the best way to feed your baby while you take metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets. Tell your doctor about all the medicines you take , including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins and herbal supplements. Know the medicines you take. Keep a list of them to show your doctor and pharmacist. Talk to your doctor before you start any new medicine. Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets may affect the way other medicines work, and other medicines may affect how metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets works. How should I take metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets? Take metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets exactly as your doctor tells you. Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets should be taken 1 time each day with your evening meal to help decrease an upset stomach. Swallow metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets whole. Do not crush, cut, or chew the tablets. You may sometimes pass a soft mass in your stools (bowel movement) that looks like metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets. This is normal and will not affect the way metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablet works. When your body is under some type of stress, such as fever, trauma (such as a car accident), infection, or surgery, the amount of diabetes medicine that you need may change. Tell your doctor right away if you have any of these problems. Your doctor should do blood tests to check how well your kidneys are working before and during your treatment with metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets. Your doctor will check your diabetes with regular blood tests, including your blood sugar levels and your hemoglobin A1C. Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) can happen more often when metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablet is taken with certain other diabetes medicines. Talk to your doctor about how to prevent, recognize, and manage low blood sugar. See “What are the possible side effects of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets?”. Check your blood sugar as your doctor tells you to. Stay on your prescribed diet and exercise program while taking metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets. If you miss a dose of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets, take your next dose at the normal schedule. Do not take 2 doses of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets on the same day. If you take too much metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets, call your doctor or go to the nearest hospital emergency room right away. What should I avoid while taking metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets? Do not drink a lot of alcoholic drinks while taking metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets. This means you should not binge drink for short periods, and you should not drink a lot of alcohol on a regular basis. Alcohol can increase the chance of getting lactic acidosis. What are the possible side effects of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets? Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets can cause serious side effects, including: See “What is the most important information I should know about metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets?”. Low vitamin B 12 (vitamin B 12 deficiency). Using metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets may cause a decrease in the amount of vitamin B 12 in your blood, especially if you have had low vitamin B 12 levels before. Your doctor may do blood tests to check your vitamin B 12 levels. Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia). Low blood sugar is a serious, but common, side effect of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets. If you take metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets with another medicine that can cause low blood sugar, such as sulfonylureas or insulin, you have a higher risk of getting low blood sugar. The dose of your sulfonylurea medicine or insulin may need to be lowered while you take metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets. Signs and symptoms of low blood sugar may include: headache hunger dizziness drowsiness fast heartbeat sweating weakness confusion irritability shaking or feeling jittery The most common side effects of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets include: diarrhea nausea These are not all of the possible side effects of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088. How should I store metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets? Store metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets at room temperature between 68°F to 77°F (20°C to 25°C). Keep metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets and all medicines out of the reach of children. General information about the safe and effective use of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Patient Information leaflet. Do not use metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not give metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets to other people, even if they have the same symptoms you have. It may harm them. You can ask your pharmacist or doctor for information about metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets that is written for health professionals. What are the ingredients in metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets? Active Ingredient: metformin hydrochloride Inactive Ingredient: 500 mg tablet: Ammonio Methacrylate Copolymer Type A, Coloring (Hypromellose, FD&C Blue #2/Indigo Carmine, Titanium Dioxide, Triethyl Citrate), Glyceryl dibehenate, Hydroxypropyl cellulose, Hypromellose, Magnesium Stearate, Methacralic Acid and Methyl Methacrylate Coplymer (1:1), Microcrystalline cellulose, Povidone, Talc, Triethyl citrate. Each 1000 mg tablet contains Ammonio Methacrylate Copolymer Type A, Glyceryl behenate, Hydroxypropyl cellulose, Hypromellose, Magnesium Stearate ,Methacralic Acid and Methyl Methacrylate Coplymer (1:1), Microcrystalline cellulose, Povidone, Talc, Triethyl citrate. For more information, call 1-855-839-8195. This Patient Information has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Manufactured by: Micro Labs Limited Goa- 403 722, INDIA. Manufactured for: Micro Labs USA, Inc. Somerset, NJ 08873 Rev.10/2021
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Metformin Hydrochloride: Information for patients
Information necessary for patients to use the drug safely and effectively, such as precautions concerning driving or the concomitant use of other substances that may have harmful additive effects.17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Patient Information). Lactic Acidosis: Explain the risks of lactic acidosis, its symptoms, and conditions that predispose to its development. Advise patients to discontinue metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets immediately and to promptly notify their healthcare provider if unexplained hyperventilation, myalgias, malaise, unusual somnolence or other nonspecific symptoms occur. Counsel patients against excessive alcohol intake and inform patients about importance of regular testing of renal function while receiving metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets. Instruct patients to inform their doctor that they are taking metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets prior to any surgical or radiological procedure, as temporary discontinuation may be required [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 ) ]. Hypoglycemia: Inform patients that hypoglycemia may occur when metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets is coadministered with oral sulfonylureas and insulin. Explain to patients receiving concomitant therapy the risks of hypoglycemia, its symptoms and treatment, and conditions that predispose to its development [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3 ) ]. Vitamin B 12 Deficiency: Inform patients about importance of regular hematological parameters while receiving metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) ]. Females of Reproductive Age: Inform females that treatment with metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets may result in ovulation in some premenopausal anovulatory women which may lead to unintended pregnancy [see Use in Specific Populations ( 8.3 ) ]. Administration Information: Inform patients that metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets must be swallowed whole and not crushed, cut, or chewed, and that the inactive ingredients may occasionally be eliminated in the feces as a soft mass that may resemble the original tablet. Manufactured by: Micro Labs Limited Goa- 403 722, INDIA. Manufactured for: Micro Labs USA, Inc. Somerset, NJ 08873 Rev.10/2021
Clinical studies
This field may contain references to clinical studies in place of detailed discussion in other sections of the labeling.14 CLINICAL STUDIES In a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, active-controlled, dose-ranging, parallel group study conducted in patients type 2 diabetes mellitus, metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets 1,500 mg once daily, metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets 1,500 per day in divided doses (500 mg in the morning and 1,000 mg in the evening), and metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets 2,000 mg once daily were compared to immediate-release metformin HCl tablets 1,500 mg per day in divided doses (500 mg in the morning and 1,000 mg in the evening). This study included patients (n=338) who were newly diagnosed with diabetes, patients treated only with diet and exercise, patients treated with a single antidiabetic medication (sulfonylureas, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, thiazolidinediones, or meglitinides), and patients (n=368) receiving metformin HCl tablets up to 1,500 mg/day plus a sulfonylurea at a dose equal to or less than one-half the maximum dose. Patients who were enrolled on monotherapy or combination antidiabetic therapy underwent a 6-week washout. Patients randomized to metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets began titration from 1,000 mg/day up to their assigned treatment dose over 3 weeks. Patients randomized to immediate-release metformin initiated 500 mg twice daily for 1 week followed by 500 mg with breakfast and 1,000 mg with dinner for the second week. The 3-week treatment period was followed by an additional 21-week period at the randomized dose. The results are presented in Table 4. Table 5: Mean Changes from Baseline in HbA1c and Fasting Plasma Glucose at Week 24 Comparing Metformin Hydrochloride Extended-Release Tablets versus Metformin HCl Tablets* in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets Metformin HCl Tablets* 1,500 mg in Divided Doses (n=174) 1,500 mg Once Daily (n=178) 1,500 mg in Divided Doses (n=182) 2,000 mg Once Daily (n=172) HbA1c (%), N 169 175 159 170 Baseline 8.2 8.5 8.3 8.7 Mean Change at Final Visit -0.7 -0.7 -1.1 -0.7 Mean Difference from Metformin HCl Tablets* (98.4% CI) 0 (-0.3, 0.3) 0 (-0.3, 0.3) -0.4 (-0,7, -0.1) N/A Fasting Plasma Glucose (mg/dL), N 175 179 170 172 Baseline 190 192.3 184 197 Mean Change at Final Visit -39 -32 -42 -32 Mean Difference from Metformin HCl Tablets* (95% CI) -6 (-15, 2) 0 (-8, 9) -10 (-19, -1) N/A *Immediate-release metformin HCl tablets Mean baseline body weight was 88.2 kg, 90.5 kg, 87.7 kg and 88.7 kg in the metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets 1,500 mg once daily, metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets 1,500 mg in divided doses, metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets 2,000 mg once daily and metformin HCl tablets 1,500 mg in divided doses arms, respectively. Mean change in body weight from baseline to week 24 was -0.9 kg, -0.7 kg, -1.1 kg, and -0.9 kg in the metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets 1,500 mg once daily, metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets 1,500 mg in divided doses, metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets 2,000 mg once daily and metformin HCl tablets 1,500 mg in divided doses arms, respectively. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled (glyburide add-on) multicenter study enrolled patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who were newly diagnosed or treated with diet and exercise (n=144), or who were receiving monotherapy with metformin, sulfonylureas, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, thiazolidinediones, or meglitinides, or treated with combination therapy consisting of metformin HCl/glyburide at doses up to 1,000 mg metformin + 10 mg glyburide per day (or equivalent doses of glipizide or glimepiride up to half the maximum therapeutic dose) (n=431). All patients were stabilized on glyburide for a 6-week run-in period, and then randomized to 1 of 4 treatments: placebo + glyburide (glyburide alone); metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets 1,500 mg once a day + glyburide, metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets 2,000 mg once a day + glyburide, or metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets 1,000 mg twice a day + glyburide. A 3-week metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets titration period was followed by a 21-week maintenance treatment period. Use of insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents other than the study drugs were prohibited. The results are presented in Table 5. Table 6: Mean Changes from Baseline in HbA1c and Fasting Plasma Glucose at Week 24 for the Metformin Hydrochloride Extended-Release Tablets + Glyburide Groups and Placebo+ Glyburide Treatment Group in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets + Glyburide* Placebo + Glyburide*(n=144) 1,500 mg Once Daily (n=144) 1,000 mg Twice Daily (n=141) 2,000 mg Once Daily (n=146) HbA1c (%), N 136 136 144 141 Baseline 7.9 7.8 7.7 8.1 Mean Change at Final Visit -0.7 -0.8 -0.7 -0.1 Mean Difference from Glyburide Alone (95% CI) -0.8 a (-1.0, -0.6) -0.9 a (-1.1, -0.7) -0.8 a (-1.0, -0.6) N/A Fasting Plasma Glucose (mg/dL), N 143 141 145 144 Baseline 163 163 159 164 Mean Change at Final Visit -14 -16 -9 16 Mean Difference from Glyburide Alone (95% CI) -29.2 a (-39, -20) -31.2 a (-41, -22) -24.9 a (-35, -15) N/A *Glyburide was administered as 10 mg at breakfast and 5 mg at dinner. a p-value for pairwise comparison <0.001 Mean baseline body weight was 89.4 kg, 103.7 kg, 102.9 kg and 95.6 kg in the metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets 1,500 mg once daily, metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets 1,500 mg in divided doses, metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets 2,000 mg once daily and metformin HCl tablets 1,500 mg in divided doses arms, respectively. Mean change in body weight from baseline to week 24 was 0.3 kg, 0.1 kg, 0 kg, and 0.7 kg in the metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets 1,500 mg once daily, metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets 1,500 mg in divided doses, metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets 2,000 mg once daily and metformin HCl tablets 1,500 mg in divided doses arms, respectively.
| HbA1c (%), N | 169 | 175 | 159 | 170 |
| Baseline | 8.2 | 8.5 | 8.3 | 8.7 |
| Mean Change at Final Visit | -0.7 | -0.7 | -1.1 | -0.7 |
| Mean Difference from Metformin HCl Tablets* (98.4% CI) | 0 (-0.3, 0.3) | 0 (-0.3, 0.3) | -0.4 (-0,7, -0.1) | N/A |
| Fasting Plasma Glucose (mg/dL), N | 175 | 179 | 170 | 172 |
| Baseline | 190 | 192.3 | 184 | 197 |
| Mean Change at Final Visit | -39 | -32 | -42 | -32 |
| Mean Difference from Metformin HCl Tablets* (95% CI) | -6 (-15, 2) | 0 (-8, 9) | -10 (-19, -1) | N/A |
| HbA1c (%), N | 136 | 136 | 144 | 141 |
| Baseline | 7.9 | 7.8 | 7.7 | 8.1 |
| Mean Change at Final Visit | -0.7 | -0.8 | -0.7 | -0.1 |
| Mean Difference from Glyburide Alone (95% CI) | -0.8 a (-1.0, -0.6) | -0.9 a (-1.1, -0.7) | -0.8 a (-1.0, -0.6) | N/A |
| Fasting Plasma Glucose (mg/dL), N | 143 | 141 | 145 | 144 |
| Baseline | 163 | 163 | 159 | 164 |
| Mean Change at Final Visit | -14 | -16 | -9 | 16 |
| Mean Difference from Glyburide Alone (95% CI) | -29.2 a (-39, -20) | -31.2 a (-41, -22) | -24.9 a (-35, -15) | N/A |
Geriatric use
Information about any limitations on any geriatric indications, needs for specific monitoring, hazards associated with use of the drug in the geriatric population.8.5 Geriatric Use Clinical studies of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy and the higher risk of lactic acidosis. Assess renal function more frequently in elderly patients. [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.2 ) and Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 ) .]
Pediatric use
Information about any limitations on any pediatric indications, needs for specific monitoring, hazards associated with use of the drug in any subsets of the pediatric population (such as neonates, infants, children, or adolescents), differences between pediatric and adult responses to the drug, and other information related to the safe and effective pediatric use of the drug.8.4 Pediatric Use Safety and effectiveness of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets in pediatric patients have not been established.
Pregnancy
Information about effects the drug may have on pregnant women or on a fetus. This field may be ommitted if the drug is not absorbed systemically and the drug is not known to have a potential for indirect harm to the fetus. It may contain information about the established pregnancy category classification for the drug. (That information is nominally listed in the teratogenic_effects field, but may be listed here instead.)8.1 Pregnancy Risk Summary Limited data with metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets in pregnant women are not sufficient to determine a drug-associated risk for major birth defects or miscarriage. Published studies with metformin use during pregnancy have not reported a clear association with metformin and major birth defect or miscarriage risk [see Data]. There are risks to the mother and fetus associated with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus in pregnancy [see Clinical Considerations]. No adverse developmental effects were observed when metformin was administered to pregnant Sprague Dawley rats and rabbits during the period of organogenesis at doses up to 3 and 1 times, respectively, a 2,000 mg clinical dose, based on body surface area [see Data]. The estimated background risk of major birth defects is 6 to 10% in women with pregestational diabetes mellitus with an HbA1c >7 and has been reported to be as high as 20 to 25% in women with an HbA1c >10. The estimated background risk of miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively. Clinical Considerations Disease-associated maternal and/or embryo/fetal risk Poorly controlled diabetes mellitus in pregnancy increases the maternal risk for diabetic ketoacidosis, pre-eclampsia, spontaneous abortions, preterm delivery, stillbirth and delivery complications. Poorly controlled diabetes mellitus increases the fetal risk for major birth defects, stillbirth, and macrosomia-related morbidity. Data Human Data Published data from post-marketing studies have not reported a clear association with metformin and major birth defects, miscarriage, or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes when metformin was used during pregnancy. However, these studies cannot definitely establish the absence of any metformin-associated risk because of methodological limitations, including small sample size and inconsistent comparator groups. Animal Data Metformin HCl was not teratogenic or embyrolethal when administered to rats prior to pregnancy through the period of organogenesis at doses up to 900 mg/kg, or when administered to rabbits during the period of organogenesis at doses up to 90 mg/kg.
Use in specific populations
Information about use of the drug by patients in specific populations, including pregnant women and nursing mothers, pediatric patients, and geriatric patients.8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS Females and Males of Reproductive Potential: Advise premenopausal females of the potential for an unintended pregnancy. ( 8.3 ) Geriatric Use: Assess renal function more frequently. ( 8.5 ) Hepatic Impairment: Avoid use in patients with hepatic impairment. ( 8.7 ) 8.1 Pregnancy Risk Summary Limited data with metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets in pregnant women are not sufficient to determine a drug-associated risk for major birth defects or miscarriage. Published studies with metformin use during pregnancy have not reported a clear association with metformin and major birth defect or miscarriage risk [see Data]. There are risks to the mother and fetus associated with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus in pregnancy [see Clinical Considerations]. No adverse developmental effects were observed when metformin was administered to pregnant Sprague Dawley rats and rabbits during the period of organogenesis at doses up to 3 and 1 times, respectively, a 2,000 mg clinical dose, based on body surface area [see Data]. The estimated background risk of major birth defects is 6 to 10% in women with pregestational diabetes mellitus with an HbA1c >7 and has been reported to be as high as 20 to 25% in women with an HbA1c >10. The estimated background risk of miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively. Clinical Considerations Disease-associated maternal and/or embryo/fetal risk Poorly controlled diabetes mellitus in pregnancy increases the maternal risk for diabetic ketoacidosis, pre-eclampsia, spontaneous abortions, preterm delivery, stillbirth and delivery complications. Poorly controlled diabetes mellitus increases the fetal risk for major birth defects, stillbirth, and macrosomia-related morbidity. Data Human Data Published data from post-marketing studies have not reported a clear association with metformin and major birth defects, miscarriage, or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes when metformin was used during pregnancy. However, these studies cannot definitely establish the absence of any metformin-associated risk because of methodological limitations, including small sample size and inconsistent comparator groups. Animal Data Metformin HCl was not teratogenic or embyrolethal when administered to rats prior to pregnancy through the period of organogenesis at doses up to 900 mg/kg, or when administered to rabbits during the period of organogenesis at doses up to 90 mg/kg. 8.2 Lactation Risk Summary Limited published studies report that metformin is present in human milk [see Data]. However, there is insufficient information to determine the effects of metformin on the breastfed infant and no available information on the effects of metformin on milk production. Therefore, the developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother’s clinical need for metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed child from metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets or from the underlying maternal condition. Data Published clinical lactation studies report that metformin is present in human milk which resulted in infant doses approximately 0.11% to 1% of the maternal weight-adjusted dosage and a milk/plasma ratio ranging between 0.13 and 1. However, the studies were not designed to definitely establish the risk of use of metformin during lactation because of small sample size and limited adverse event data collected in infants. 8.3 Females and Males of Reproductive Potential Discuss the potential for unintended pregnancy with premenopausal women as therapy with metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets may result in ovulation in some anovulatory women. 8.4 Pediatric Use Safety and effectiveness of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets in pediatric patients have not been established. 8.5 Geriatric Use Clinical studies of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy and the higher risk of lactic acidosis. Assess renal function more frequently in elderly patients. [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.2 ) and Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 ) .] 8.6 Renal Impairment Metformin is substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of metformin accumulation and lactic acidosis increases with the degree of renal impairment. Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets are contraindicated in severe renal impairment, patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) below 30 mL/minute/1.73 m 2 . [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.2 ) , Contraindications ( 4 ) , Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 ) , and Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 ) .] 8.7 Hepatic Impairment Use of metformin in patients with hepatic impairment has been associated with some cases of lactic acidosis. Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablet is not recommended in patients with hepatic impairment. [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 ) .]
How supplied
Information about the available dosage forms to which the labeling applies, and for which the manufacturer or distributor is responsible. This field ordinarily includes the strength of the dosage form (in metric units), the units in which the dosage form is available for prescribing, appropriate information to facilitate identification of the dosage forms (such as shape, color, coating, scoring, and National Drug Code), and special handling and storage condition information.16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets, USP - 500 mg are available as blue colored oval shaped biconvex, film-coated, tablets debossed with ‘M500’ on one face and plain on other face with an approximate dimension of 16.20 mm length, 8.20 mm width and 7.20 mm thickness. They are supplied as follows: Bottle of 60’s NDC 42571-333-60 Bottle of 90’s NDC 42571-333-90 Bottle of 100’s NDC 42571-333-01 Bottle of 500’s NDC 42571-333-05 Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets, USP - 1000 mg are available as white to off-white, oval shaped, biconvex, coated tablets debossed with ‘M1000’ on one face and plain on other face with an approximate dimension of 20.10mm length, 11.40 mm width and 8.50 mm thickness. They are supplied as follows: Bottle of 60’s NDC 42571-334-60 Bottle of 90’s NDC 42571-334-90 Bottle of 100’s NDC 42571-334-01 Bottle of 500’s NDC 42571-334-05 Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F); excursions permitted to 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature]. Preserve in well-closed, light-resistant containers.
Boxed warning
Information about contraindications or serious warnings, particularly those that may lead to death or serious injury.WARNING: LACTIC ACIDOSIS Postmarketing cases of metformin-associated lactic acidosis have resulted in death, hypothermia, hypotension, and resistant bradyarrhythmias. The onset of metformin-associated lactic acidosis is often subtle, accompanied only by nonspecific symptoms such as malaise, myalgias, respiratory distress, somnolence, and abdominal pain. Metformin-associated lactic acidosis was characterized by elevated blood lactate levels (>5 mmol/Liter), anion gap acidosis (without evidence of ketonuria or ketonemia), an increased lactate/pyruvate ratio, and metformin plasma levels generally >5 mcg/mL [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 ) ]. Risk factors for metformin-associated lactic acidosis include renal impairment, concomitant use of certain drugs (e.g., carbonic anhydrase inhibitors such as topiramate), age 65 years old or greater, having a radiological study with contrast, surgery and other procedures, hypoxic states (e.g., acute congestive heart failure), excessive alcohol intake, and hepatic impairment. Steps to reduce the risk of and manage metformin-associated lactic acidosis in these high risk groups are provided in the full prescribing information [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.2 ) , Contraindications ( 4 ) , Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 ) , and Drug Interactions ( 7 ) ]. If metformin-associated lactic acidosis is suspected, immediately discontinue metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets and institute general supportive measures in a hospital setting. Prompt hemodialysis is recommended [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 ) ]. WARNING: LACTIC ACIDOSIS See full prescribing information for complete boxed warning. Postmarketing cases of metformin-associated lactic acidosis have resulted in death, hypothermia, hypotension, and resistant bradyarrhythmias. Symptoms included malaise, myalgias, respiratory distress, somnolence, and abdominal pain. Laboratory abnormalities included elevated blood lactate levels, anion gap acidosis, increased lactate/pyruvate ratio; and metformin plasma levels generally >5 mcg/mL. ( 5.1 ) Risk factors include renal impairment, concomitant use of certain drugs, age ≥ 65 years old, radiological studies with contrast, surgery and other procedures, hypoxic states, excessive alcohol intake, and hepatic impairment. Steps to reduce the risk of and manage metformin-associated lactic acidosis in these high risk groups are provided in the Full Prescribing Information. ( 5.1 ) If lactic acidosis is suspected, discontinue metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets and institute general supportive measures in a hospital setting. Prompt hemodialysis is recommended. ( 5.1 )
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