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| Product NDC Code | 0378-6002 | ||||
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| Drug Name | Metformin hydrochloride |
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| Type | Brand | ||||
| Pharm Class | Biguanide [EPC], Biguanides [CS] |
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| Active Ingredients |
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| Route | ORAL | ||||
| Dosage Form | TABLET, FILM COATED, EXTENDED RELEASE | ||||
| RxCUI drug identifier | 1807894, 1807917 |
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| Application Number | ANDA200690 | ||||
| Labeler Name | Mylan Pharmaceuticals Inc. | ||||
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| Check if available Online | Get Medication Prices online with Discount |
Overdosage of Metformin Hydrochloride
Information about signs, symptoms, and laboratory findings of acute ovedosage and the general principles of overdose treatment.10 OVERDOSAGE Overdose of metformin hydrochloride has occurred, including ingestion of amounts greater than 50 grams. Hypoglycemia was reported in approximately 10% of cases, but no causal association with metformin has been established. Lactic acidosis has been reported in approximately 32% of metformin overdose cases [ see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ]. Metformin is dialyzable with a clearance of up to 170 mL/min under good hemodynamic conditions. Therefore, hemodialysis may be useful for removal of accumulated drug from patients in whom metformin overdosage is suspected.
Adverse reactions
Information about undesirable effects, reasonably associated with use of the drug, that may occur as part of the pharmacological action of the drug or may be unpredictable in its occurrence. Adverse reactions include those that occur with the drug, and if applicable, with drugs in the same pharmacologically active and chemically related class. There is considerable variation in the listing of adverse reactions. They may be categorized by organ system, by severity of reaction, by frequency, by toxicological mechanism, or by a combination of these.6 ADVERSE REACTIONS The following adverse reactions are also discussed elsewhere in the labeling: • Lactic Acidosis [ see Boxed Warning and Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ] • Vitamin B 12 Deficiency [ see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) ] • Hypoglycemia [ see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ] Common adverse reactions are diarrhea, nausea/vomiting, abdominal pain, constipation, abdomen distention, dyspepsia/heartburn, flatulence, dizziness, headache, upper respiratory infection, taste disturbance ( 6.1 ) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Mylan at 1-877-446-3679 (1-877-4-INFO-RX) or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch. 6.1 Clinical Studies Experience Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. In placebo-controlled trials, 781 patients were administered metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets. Adverse reactions reported in greater than 5% of the patients treated with metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets and that were more common than in placebo-treated patients are listed in Table 1. Table 1: Adverse Reactions from Clinical Trials of Metformin Hydrochloride Extended-Release Tablets Occurring > 5% and More Common than Placebo in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Adverse Reaction Metformin Hydrochloride Extended-Release Tablets (n = 781) Placebo (n = 195) Diarrhea 10% 3% Nausea/Vomiting 7% 2% Diarrhea led to the discontinuation of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets in 0.6% of patients. Additionally, the following adverse reactions were reported in 1.0% to 5.0% of patients treated with metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets and were more commonly reported than in placebo-treated patients: abdominal pain, constipation, abdomen distention, dyspepsia/heartburn, flatulence, dizziness, headache, upper respiratory infection, taste disturbance. Laboratory Tests Vitamin B 12 Concentrations In clinical trials of 29-week duration with metformin hydrochloride tablets, a decrease to subnormal levels of previously normal serum vitamin B 12 levels was observed in approximately 7% of patients. 6.2 Postmarketing Experience The following adverse reactions have been identified during post approval use of metformin. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. Cholestatic, hepatocellular, and mixed hepatocellular liver injury have been reported with postmarketing use of metformin.
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Metformin Hydrochloride Drug Interactions
Information about and practical guidance on preventing clinically significant drug/drug and drug/food interactions that may occur in people taking the drug.7 DRUG INTERACTIONS Table 2 presents clinically significant drug interactions with metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets. Table 2: Clinically Significant Drug Interactions with Metformin Hydrochloride Extended-Release Tablets Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors Clinical Impact: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors frequently cause a decrease in serum bicarbonate and induce non-anion gap, hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis. Concomitant use of these drugs with metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets may increase the risk for lactic acidosis. Intervention: Consider more frequent monitoring of these patients. Examples: Topiramate, zonisamide, acetazolamide or dichlorphenamide. Drugs that Reduce Metformin Clearance Clinical Impact: Concomitant use of drugs that interfere with common renal tubular transport systems involved in the renal elimination of metformin (e.g., organic cationic transporter-2 [OCT2]/multidrug and toxin extrusion [MATE] inhibitors) could increase systemic exposure to metformin and may increase the risk for lactic acidosis [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ]. Intervention: Consider the benefits and risks of concomitant use with metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets. Examples: Ranolazine, vandetanib, dolutegravir, and cimetidine. Alcohol Clinical Impact: Alcohol is known to potentiate the effect of metformin on lactate metabolism. Intervention: Warn patients against excessive alcohol intake while receiving metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets. Insulin Secretagogues or Insulin Clinical Impact: Coadministration of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets with an insulin secretagogue (e.g., sulfonylurea) or insulin may increase the risk of hypoglycemia. Intervention: Patients receiving an insulin secretagogue or insulin may require lower doses of the insulin secretagogue or insulin. Drugs Affecting Glycemic Control Clinical Impact: Certain drugs tend to produce hyperglycemia and may lead to loss of glycemic control. Intervention: When such drugs are administered to a patient receiving metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets, observe the patient closely for loss of blood glucose control. When such drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets, observe the patient closely for hypoglycemia. Examples: Thiazides and other diuretics, corticosteroids, phenothiazines, thyroid products, estrogens, oral contraceptives, phenytoin, nicotinic acid, sympathomimetics, calcium channel blockers, and isoniazid. • Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors may increase risk of lactic acidosis. Consider more frequent monitoring ( 7 ) • Drugs that reduce metformin clearance (such as ranolazine, vandetanib, dolutegravir, and cimetidine) may increase the accumulation of metformin. Consider the benefits and risks of concomitant use ( 7 ) • Alcohol can potentiate the effect of metformin on lactate metabolism. Warn patients against excessive alcohol intake ( 7 )
Drug Interactions In Vivo Assessment of Drug Interactions Table 5: Effect of Coadministered Drug on Plasma Metformin Systemic Exposure Coadministered Drug Dose of Coadministered Drug All metformin hydrochloride and coadministered drugs were given as single doses Dose of Metformin Hydrochloride Geometric Mean Ratio (ratio with/without coadministered drug) No Effect = 1.00 AUC AUC = AUC inf C max No dosing adjustments required for the following: Glyburide 5 mg 850 mg metformin 0.91 Ratio of arithmetic means 0.93 Furosemide 40 mg 850 mg metformin 1.09 1.22 Nifedipine 10 mg 850 mg metformin 1.16 1.21 Propranolol 40 mg 850 mg metformin 0.90 0.94 Ibuprofen 400 mg 850 mg metformin 1.05 1.07 Cationic drugs eliminated by renal tubular secretion may reduce metformin elimination [ See Warnings and Precautions (5.1) and Drug Interactions (7) . ] Cimetidine 400 mg 850 mg metformin 1.40 1.61 Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors may cause metabolic acidosis [ See Warnings and Precautions (5.1) and Drug Interactions (7) .] Topiramate 5 mg At steady state with topiramate 100 mg every 12 hours and metformin 500 mg every 12 hours; AUC = AUC 0-12h 5 mg metformin 1.25 1.17 Table 6: Effect of Metformin on Coadministered Drug Systemic Exposure Coadministered Drug Dose of Coadministered Drug All metformin hydrochloride and coadministered drugs were given as single doses Dose of Metformin Hydrochloride Geometric Mean Ratio (ratio with/without coadministered drug) No Effect = 1.00 AUC AUC = AUC inf unless otherwise noted C max No dosing adjustments required for the following: Glyburide 5 mg 850 mg glyburide 0.78 Ratio of arithmetic means, p-value of difference < 0.05 0.63 Furosemide 40 mg 850 mg furosemide 0.87 0.69 Nifedipine 10 mg 850 mg nifedipine 1.10 AUC 0-24hr reported 1.08 Propranolol 40 mg 850 mg propranolol 1.01 1.02 Ibuprofen 400 mg 850 mg ibuprofen 0.97 Ratio of arithmetic means 1.01 Cimetidine 400 mg 850 mg cimetidine 0.95 1.01
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Clinical pharmacology
Information about the clinical pharmacology and actions of the drug in humans.12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 12.1 Mechanism of Action Metformin is an antihyperglycemic agent which improves glucose tolerance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, lowering both basal and postprandial plasma glucose. Metformin decreases hepatic glucose production, decreases intestinal absorption of glucose, and improves insulin sensitivity by increasing peripheral glucose uptake and utilization. With metformin therapy, insulin secretion remains unchanged while fasting insulin levels and day-long plasma insulin response may decrease. 12.3 Pharmacokinetics Absorption In a multiple-dose crossover study, 23 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were administered either metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets 2000 mg once a day (after dinner) or metformin hydrochloride tablets 1000 mg twice a day (after breakfast and after dinner). After 4 weeks of treatment, steady-state pharmacokinetic parameters, area under the concentration-time curve (AUC), time to peak plasma concentration (T max ), and maximum concentration (C max ) were evaluated. The appearance of metformin in plasma from metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets is slower and more prolonged compared to metformin hydrochloride tablets. Results are presented in Table 3. Table 3: Metformin Hydrochloride Extended-Release Tablets vs. Metformin Hydrochloride Tablets Steady-State Pharmacokinetic Parameters at 4 Weeks Pharmacokinetic Parameters (mean ± SD) Metformin Hydrochloride Extended-Release Tablets 2000 mg (administered q.d. after dinner) Metformin Hydrochloride Tablets Immediate-release metformin hydrochloride tablets 2000 mg (1000 mg b.i.d.) AUC 0-24hr (ng•hr/mL) 26,811 ± 7055 27,371 ± 5781 T max (hr) 6 (3-10) 3 (1-8) C max (ng/mL) 2849 ± 797 1820 ± 370 In four single-dose studies and one multiple-dose study, the bioavailability of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets 2000 mg given once daily, in the evening, under fed conditions [as measured by AUC] was similar to the same total daily dose administered as metformin hydrochloride tablets 1000 mg given twice daily. The geometric mean ratios (metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets/metformin hydrochloride tablets) of AUC 0-24hr , AUC 0-72hr , and AUC 0-inf for these five studies ranged from 0.96 to 1.08. In a single-dose, four-period replicate crossover design study, comparing two 500 mg metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets to one 1000 mg metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablet administered in the evening with food to 29 healthy male subjects, two 500 mg metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets were found to be equivalent to one 1000 mg metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablet. In a study carried out with metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets, there was a dose-associated increase in metformin exposure over 24 hours following oral administration of 1000, 1500, 2000, and 2500 mg. In three studies with metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets using different treatment regimens (2000 mg after dinner; 1000 mg after breakfast and after dinner; and 2500 mg after dinner), the pharmacokinetics of metformin as measured by AUC appeared linear following multiple-dose administration. Effect of Food The extent of metformin absorption (as measured by AUC) from metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets increased by approximately 60% when given with food. When metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets were administered with food, C max was increased by approximately 30% and T max was more prolonged compared with the fasting state (6.1 versus 4.0 hours). Distribution The apparent volume of distribution (V/F) of metformin following single oral doses of metformin hydrochloride tablets 850 mg averaged 654 ± 358 L. Metformin is negligibly bound to plasma proteins. Metformin partitions into erythrocytes, most likely as a function of time. Metabolism Intravenous single-dose studies in normal subjects demonstrate that metformin is excreted unchanged in the urine and does not undergo hepatic metabolism (no metabolites have been identified in humans) nor biliary excretion. Elimination Renal clearance (see Table 4) is approximately 3.5 times greater than creatinine clearance, which indicates that tubular secretion is the major route of metformin elimination. Following oral administration, approximately 90% of the absorbed drug is eliminated via the renal route within the first 24 hours, with a plasma elimination half-life of approximately 6.2 hours. In blood, the elimination half-life is approximately 17.6 hours, suggesting that the erythrocyte mass may be a compartment of distribution. Specific Populations Renal Impairment In patients with decreased renal function the plasma and blood half-life of metformin is prolonged and the renal clearance is decreased (see Table 4) [ see Dosage and Administration (2.2) , Contraindications (4) , and Warnings and Precautions (5.1) and Use in Specific Populations (8.6) ] . Hepatic Impairment No pharmacokinetic studies of metformin have been conducted in patients with hepatic impairment [ see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) and Use in Specific Populations (8.7) ]. Geriatrics Limited data from controlled pharmacokinetic studies of metformin hydrochloride tablets in healthy elderly subjects suggest that total plasma clearance of metformin is decreased, the half-life is prolonged, and C max is increased, compared to healthy young subjects. It appears that the change in metformin pharmacokinetics with aging is primarily accounted for by a change in renal function (see Table 4). [ see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) and Use in Specific Populations (8.5) ]. Table 4: Select Mean (±S.D.) Metformin Pharmacokinetic Parameters Following Single or Multiple Oral Doses of Metformin Hydrochloride Tablets Subject Groups: Metformin Hydrochloride Dose All doses given fasting except the first 18 doses of the multiple dose studies (number of subjects) C max Peak plasma concentration (mcg/mL) T max Time to peak plasma concentration (hrs) Renal Clearance (mL/min) Healthy, nondiabetic adults: 500 mg single dose (24) 850 mg single dose (74) Combined results (average means) of five studies: mean age 32 years (range 23 to 59 years) 850 mg three times daily for 19 doses Kinetic study done following dose 19, given fasting (9) 1.03 (±0.33) 1.60 (±0.38) 2.01 (±0.42) 2.75 (±0.81) 2.64 (±0.82) 1.79 (±0.94) 600 (±132) 552 (±139) 642 (±173) Adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: 850 mg single dose (23) 850 mg three times daily for 19 doses (9) 1.48 (±0.5) 1.90 (±0.62) 3.32 (±1.08) 2.01 (±1.22) 491 (±138) 550 (±160) Elderly Elderly subjects, mean age 71 years (range 65 to 81 years) , healthy nondiabetic adults: 850 mg single dose (12) 2.45 (±0.70) 2.71 (±1.05) 412 (±98) Renal-impaired adults: 850 mg single dose Mild (CLcr CLcr = creatinine clearance normalized to body surface area of 1.73 m 2 61 to 90 mL/min) (5) Moderate (CLcr 31 to 60 mL/min) (4) Severe (CLcr 10 to 30 mL/min) (6) 1.86 (±0.52) 4.12 (±1.83) 3.93 (±0.92) 3.20 (±0.45) 3.75 (±0.50) 4.01 (±1.10) 384 (±122) 108 (±57) 130 (±90) Pediatrics There are no available pharmacokinetic data with metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets in pediatric patients. Gender Metformin pharmacokinetic parameters did not differ significantly between normal subjects and patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus when analyzed according to gender (males = 19, females = 16). Race No studies of metformin pharmacokinetic parameters according to race have been performed. Drug Interactions In Vivo Assessment of Drug Interactions Table 5: Effect of Coadministered Drug on Plasma Metformin Systemic Exposure Coadministered Drug Dose of Coadministered Drug All metformin hydrochloride and coadministered drugs were given as single doses Dose of Metformin Hydrochloride Geometric Mean Ratio (ratio with/without coadministered drug) No Effect = 1.00 AUC AUC = AUC inf C max No dosing adjustments required for the following: Glyburide 5 mg 850 mg metformin 0.91 Ratio of arithmetic means 0.93 Furosemide 40 mg 850 mg metformin 1.09 1.22 Nifedipine 10 mg 850 mg metformin 1.16 1.21 Propranolol 40 mg 850 mg metformin 0.90 0.94 Ibuprofen 400 mg 850 mg metformin 1.05 1.07 Cationic drugs eliminated by renal tubular secretion may reduce metformin elimination [ See Warnings and Precautions (5.1) and Drug Interactions (7) . ] Cimetidine 400 mg 850 mg metformin 1.40 1.61 Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors may cause metabolic acidosis [ See Warnings and Precautions (5.1) and Drug Interactions (7) .] Topiramate 5 mg At steady state with topiramate 100 mg every 12 hours and metformin 500 mg every 12 hours; AUC = AUC 0-12h 5 mg metformin 1.25 1.17 Table 6: Effect of Metformin on Coadministered Drug Systemic Exposure Coadministered Drug Dose of Coadministered Drug All metformin hydrochloride and coadministered drugs were given as single doses Dose of Metformin Hydrochloride Geometric Mean Ratio (ratio with/without coadministered drug) No Effect = 1.00 AUC AUC = AUC inf unless otherwise noted C max No dosing adjustments required for the following: Glyburide 5 mg 850 mg glyburide 0.78 Ratio of arithmetic means, p-value of difference < 0.05 0.63 Furosemide 40 mg 850 mg furosemide 0.87 0.69 Nifedipine 10 mg 850 mg nifedipine 1.10 AUC 0-24hr reported 1.08 Propranolol 40 mg 850 mg propranolol 1.01 1.02 Ibuprofen 400 mg 850 mg ibuprofen 0.97 Ratio of arithmetic means 1.01 Cimetidine 400 mg 850 mg cimetidine 0.95 1.01
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Mechanism of action
Information about the established mechanism(s) of the drugÕs action in humans at various levels (for example receptor, membrane, tissue, organ, whole body). If the mechanism of action is not known, this field contains a statement about the lack of information.12.1 Mechanism of Action Metformin is an antihyperglycemic agent which improves glucose tolerance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, lowering both basal and postprandial plasma glucose. Metformin decreases hepatic glucose production, decreases intestinal absorption of glucose, and improves insulin sensitivity by increasing peripheral glucose uptake and utilization. With metformin therapy, insulin secretion remains unchanged while fasting insulin levels and day-long plasma insulin response may decrease.
Pharmacokinetics
Information about the clinically significant pharmacokinetics of a drug or active metabolites, for instance pertinent absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion parameters.12.3 Pharmacokinetics Absorption In a multiple-dose crossover study, 23 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were administered either metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets 2000 mg once a day (after dinner) or metformin hydrochloride tablets 1000 mg twice a day (after breakfast and after dinner). After 4 weeks of treatment, steady-state pharmacokinetic parameters, area under the concentration-time curve (AUC), time to peak plasma concentration (T max ), and maximum concentration (C max ) were evaluated. The appearance of metformin in plasma from metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets is slower and more prolonged compared to metformin hydrochloride tablets. Results are presented in Table 3. Table 3: Metformin Hydrochloride Extended-Release Tablets vs. Metformin Hydrochloride Tablets Steady-State Pharmacokinetic Parameters at 4 Weeks Pharmacokinetic Parameters (mean ± SD) Metformin Hydrochloride Extended-Release Tablets 2000 mg (administered q.d. after dinner) Metformin Hydrochloride Tablets Immediate-release metformin hydrochloride tablets 2000 mg (1000 mg b.i.d.) AUC 0-24hr (ng•hr/mL) 26,811 ± 7055 27,371 ± 5781 T max (hr) 6 (3-10) 3 (1-8) C max (ng/mL) 2849 ± 797 1820 ± 370 In four single-dose studies and one multiple-dose study, the bioavailability of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets 2000 mg given once daily, in the evening, under fed conditions [as measured by AUC] was similar to the same total daily dose administered as metformin hydrochloride tablets 1000 mg given twice daily. The geometric mean ratios (metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets/metformin hydrochloride tablets) of AUC 0-24hr , AUC 0-72hr , and AUC 0-inf for these five studies ranged from 0.96 to 1.08. In a single-dose, four-period replicate crossover design study, comparing two 500 mg metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets to one 1000 mg metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablet administered in the evening with food to 29 healthy male subjects, two 500 mg metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets were found to be equivalent to one 1000 mg metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablet. In a study carried out with metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets, there was a dose-associated increase in metformin exposure over 24 hours following oral administration of 1000, 1500, 2000, and 2500 mg. In three studies with metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets using different treatment regimens (2000 mg after dinner; 1000 mg after breakfast and after dinner; and 2500 mg after dinner), the pharmacokinetics of metformin as measured by AUC appeared linear following multiple-dose administration. Effect of Food The extent of metformin absorption (as measured by AUC) from metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets increased by approximately 60% when given with food. When metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets were administered with food, C max was increased by approximately 30% and T max was more prolonged compared with the fasting state (6.1 versus 4.0 hours). Distribution The apparent volume of distribution (V/F) of metformin following single oral doses of metformin hydrochloride tablets 850 mg averaged 654 ± 358 L. Metformin is negligibly bound to plasma proteins. Metformin partitions into erythrocytes, most likely as a function of time. Metabolism Intravenous single-dose studies in normal subjects demonstrate that metformin is excreted unchanged in the urine and does not undergo hepatic metabolism (no metabolites have been identified in humans) nor biliary excretion. Elimination Renal clearance (see Table 4) is approximately 3.5 times greater than creatinine clearance, which indicates that tubular secretion is the major route of metformin elimination. Following oral administration, approximately 90% of the absorbed drug is eliminated via the renal route within the first 24 hours, with a plasma elimination half-life of approximately 6.2 hours. In blood, the elimination half-life is approximately 17.6 hours, suggesting that the erythrocyte mass may be a compartment of distribution. Specific Populations Renal Impairment In patients with decreased renal function the plasma and blood half-life of metformin is prolonged and the renal clearance is decreased (see Table 4) [ see Dosage and Administration (2.2) , Contraindications (4) , and Warnings and Precautions (5.1) and Use in Specific Populations (8.6) ] . Hepatic Impairment No pharmacokinetic studies of metformin have been conducted in patients with hepatic impairment [ see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) and Use in Specific Populations (8.7) ]. Geriatrics Limited data from controlled pharmacokinetic studies of metformin hydrochloride tablets in healthy elderly subjects suggest that total plasma clearance of metformin is decreased, the half-life is prolonged, and C max is increased, compared to healthy young subjects. It appears that the change in metformin pharmacokinetics with aging is primarily accounted for by a change in renal function (see Table 4). [ see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) and Use in Specific Populations (8.5) ]. Table 4: Select Mean (±S.D.) Metformin Pharmacokinetic Parameters Following Single or Multiple Oral Doses of Metformin Hydrochloride Tablets Subject Groups: Metformin Hydrochloride Dose All doses given fasting except the first 18 doses of the multiple dose studies (number of subjects) C max Peak plasma concentration (mcg/mL) T max Time to peak plasma concentration (hrs) Renal Clearance (mL/min) Healthy, nondiabetic adults: 500 mg single dose (24) 850 mg single dose (74) Combined results (average means) of five studies: mean age 32 years (range 23 to 59 years) 850 mg three times daily for 19 doses Kinetic study done following dose 19, given fasting (9) 1.03 (±0.33) 1.60 (±0.38) 2.01 (±0.42) 2.75 (±0.81) 2.64 (±0.82) 1.79 (±0.94) 600 (±132) 552 (±139) 642 (±173) Adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: 850 mg single dose (23) 850 mg three times daily for 19 doses (9) 1.48 (±0.5) 1.90 (±0.62) 3.32 (±1.08) 2.01 (±1.22) 491 (±138) 550 (±160) Elderly Elderly subjects, mean age 71 years (range 65 to 81 years) , healthy nondiabetic adults: 850 mg single dose (12) 2.45 (±0.70) 2.71 (±1.05) 412 (±98) Renal-impaired adults: 850 mg single dose Mild (CLcr CLcr = creatinine clearance normalized to body surface area of 1.73 m 2 61 to 90 mL/min) (5) Moderate (CLcr 31 to 60 mL/min) (4) Severe (CLcr 10 to 30 mL/min) (6) 1.86 (±0.52) 4.12 (±1.83) 3.93 (±0.92) 3.20 (±0.45) 3.75 (±0.50) 4.01 (±1.10) 384 (±122) 108 (±57) 130 (±90) Pediatrics There are no available pharmacokinetic data with metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets in pediatric patients. Gender Metformin pharmacokinetic parameters did not differ significantly between normal subjects and patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus when analyzed according to gender (males = 19, females = 16). Race No studies of metformin pharmacokinetic parameters according to race have been performed. Drug Interactions In Vivo Assessment of Drug Interactions Table 5: Effect of Coadministered Drug on Plasma Metformin Systemic Exposure Coadministered Drug Dose of Coadministered Drug All metformin hydrochloride and coadministered drugs were given as single doses Dose of Metformin Hydrochloride Geometric Mean Ratio (ratio with/without coadministered drug) No Effect = 1.00 AUC AUC = AUC inf C max No dosing adjustments required for the following: Glyburide 5 mg 850 mg metformin 0.91 Ratio of arithmetic means 0.93 Furosemide 40 mg 850 mg metformin 1.09 1.22 Nifedipine 10 mg 850 mg metformin 1.16 1.21 Propranolol 40 mg 850 mg metformin 0.90 0.94 Ibuprofen 400 mg 850 mg metformin 1.05 1.07 Cationic drugs eliminated by renal tubular secretion may reduce metformin elimination [ See Warnings and Precautions (5.1) and Drug Interactions (7) . ] Cimetidine 400 mg 850 mg metformin 1.40 1.61 Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors may cause metabolic acidosis [ See Warnings and Precautions (5.1) and Drug Interactions (7) .] Topiramate 5 mg At steady state with topiramate 100 mg every 12 hours and metformin 500 mg every 12 hours; AUC = AUC 0-12h 5 mg metformin 1.25 1.17 Table 6: Effect of Metformin on Coadministered Drug Systemic Exposure Coadministered Drug Dose of Coadministered Drug All metformin hydrochloride and coadministered drugs were given as single doses Dose of Metformin Hydrochloride Geometric Mean Ratio (ratio with/without coadministered drug) No Effect = 1.00 AUC AUC = AUC inf unless otherwise noted C max No dosing adjustments required for the following: Glyburide 5 mg 850 mg glyburide 0.78 Ratio of arithmetic means, p-value of difference < 0.05 0.63 Furosemide 40 mg 850 mg furosemide 0.87 0.69 Nifedipine 10 mg 850 mg nifedipine 1.10 AUC 0-24hr reported 1.08 Propranolol 40 mg 850 mg propranolol 1.01 1.02 Ibuprofen 400 mg 850 mg ibuprofen 0.97 Ratio of arithmetic means 1.01 Cimetidine 400 mg 850 mg cimetidine 0.95 1.01
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Contraindications
Information about situations in which the drug product is contraindicated or should not be used because the risk of use clearly outweighs any possible benefit, including the type and nature of reactions that have been reported.4 CONTRAINDICATIONS Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets are contraindicated in patients with: • Severe renal impairment (eGFR below 30 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ) [ see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ]. • Hypersensitivity to metformin. • Acute or chronic metabolic acidosis, including diabetic ketoacidosis, with or without coma. • Severe renal impairment (eGFR below 30 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ) ( 4 , 5.1 ) • Hypersensitivity to metformin ( 4 ) • Acute or chronic metabolic acidosis, including diabetic ketoacidosis, with or without coma ( 4 )
Description
General information about the drug product, including the proprietary and established name of the drug, the type of dosage form and route of administration to which the label applies, qualitative and quantitative ingredient information, the pharmacologic or therapeutic class of the drug, and the chemical name and structural formula of the drug.11 DESCRIPTION Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets, USP contain the biguanidine antihyperglycemic agent, metformin, in the form of monohydrochloride salt. The chemical name of metformin hydrochloride is 1,1-Dimethybiguanide monohydrochloride with a molecular formula of C 4 H 11 N 5 •HCl and a molecular weight of 165.6. Its structural formula is: Metformin hydrochloride, USP is a white crystalline powder that is freely soluble in water and is practically insoluble in acetone, ether, and chloroform. The pKa of metformin is 12.4. The pH of a 1% aqueous solution of metformin hydrochloride is 6.68. Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets deliver 500 mg or 1000 mg of metformin hydrochloride. In addition to the active ingredient metformin hydrochloride, each tablet contains the following inactive ingredients: cellulose acetate, hypromellose, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, polyethylene glycol, povidone, red iron oxide, sodium lauryl sulfate, talc, titanium dioxide, triacetin, triethyl citrate and yellow iron oxide. In addition, the black imprinting ink contains ammonium hydroxide, black iron oxide, propylene glycol and shellac glaze. Meets USP Dissolution Test 5. Metformin hydrochloride structural formula
Dosage and administration
Information about the drug product’s dosage and administration recommendations, including starting dose, dose range, titration regimens, and any other clinically sigificant information that affects dosing recommendations.2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION • Swallow metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets whole and never crush, cut or chew ( 2.1 ) • Starting dose: 500 mg orally once daily with the evening meal ( 2.1 ) • Increase the dose in increments of 500 mg weekly, up to a maximum of 2000 mg once daily with the evening meal ( 2.1 ) • Patients receiving metformin hydrochloride (HCl) tablets may be switched to metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets once daily at the same total daily dose, up to 2000 mg once daily ( 2.1 ) Renal Impairment: • Prior to initiation, assess renal function with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ( 2.2 ) o Do not use in patients with eGFR below 30 mL/minute/1.73 m 2 ( 2.2 ) o Initiation is not recommended in patients with eGFR between 30 to 45 mL/minute/1.73 m 2 ( 2.2 ) o Assess risk/benefit of continuing if eGFR falls below 45 mL/minute/1.73 m 2 ( 2.2 ) o Discontinue if eGFR falls below 30 mL/minute/1.73 m 2 ( 2.2 ) Discontinuation for Iodinated Contrast Imaging Procedures: • Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets may need to be discontinued at time of, or prior to, iodinated contrast imaging procedures ( 2.3 ) 2.1 Adult Dosage and Administration • Swallow metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets whole and never crush, cut or chew. • The recommended starting dose of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets is 500 mg orally once daily with the evening meal. • Increase the dose in increments of 500 mg weekly on the basis of glycemic control and tolerability, up to a maximum of 2000 mg once daily with the evening meal. • If glycemic control is not achieved with metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets 2000 mg once daily, consider a trial of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets 1000 mg twice daily. • Patients receiving metformin hydrochloride (HCl) may be switched to metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets once daily at the same total daily dose, up to 2000 mg once daily. 2.2 Recommendations for Use in Renal Impairment • Assess renal function prior to initiation of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets and periodically thereafter. • Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets are contraindicated in patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) below 30 mL/minute/1.73 m 2 • Initiation of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets in patients with an eGFR between 30 to 45 mL/minute/1.73 m 2 is not recommended. • In patients taking metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets whose eGFR later falls below 45 mL/min/1.73 m 2 , assess the benefit risk of continuing therapy. • Discontinue metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets if the patient’s eGFR later falls below 30 mL/minute/1.73 m 2 [ see Contraindications (4) and Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ]. 2.3 Discontinuation for Iodinated Contrast Imaging Procedures Discontinue metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets at the time of, or prior to, an iodinated contrast imaging procedure in patients with an eGFR between 30 and 60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ; in patients with a history of liver disease, alcoholism, or heart failure; or in patients who will be administered intra-arterial iodinated contrast. Re-evaluate eGFR 48 hours after the imaging procedure; restart metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets if renal function is stable.
Dosage forms and strengths
Information about all available dosage forms and strengths for the drug product to which the labeling applies. This field may contain descriptions of product appearance.3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS Metformin Hydrochloride Extended-Release Tablets, USP are available containing 500 mg or 1000 mg of metformin hydrochloride, USP. • The 500 mg tablets are pink, film-coated, round, unscored tablets imprinted with M over MN2 in black ink on one side of the tablet and blank on the other side. • The 1000 mg tablets are pink, film-coated, round, unscored tablets imprinted with M over MN1 in black ink on one side of the tablet and blank on the other side. Extended-Release Tablets: 500 mg and 1000 mg ( 3 )
Indications and usage
A statement of each of the drug products indications for use, such as for the treatment, prevention, mitigation, cure, or diagnosis of a disease or condition, or of a manifestation of a recognized disease or condition, or for the relief of symptoms associated with a recognized disease or condition. This field may also describe any relevant limitations of use.1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets are indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets are a biguanide indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. ( 1 )
Spl product data elements
Usually a list of ingredients in a drug product.Metformin Hydrochloride metformin METFORMIN HYDROCHLORIDE METFORMIN AMMONIA FERROSOFERRIC OXIDE CELLULOSE ACETATE HYPROMELLOSE, UNSPECIFIED LACTOSE MONOHYDRATE MAGNESIUM STEARATE POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL, UNSPECIFIED POVIDONE, UNSPECIFIED PROPYLENE GLYCOL FERRIC OXIDE RED SHELLAC SODIUM LAURYL SULFATE TALC TITANIUM DIOXIDE TRIACETIN TRIETHYL CITRATE FERRIC OXIDE YELLOW M;MN2 Metformin Hydrochloride metformin METFORMIN HYDROCHLORIDE METFORMIN AMMONIA FERROSOFERRIC OXIDE CELLULOSE ACETATE HYPROMELLOSE, UNSPECIFIED LACTOSE MONOHYDRATE MAGNESIUM STEARATE POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL, UNSPECIFIED POVIDONE, UNSPECIFIED PROPYLENE GLYCOL FERRIC OXIDE RED SHELLAC SODIUM LAURYL SULFATE TALC TITANIUM DIOXIDE TRIACETIN TRIETHYL CITRATE FERRIC OXIDE YELLOW M;MN1
Carcinogenesis and mutagenesis and impairment of fertility
Information about carcinogenic, mutagenic, or fertility impairment potential revealed by studies in animals. Information from human data about such potential is part of the warnings field.13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility Long-term carcinogenicity studies have been performed in rats (dosing duration of 104 weeks) and mice (dosing duration of 91 weeks) at doses up to and including 900 mg/kg/day and 1500 mg/kg/day, respectively. These doses are both approximately 3 times the maximum recommended human daily dose of 2550 mg based on body surface area comparisons. No evidence of carcinogenicity with metformin was found in either male or female mice. Similarly, there was no tumorigenic potential observed with metformin in male rats. There was, however, an increased incidence of benign stromal uterine polyps in female rats treated with 900 mg/kg/day. There was no evidence of a mutagenic potential of metformin in the following in vitro tests: Ames test ( S. typhimurium ), gene mutation test (mouse lymphoma cells), or chromosomal aberrations test (human lymphocytes). Results in the in vivo mouse micronucleus test were also negative. Fertility of male or female rats was unaffected by metformin when administered at doses as high as 600 mg/kg/day, which is approximately 2 times the maximum recommended human daily dose of 2550 mg based on body surface area comparisons.
Nonclinical toxicology
Information about toxicology in non-human subjects.13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY 13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility Long-term carcinogenicity studies have been performed in rats (dosing duration of 104 weeks) and mice (dosing duration of 91 weeks) at doses up to and including 900 mg/kg/day and 1500 mg/kg/day, respectively. These doses are both approximately 3 times the maximum recommended human daily dose of 2550 mg based on body surface area comparisons. No evidence of carcinogenicity with metformin was found in either male or female mice. Similarly, there was no tumorigenic potential observed with metformin in male rats. There was, however, an increased incidence of benign stromal uterine polyps in female rats treated with 900 mg/kg/day. There was no evidence of a mutagenic potential of metformin in the following in vitro tests: Ames test ( S. typhimurium ), gene mutation test (mouse lymphoma cells), or chromosomal aberrations test (human lymphocytes). Results in the in vivo mouse micronucleus test were also negative. Fertility of male or female rats was unaffected by metformin when administered at doses as high as 600 mg/kg/day, which is approximately 2 times the maximum recommended human daily dose of 2550 mg based on body surface area comparisons.
Laboratory tests
Information on laboratory tests helpful in following the patient’s response to the drug or in identifying possible adverse reactions. If appropriate, information may be provided on such factors as the range of normal and abnormal values expected in the particular situation and the recommended frequency with which tests should be performed before, during, and after therapy.Laboratory Tests Vitamin B 12 Concentrations In clinical trials of 29-week duration with metformin hydrochloride tablets, a decrease to subnormal levels of previously normal serum vitamin B 12 levels was observed in approximately 7% of patients.
Package label principal display panel
The content of the principal display panel of the product package, usually including the product’s name, dosage forms, and other key information about the drug product.PACKAGE/LABEL PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL – 500 mg NDC 0378-6002-91 Once-a-Day Metformin HCl Extended-Release Tablets, USP 500 mg Rx only 60 Tablets Each film-coated tablet contains: Metformin hydrochloride, USP 500 mg Usual Dosage: See accompanying prescribing information. Extended-release tablets should not be broken, crushed or chewed. Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F). [See USP Controlled Room Temperature.] Protect from light and moisture. Avoid excess heat and humidity. Manufactured for: Mylan Pharmaceuticals Inc. Morgantown, WV 26505 U.S.A. Made in India Mylan.com RMX6002D2 Keep this and all medication out of the reach of children. Dispense in a tight, light-resistant container as defined in the USP using a child-resistant closure. Keep container tightly closed. Code No.: MH/DRUGS/25/NKD/89 Metformin Hydrochloride Extended-Release Tablets 500 mg Bottle Label
PACKAGE/LABEL PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL – 1000 mg NDC 0378-6001-91 Once-a-Day Metformin HCl Extended-Release Tablets, USP 1000 mg Rx only 60 Tablets Each film-coated tablet contains: Metformin hydrochloride, USP 1000 mg Usual Dosage: See accompanying prescribing information. Extended-release tablets should not be broken, crushed or chewed. Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F). [See USP Controlled Room Temperature.] Protect from light and moisture. Avoid excess heat and humidity. Manufactured for: Mylan Pharmaceuticals Inc. Morgantown, WV 26505 U.S.A. Made in India Mylan.com RMX6001D2 Keep this and all medication out of the reach of children. Dispense in a tight, light-resistant container as defined in the USP using a child-resistant closure. Keep container tightly closed. Code No.: MH/DRUGS/25/NKD/89 Metformin Hydrochloride Extended-Release Tablets 1000 mg Bottle Label
Metformin Hydrochloride: Information for patients
Information necessary for patients to use the drug safely and effectively, such as precautions concerning driving or the concomitant use of other substances that may have harmful additive effects.17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Patient Information). Lactic Acidosis: Explain the risks of lactic acidosis, its symptoms, and conditions that predispose to its development. Advise patients to discontinue metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets immediately and to promptly notify their healthcare provider if unexplained hyperventilation, myalgias, malaise, unusual somnolence or other nonspecific symptoms occur. Counsel patients against excessive alcohol intake and inform patients about importance of regular testing of renal function while receiving metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets. Instruct patients to inform their doctor that they are taking metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets prior to any surgical or radiological procedure, as temporary discontinuation may be required [ see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ]. Hypoglycemia: Inform patients that hypoglycemia may occur when metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets are coadministered with oral sulfonylureas and insulin. Explain to patients receiving concomitant therapy the risks of hypoglycemia, its symptoms and treatment, and conditions that predispose to its development [ see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ]. Vitamin B 12 Deficiency: Inform patients about importance of regular hematological parameters while receiving metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets [ see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) ]. Females of Reproductive Age: Inform females that treatment with metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets may result in ovulation in some premenopausal anovulatory women which may lead to unintended pregnancy [ see Use in Specific Populations (8.3) ]. Administration Information: Inform patients that metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets must be swallowed whole and not crushed, cut, or chewed, and that the inactive ingredients may occasionally be eliminated in the feces as a soft mass that may resemble the original tablet.
Patient medication information
Information or instructions to patients about safe use of the drug product, sometimes including a reference to a patient medication guide or counseling materials.Patient Information Metformin Hydrochloride Extended-Release Tablets, USP (met for’ min hye” droe klor’ ide) What is the most important information I should know about metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets? Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets can cause serious side effects including: Lactic Acidosis. Metformin hydrochloride, the medicine in metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets, can cause a rare, but serious side effect called lactic acidosis (a build-up of lactic acid in the blood) that can cause death. Lactic acidosis is a medical emergency and must be treated in a hospital. Stop taking metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets and call your healthcare provider right away if you get any of the following symptoms of lactic acidosis: • feel very weak and tired • have unusual (not normal) muscle pain • have trouble breathing • have unexplained stomach or intestinal problems with nausea and vomiting, or diarrhea • have unusual sleepiness or sleep longer than usual • feel cold, especially in your arms and legs • feel dizzy or lightheaded • have a slow or irregular heartbeat You have a higher chance of getting lactic acidosis if you: • have severe kidney problems. See “Do not take metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets if you:” • have liver problems. • have congestive heart failure that requires treatment with medicines. • drink a lot of alcohol (very often or short-term “binge” drinking). • get dehydrated (lose a large amount of body fluids). This can happen if you are sick with a fever, vomiting, or diarrhea. Dehydration can also happen when you sweat a lot with activity or exercise and do not drink enough fluids. • have certain x-ray tests with injectable dyes or contrast agents. • have surgery. • have a heart attack, severe infection, or stroke. • are 65 years of age or older. Tell your healthcare provider if you have any of the problems in the list above. Tell your healthcare provider that you are taking metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets before you have surgery or x-ray tests. Your healthcare provider may need to stop metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets for a while if you have surgery or certain x-ray tests). Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets can have other serious side effects. See “What are the possible side effects of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets?” What are metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets? • Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets are a prescription medicine that contains metformin hydrochloride. Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets are used with diet and exercise to help control high blood sugar (hyperglycemia) in adults with type 2 diabetes. • It is not known if metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets are safe and effective in children under 18 years of age. Do not take metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets if you: • have severe kidney problems • are allergic to metformin hydrochloride or any of the ingredients in metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets. See the end of this Patient Information leaflet for a complete list of ingredients in metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets. • have a condition called metabolic acidosis including diabetic ketoacidosis (high levels of certain acids called “ketones” in your blood or urine). Before taking metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets, tell your healthcare provider about all your medical conditions, including if you: • have a history or risk for diabetic ketoacidosis. See “Do not take metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets if you:” • have kidney problems. • have liver problems. • have heart problems, including congestive heart failure. • are 65 years of age or older. • drink alcohol very often or drink a lot of alcohol in short-term “binge” drinking. • are taking insulin or a sulfonylurea medicine. • are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. It is not known if metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets will harm your unborn baby. If you are pregnant, talk with your healthcare provider about the best way to control your blood sugar while you are pregnant. • are a woman who has not gone through menopause (premenopausal) who does not have periods regularly or at all. Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets can cause the release of an egg from an ovary in a woman (ovulation). This can increase your chance of getting pregnant. • are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed. Metformin can pass into your breast milk. Talk with your healthcare provider about the best way to feed your baby while you take metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets. Tell your healthcare provider about all the medicines you take, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements. Know the medicines you take. Keep a list of them to show your healthcare provider and pharmacist when you get a new medicine. Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets may affect the way other medicines work, and other medicines may affect how metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets work. How should I take metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets? • Take metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets exactly as your healthcare provider tells you. • Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets should be taken with your evening meals to help decrease an upset stomach. • Swallow metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets whole. Do not crush, cut, or chew the tablets. • You may sometimes pass a soft mass in your stools (bowel movement) that looks like a metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablet. This is not harmful and will not affect the way metformin hydrochloride extended-release tables work. • When your body is under some types of stress, such as fever, trauma (such as a car accident), infection, or surgery, the amount of diabetes medicine that you need may change. Tell your healthcare provider right away if you have any of these problems. • Your healthcare provider should do blood tests to check how well your kidneys are working before and during your treatment with metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets. • Your healthcare provider will check your diabetes with regular blood tests, including your blood sugar levels and your hemoglobin A 1C . • Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) can happen more often when metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets are taken with certain other diabetes medicines. Talk to your healthcare provider about how to prevent, recognize and manage low blood sugar. See “What are the possible side effects of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets?” • Check your blood sugar as your healthcare provider tells you to. • Stay on your prescribed diet and exercise program while taking metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets. • If you take too many metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets, call your healthcare provider or go to the nearest hospital emergency room right away. What should I avoid while taking metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets? Do not drink a lot of alcoholic drinks while taking metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets. This means you should not binge drink for short periods, and you should not drink a lot of alcohol on a regular basis. Alcohol can increase the chance of getting lactic acidosis. What are the possible side effects of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets? Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets may cause serious side effects, including: • See “What is the most important information I should know about metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets?” • Low vitamin B 12 (vitamin B 12 deficiency). Using metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets may cause a decrease in the amount of vitamin B 12 in your blood, especially if you have had low vitamin B 12 levels before. Your healthcare provider may do blood tests to check your vitamin B 12 levels. • Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia). If you take metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets with another medicine that can cause low blood sugar, such as a sulfonylurea or insulin, your risk of getting low blood sugar is higher. The dose of your sulfonylurea medicine or insulin may need to be lowered while you take metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets. Signs and symptoms of low blood sugar may include: o headache o drowsiness o weakness o irritability o hunger o fast heartbeat o confusion o shaking or feeling jittery o dizziness o sweating Common side effects of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets include: • diarrhea • nausea and vomiting • gassiness (flatulence) • indigestion • stomach-area (abdominal) pain and swelling • headache • taste disturbance (unpleasant metallic taste) These are not all the possible side effects of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088. How should I store metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets? Store metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets at room temperature between 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F). See insert. Keep bottle tightly closed between each use to protect the metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets from moisture. Protect from light. Keep metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets and all medicines out of the reach of children. General information about the safe and effective use of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Patient Information leaflet. Do not use metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets for a condition for which they were not prescribed. Do not give metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets to other people, even if they have the same symptoms that you have. They may harm them. You can ask your pharmacist or healthcare provider for information about metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets that is written for health professionals. What are the ingredients in metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets? Active ingredients: metformin hydrochloride. Inactive ingredients: cellulose acetate, hypromellose, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, polyethylene glycol, povidone, red iron oxide, sodium lauryl sulfate, talc, titanium dioxide, triacetin, triethyl citrate and yellow iron oxide. In addition, the black imprinting ink contains ammonium hydroxide, black iron oxide, propylene glycol and shellac glaze. Manufactured for: Mylan Pharmaceuticals Inc., Morgantown, WV 26505 U.S.A. Manufactured by: Mylan Laboratories Limited, Hyderabad — 500 096, India For more information, call Mylan at 1-877-446-3679 (1-877-4-INFO-RX). This Patient Information has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Manufactured for: Mylan Pharmaceuticals Inc. Morgantown, WV 26505 U.S.A. Manufactured by: Mylan Laboratories Limited Hyderabad — 500 096, India Revised: 11/2018 75066864 MX:MTFMER:R5p/MX:PL:MTFMER:R5p
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Clinical studies
This field may contain references to clinical studies in place of detailed discussion in other sections of the labeling.14 CLINICAL STUDIES A 24-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets, taken once daily with the evening meal, was conducted in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who had failed to achieve glycemic control with diet and exercise. Patients entering the study had a mean baseline HbA 1c of 8.0% and a mean baseline FPG of 176 mg/dL. The treatment dose was increased to 1500 mg once daily if at Week 12 HbA 1c was ≥ 7.0% but < 8.0% (patients with HbA 1c ≥ 8.0% were discontinued from the study). At the final visit (24-week), mean HbA 1 c had increased 0.2% from baseline in placebo patients and decreased 0.6% with metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets. A 16-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response study of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets, taken once daily with the evening meal or twice daily with meals, was conducted in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who had failed to achieve glycemic control with diet and exercise. The results are shown in Table 7. Table 7: Mean Changes from Baseline* in HbA 1c and Fasting Plasma Glucose at Week 16 Comparing Metformin Hydrochloride Extended-Release Tablets vs Placebo in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Metformin Hydrochloride Extended-Release Tablets Placebo 500 mg Once Daily 1000 mg Once Daily 1500 mg Once Daily 2000 mg Once Daily 1000 mg Twice Daily Hemoglobin A 1c (%) Baseline Change at FINAL VISIT p-value All comparisons versus Placebo (n = 115) 8.2 -0.4 < 0.001 (n = 115) 8.4 -0.6 < 0.001 (n = 111) 8.3 -0.9 < 0.001 (n = 125) 8.4 -0.8 < 0.001 (n = 112) 8.4 -1.1 < 0.001 (n = 111) 8.4 0.1 - FPG (mg/dL) Baseline Change at FINAL VISIT p-value (n = 126) 182.7 -15.2 < 0.001 (n = 118) 183.7 -19.3 < 0.001 (n = 120) 178.9 -28.5 < 0.001 (n = 132) 181.0 -29.9 < 0.001 (n = 122) 181.6 -33.6 < 0.001 (n = 113) 179.6 7.6 - Mean baseline body weight was 193 lbs, 192 lbs, 188 lbs, 196 lbs, 193 lbs and 194 lbs in the metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets 500 mg, 1000 mg, 1500 mg, and 2000 mg once daily, 1000 mg twice daily and placebo arms, respectively. Mean change in body weight from baseline to week 16 was -1.3 lbs, -1.3 lbs, -0.7 lbs, -1.5 lbs, -2.2 lbs and -1.8 lbs, respectively. A 24-week, double-blind, randomized study of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets, taken once daily with the evening meal, and metformin hydrochloride tablets, taken twice daily (with breakfast and evening meal), was conducted in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who had been treated with metformin hydrochloride tablets 500 mg twice daily for at least 8 weeks prior to study entry. The results are shown in Table 8. Table 8: Mean Changes from Baseline n = 68 in HbA 1c and Fasting Plasma Glucose at Week 24 Comparing Metformin Hydrochloride Extended-Release vs Metformin Hydrochloride in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Metformin Hydrochloride 500 mg Twice Daily Metformin Hydrochloride Extended-Release 1000 mg Once Daily 1500 mg Once Daily Hemoglobin A 1c (%) Baseline Change at FINAL VISIT (95% CI) (n = 67) 7.06 0.14 (–0.04, 0.31) (n = 72) 6.99 0.27 (0.11, 0.43) (n = 66) 7.02 0.13 (–0.02, 0.28) FPG (mg/dL) Baseline Change at FINAL VISIT (95% CI) (n = 69) 127.2 14.0 (7.0, 21.0) (n = 72) 131.0 11.5 (4.4, 18.6) (n = 70) 131.4 7.6 (1.0, 14.2) Mean baseline body weight was 210 lbs, 203 lbs and 193 lbs in the metformin hydrochloride tablets 500 mg twice daily, and metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets 1000 mg and 1500 mg once daily arms, respectively. Mean change in body weight from baseline to week 24 was 0.9 lbs, 1.1 lbs and 0.9 lbs, respectively.
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Geriatric use
Information about any limitations on any geriatric indications, needs for specific monitoring, hazards associated with use of the drug in the geriatric population.8.5 Geriatric Use Controlled clinical studies of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets did not include sufficient numbers of elderly patients to determine whether they respond differently from younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy and the higher risk of lactic acidosis. Assess renal function more frequently in elderly patients [ see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ].
Pediatric use
Information about any limitations on any pediatric indications, needs for specific monitoring, hazards associated with use of the drug in any subsets of the pediatric population (such as neonates, infants, children, or adolescents), differences between pediatric and adult responses to the drug, and other information related to the safe and effective pediatric use of the drug.8.4 Pediatric Use Safety and effectiveness of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets in pediatric patients have not been established.
Pregnancy
Information about effects the drug may have on pregnant women or on a fetus. This field may be ommitted if the drug is not absorbed systemically and the drug is not known to have a potential for indirect harm to the fetus. It may contain information about the established pregnancy category classification for the drug. (That information is nominally listed in the teratogenic_effects field, but may be listed here instead.)8.1 Pregnancy Risk Summary Limited data with metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets in pregnant women are not sufficient to determine a drug-associated risk for major birth defects or miscarriage. Published studies with metformin use during pregnancy have not reported a clear association with metformin and major birth defect or miscarriage risk [ see Data ]. There are risks to the mother and fetus associated with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus in pregnancy [ see Clinical Considerations ]. No adverse developmental effects were observed when metformin was administered to pregnant Sprague Dawley rats and rabbits during the period of organogenesis at doses up to 2- and 5- times, respectively, a 2550 mg clinical dose, based on body surface area [ see Data ] . The estimated background risk of major birth defects is 6 to 10% in women with pre-gestational diabetes mellitus with an HbA 1C > 7 and has been reported to be as high as 20 to 25% in women with a HbA 1C > 10. The estimated background risk of miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively. Clinical Considerations Disease-associated Maternal and/or Embryo/Fetal Risk Poorly-controlled diabetes mellitus in pregnancy increases the maternal risk for diabetic ketoacidosis, pre-eclampsia, spontaneous abortions, preterm delivery, stillbirth and delivery complications. Poorly controlled diabetes mellitus increases the fetal risk for major birth defects, stillbirth, and macrosomia related morbidity. Data Human Data Published data from postmarketing studies have not reported a clear association with metformin and major birth defects, miscarriage, or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes when metformin was used during pregnancy. However, these studies cannot definitely establish the absence of any metformin-associated risk because of methodological limitations, including small sample size and inconsistent comparator groups. Animal Data Metformin hydrochloride did not adversely affect development outcomes when administered to pregnant rats and rabbits at doses up to 600 mg/kg/day. This represents an exposure of about 2 and 5 times a 2550 mg clinical dose based on body surface area comparisons for rats and rabbits, respectively. Determination of fetal concentrations demonstrated a partial placental barrier to metformin.
Use in specific populations
Information about use of the drug by patients in specific populations, including pregnant women and nursing mothers, pediatric patients, and geriatric patients.8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS • Females and Males of Reproductive Potential: Advise premenopausal females of the potential for an unintended pregnancy ( 8.3 ) • Geriatric Use: Assess renal function more frequently ( 8.5 ) • Hepatic Impairment: Avoid use in patients with hepatic impairment ( 8.7 ) 8.1 Pregnancy Risk Summary Limited data with metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets in pregnant women are not sufficient to determine a drug-associated risk for major birth defects or miscarriage. Published studies with metformin use during pregnancy have not reported a clear association with metformin and major birth defect or miscarriage risk [ see Data ]. There are risks to the mother and fetus associated with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus in pregnancy [ see Clinical Considerations ]. No adverse developmental effects were observed when metformin was administered to pregnant Sprague Dawley rats and rabbits during the period of organogenesis at doses up to 2- and 5- times, respectively, a 2550 mg clinical dose, based on body surface area [ see Data ] . The estimated background risk of major birth defects is 6 to 10% in women with pre-gestational diabetes mellitus with an HbA 1C > 7 and has been reported to be as high as 20 to 25% in women with a HbA 1C > 10. The estimated background risk of miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively. Clinical Considerations Disease-associated Maternal and/or Embryo/Fetal Risk Poorly-controlled diabetes mellitus in pregnancy increases the maternal risk for diabetic ketoacidosis, pre-eclampsia, spontaneous abortions, preterm delivery, stillbirth and delivery complications. Poorly controlled diabetes mellitus increases the fetal risk for major birth defects, stillbirth, and macrosomia related morbidity. Data Human Data Published data from postmarketing studies have not reported a clear association with metformin and major birth defects, miscarriage, or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes when metformin was used during pregnancy. However, these studies cannot definitely establish the absence of any metformin-associated risk because of methodological limitations, including small sample size and inconsistent comparator groups. Animal Data Metformin hydrochloride did not adversely affect development outcomes when administered to pregnant rats and rabbits at doses up to 600 mg/kg/day. This represents an exposure of about 2 and 5 times a 2550 mg clinical dose based on body surface area comparisons for rats and rabbits, respectively. Determination of fetal concentrations demonstrated a partial placental barrier to metformin. 8.2 Lactation Risk Summary Limited published studies report that metformin is present in human milk [ see Data ]. However, there is insufficient information to determine the effects of metformin on the breastfed infant and no available information on the effects of metformin on milk production. Therefore, the developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother’s clinical need for metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed child from metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets or from the underlying maternal condition. Data Published clinical lactation studies report that metformin is present in human milk which resulted in infant doses approximately 0.11% to 1% of the maternal weight-adjusted dosage and a milk/plasma ratio ranging between 0.13 and 1. However, the studies were not designed to definitely establish the risk of use of metformin during lactation because of small sample size and limited adverse event data collected in infants. 8.3 Females and Males of Reproductive Potential Discuss the potential for unintended pregnancy with premenopausal women as therapy with metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets may result in ovulation in some anovulatory women. 8.4 Pediatric Use Safety and effectiveness of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets in pediatric patients have not been established. 8.5 Geriatric Use Controlled clinical studies of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets did not include sufficient numbers of elderly patients to determine whether they respond differently from younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy and the higher risk of lactic acidosis. Assess renal function more frequently in elderly patients [ see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ]. 8.6 Renal Impairment Metformin is substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of metformin accumulation and lactic acidosis increases with the degree of renal impairment. Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets are contraindicated in severe renal impairment, patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) below 30 mL/min/1.73 m 2 [ see Dosage and Administration (2.2) , Contraindications (4) , Warnings and Precautions (5.1) , and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ]. 8.7 Hepatic Impairment Use of metformin in patients with hepatic impairment has been associated with some cases of lactic acidosis. Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets are not recommended in patients with hepatic impairment [ see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ].
How supplied
Information about the available dosage forms to which the labeling applies, and for which the manufacturer or distributor is responsible. This field ordinarily includes the strength of the dosage form (in metric units), the units in which the dosage form is available for prescribing, appropriate information to facilitate identification of the dosage forms (such as shape, color, coating, scoring, and National Drug Code), and special handling and storage condition information.16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING 16.1 How Supplied Metformin Hydrochloride Extended-Release Tablets, USP are available containing 500 mg or 1000 mg of metformin hydrochloride, USP. The 500 mg tablets are pink, film-coated, round, unscored tablets imprinted with M over MN2 in black ink on one side of the tablet and blank on the other side. They are available as follows: NDC 0378-6002-91 bottles of 60 tablets The 1000 mg tablets are pink, film-coated, round, unscored tablets imprinted with M over MN1 in black ink on one side of the tablet and blank on the other side. They are available as follows: NDC 0378-6001-91 bottles of 60 tablets 16.2 Storage Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature.] Avoid excessive heat and humidity. Protect from light and moisture. Dispense in a tight, light-resistant container as defined in the USP using a child-resistant closure. Keep tightly closed.
Boxed warning
Information about contraindications or serious warnings, particularly those that may lead to death or serious injury.WARNING: LACTIC ACIDOSIS Postmarketing cases of metformin-associated lactic acidosis have resulted in death, hypothermia, hypotension, and resistant bradyarrhythmias. The onset of metformin-associated lactic acidosis is often subtle, accompanied only by nonspecific symptoms such as malaise, myalgias, respiratory distress, somnolence, and abdominal pain. Metformin-associated lactic acidosis was characterized by elevated blood lactate levels (> 5 mmol/Liter), anion gap acidosis (without evidence of ketonuria or ketonemia), an increased lactate/pyruvate ratio; and metformin plasma levels generally > 5 mcg/mL [ see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ]. Risk factors for metformin-associated lactic acidosis include renal impairment, concomitant use of certain drugs (e.g., carbonic anhydrase inhibitors such as topiramate), age 65 years old or greater, having a radiological study with contrast, surgery and other procedures, hypoxic states (e.g., acute congestive heart failure), excessive alcohol intake, and hepatic impairment. Steps to reduce the risk of and manage metformin-associated lactic acidosis in these high risk groups are provided [ see Dosage and Administration (2.2) , Contraindications (4) , Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ]. If metformin-associated lactic acidosis is suspected, immediately discontinue metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets and institute general supportive measures in a hospital setting. Prompt hemodialysis is recommended [ see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ]. WARNING: LACTIC ACIDOSIS See full prescribing information for complete boxed warning. • Postmarketing cases of metformin-associated lactic acidosis have resulted in death, hypothermia, hypotension, and resistant bradyarrhythmias. Symptoms included malaise, myalgias, respiratory distress, somnolence, and abdominal pain. Laboratory abnormalities included elevated blood lactate levels, anion gap acidosis, increased lactate/pyruvate ratio; and metformin plasma levels generally > 5 mcg/mL. ( 5.1 ) • Risk factors include renal impairment, concomitant use of certain drugs, age > 65 years old, radiological studies with contrast, surgery and other procedures, hypoxic states, excessive alcohol intake, and hepatic impairment. Steps to reduce the risk of and manage metformin- associated lactic acidosis in these high risk groups are provided in the Full Prescribing Information. ( 5.1 ) • If lactic acidosis is suspected, discontinue metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets and institute general supportive measures in a hospital setting. Prompt hemodialysis is recommended. ( 5.1 )
Disclaimer: Do not rely on openFDA or Phanrmacy Near Me to make decisions regarding medical care. While we make every effort to ensure that data is accurate, you should assume all results are unvalidated. Source: OpenFDA, Healthporta Drugs API