Overdosage of Lansoprazole
Information about signs, symptoms, and laboratory findings of acute ovedosage and the general principles of overdose treatment.
10 OVERDOSAGE Lansoprazole is not removed from the circulation by hemodialysis. In one reported overdose, a patient consumed 600 mg of lansoprazole with no adverse reaction. Oral lansoprazole doses up to 5,000 mg/kg in rats [approximately 1,300 times the 30 mg human dose based on body surface area (BSA)] and in mice (about 675.7 times the 30 mg human dose based on BSA) did not produce deaths or any clinical signs. In the event of over-exposure, treatment should be symptomatic and supportive. If over-exposure occurs, call your poison control center at 1-800-222-1222 for current information on the management of poisoning or over-exposure.
Adverse reactions
Information about undesirable effects, reasonably associated with use of the drug, that may occur as part of the pharmacological action of the drug or may be unpredictable in its occurrence. Adverse reactions include those that occur with the drug, and if applicable, with drugs in the same pharmacologically active and chemically related class. There is considerable variation in the listing of adverse reactions. They may be categorized by organ system, by severity of reaction, by frequency, by toxicological mechanism, or by a combination of these.
6 ADVERSE REACTIONS The following serious adverse reactions are described below and elsewhere in labeling: • Acute Interstitial Nephritis [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2 )] • Clostridium difficile -Associated Diarrhea [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3 )] • Bone Fracture [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.4 )] • Cutaneous and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.5 )] • Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12) Deficiency [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.6 )] • Hypomagnesemia [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.7 )] • Fundic Gland Polyps [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.11 )] Most commonly reported adverse reactions (≥1%): diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea and constipation. (6) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Hetero Labs Limited at 1-866-495-1995 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch. 6.1 Clinical Trials Experience Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice. Worldwide, over 10,000 patients have been treated with lansoprazole in Phase 2 or Phase 3 clinical trials involving various dosages and durations of treatment. In general, lansoprazole treatment has been well-tolerated in both short-term and long-term trials. The following adverse reactions were reported by the treating physician to have a possible or probable relationship to drug in 1% or more of lansoprazole-treated patients and occurred at a greater rate in lansoprazole-treated patients than placebo-treated patients in Table 1 . Table 1. Incidence of Possibly or Probably Treatment-Related Adverse Reactions in Short-Term, Placebo-Controlled Lansoprazole Studies Body System/Adverse Reaction Lansoprazole (N=2768) % Placebo (N=1023) % Body as a Whole Abdominal Pain 2.1 1.2 Digestive System Constipation Diarrhea Nausea 1.0 3.8 1.3 0.4 2.3 1.2 Headache was also seen at greater than 1% incidence but was more common on placebo. The incidence of diarrhea was similar between patients who received placebo and patients who received 15 and 30 mg of lansoprazole, but higher in the patients who received 60 mg of lansoprazole (2.9, 1.4, 4.2, and 7.4%, respectively). The most commonly reported possibly or probably treatment-related adverse event during maintenance therapy was diarrhea. In the risk reduction study of lansoprazole for NSAID-associated gastric ulcers, the incidence of diarrhea for patients treated with lansoprazole, misoprostol, and placebo was 5, 22, and 3%, respectively. Another study for the same indication, where patients took either a COX-2 inhibitor or lansoprazole and naproxen, demonstrated that the safety profile was similar to the prior study. Additional reactions from this study not previously observed in other clinical trials with lansoprazole included contusion, duodenitis, epigastric discomfort, esophageal disorder, fatigue, hunger, hiatal hernia, hoarseness, impaired gastric emptying, metaplasia, and renal impairment. Additional adverse experiences occurring in less than 1% of patients or subjects who received lansoprazole in domestic trials are shown below: Body as a Whole - abdomen enlarged, allergic reaction, asthenia, back pain, candidiasis, carcinoma, chest pain (not otherwise specified), chills, edema, fever, flu syndrome, halitosis, infection (not otherwise specified), malaise, neck pain, neck rigidity, pain, pelvic pain Cardiovascular System - angina, arrhythmia, bradycardia, cerebrovascular accident/cerebral infarction, hypertension/hypotension, migraine, myocardial infarction, palpitations, shock (circulatory failure), syncope, tachycardia, vasodilation Digestive System - abnormal stools, anorexia, bezoar, cardiospasm, cholelithiasis, colitis, dry mouth, dyspepsia, dysphagia, enteritis, eructation, esophageal stenosis, esophageal ulcer, esophagitis, fecal discoloration, flatulence, gastric nodules/fundic gland polyps, gastritis, gastroenteritis, gastrointestinal anomaly, gastrointestinal disorder, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, glossitis, gum hemorrhage, hematemesis, increased appetite, increased salivation, melena, mouth ulceration, nausea and vomiting, nausea and vomiting and diarrhea, gastrointestinal moniliasis, rectal disorder, rectal hemorrhage, stomatitis, tenesmus, thirst, tongue disorder, ulcerative colitis, ulcerative stomatitis Endocrine System - diabetes mellitus, goiter, hypothyroidism Hemic and Lymphatic System - anemia, hemolysis, lymphadenopathy Metabolism and Nutritional Disorders - avitaminosis, gout, dehydration, hyperglycemia/hypoglycemia, peripheral edema, weight gain/loss Musculoskeletal System - arthralgia, arthritis, bone disorder, joint disorder, leg cramps, musculoskeletal pain, myalgia, myasthenia, ptosis, synovitis Nervous System - abnormal dreams, agitation, amnesia, anxiety, apathy, confusion, convulsion, dementia, depersonalization, depression, diplopia, dizziness, emotional lability, hallucinations, hemiplegia, hostility aggravated, hyperkinesia, hypertonia, hypesthesia, insomnia, libido decreased/increased, nervousness, neurosis, paresthesia, sleep disorder, somnolence, thinking abnormality, tremor, vertigo Respiratory System - asthma, bronchitis, cough increased, dyspnea, epistaxis, hemoptysis, hiccup, laryngeal neoplasia, lung fibrosis, pharyngitis, pleural disorder, pneumonia, respiratory disorder, upper respiratory inflammation/infection, rhinitis, sinusitis, stridor Skin and Appendages - acne, alopecia, contact dermatitis, dry skin, fixed eruption, hair disorder, maculopapular rash, nail disorder, pruritus, rash, skin carcinoma, skin disorder, sweating, urticaria Special Senses - abnormal vision, amblyopia, blepharitis, blurred vision, cataract, conjunctivitis, deafness, dry eyes, ear/eye disorder, eye pain, glaucoma, otitis media, parosmia, photophobia, retinal degeneration/disorder, taste loss, taste perversion, tinnitus, visual field defect Urogenital System - abnormal menses, breast enlargement, breast pain, breast tenderness, dysmenorrhea, dysuria, gynecomastia, impotence, kidney calculus, kidney pain, leukorrhea, menorrhagia, menstrual disorder, penis disorder, polyuria, testis disorder, urethral pain, urinary frequency, urinary retention, urinary tract infection, urinary urgency, urination impaired, vaginitis. 6.2 Postmarketing Experience Additional adverse experiences have been reported since lansoprazole delayed-release capsules have been marketed. The majority of these cases are foreign-sourced and a relationship to lansoprazole has not been established. Because these reactions were reported voluntarily from a population of unknown size, estimates of frequency cannot be made. These events are listed below by COSTART body system. Body as a Whole - anaphylactic/anaphylactoid reactions, systemic lupus erythematosus; Digestive System - hepatotoxicity, pancreatitis, vomiting; Hemic and Lymphatic System - agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia, hemolytic anemia, leukopenia, neutropenia, pancytopenia, thrombocytopenia, and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura; Infections and Infestations - Clostridium difficile -associated diarrhea; Metabolism and Nutritional Disorders - hypomagnesemia; Musculoskeletal System - bone fracture, myositis; Skin and Appendages - severe dermatologic reactions including erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis (some fatal), cutaneous lupus erythematosus; Special Senses - speech disorder; Urogenital System - interstitial nephritis, urinary retention. 6.3 Combination Therapy with Amoxicillin and Clarithromycin In clinical trials using combination therapy with lansoprazole plus amoxicillin and clarithromycin, and lansoprazole plus amoxicillin, no adverse reactions peculiar to these drug combinations were observed. Adverse reactions that have occurred have been limited to those that had been previously reported with lansoprazole, amoxicillin, or clarithromycin. Triple Therapy: Lansoprazole /amoxicillin/clarithromycin The most frequently reported adverse reactions for patients who received triple therapy for 14 days were diarrhea (7%), headache (6%), and taste perversion (5%). There were no statistically significant differences in the frequency of reported adverse reactions between the 10 and 14 day triple therapy regimens. No treatment-emergent adverse reactions were observed at significantly higher rates with triple therapy than with any dual therapy regimen. Dual Therapy: Lansoprazole/amoxicillin The most frequently reported adverse reactions for patients who received lansoprazole three times daily plus amoxicillin three times daily dual therapy were diarrhea (8%) and headache (7%). No treatment-emergent adverse reactions were observed at significantly higher rates with lansoprazole three times daily plus amoxicillin three times daily dual therapy than with lansoprazole alone. For information about adverse reactions with antibacterial agents (amoxicillin and clarithromycin) indicated in combination with lansoprazole, refer to the Adverse Reactions section of their prescribing information. 6.4 Laboratory Values The following changes in laboratory parameters in patients who received lansoprazole were reported as adverse reactions: Abnormal liver function tests, increased SGOT (AST), increased SGPT (ALT), increased creatinine, increased alkaline phosphatase, increased globulins, increased GGTP, increased/decreased/abnormal WBC, abnormal AG ratio, abnormal RBC, bilirubinemia, blood potassium increased, blood urea increased, crystal urine present, eosinophilia, hemoglobin decreased, hyperlipemia, increased/decreased electrolytes, increased /decreased cholesterol, increased glucocorticoids, increased LDH, increased/decreased/abnormal platelets, increased gastrin levels and positive fecal occult blood. Urine abnormalities such as albuminuria, glycosuria, and hematuria were also reported. Additional isolated laboratory abnormalities were reported. In the placebo-controlled studies, when SGOT (AST) and SGPT (ALT) were evaluated, 0.4% (4/978) and 0.4% (11/2677) patients, who received placebo and lansoprazole, respectively, had enzyme elevations greater than three times the upper limit of normal range at the final treatment visit. None of these patients who received lansoprazole reported jaundice at any time during the study. In clinical trials using combination therapy with lansoprazole plus amoxicillin and clarithromycin, and lansoprazole plus amoxicillin, no increased laboratory abnormalities particular to these drug combinations were observed. For information about laboratory value changes with antibacterial agents (amoxicillin and clarithromycin) indicated in combination with lansoprazole, refer to the Adverse Reactions section of their prescribing information.
| Table 1. Incidence of Possibly or Probably Treatment-Related Adverse Reactions in Short-Term, Placebo-Controlled Lansoprazole Studies |
| Body System/Adverse Reaction | Lansoprazole (N=2768) % | Placebo (N=1023) % |
| Body as a Whole Abdominal Pain | 2.1 | 1.2 |
| Digestive System Constipation Diarrhea Nausea | 1.0 3.8 1.3 | 0.4 2.3 1.2 |
Lansoprazole Drug Interactions
Information about and practical guidance on preventing clinically significant drug/drug and drug/food interactions that may occur in people taking the drug.
7 DRUG INTERACTIONS Tables 2 and 3 include drugs with clinically important drug interactions and interaction with diagnostics when administered concomitantly with lansoprazole and instructions for preventing or managing them. Consult the labeling of concomitantly used drugs to obtain further information about interactions with PPIs. Table 2. Clinically Relevant Interactions Affecting Drugs Co-Administered with Lansoprazole and Interactions with Diagnostics Antiretrovirals Clinical Impact: The effect of PPIs on antiretroviral drugs is variable. The clinical importance and the mechanisms behind these interactions are not always known. • Decreased exposure of some antiretroviral drugs (e.g., rilpivirine, atazanavir, and nelfinavir) when used concomitantly with lansoprazole may reduce antiviral effect and promote the development of drug resistance. • Increased exposure of other antiretroviral drugs (e.g., saquinavir) when used concomitantly with lansoprazole may increase toxicity of the antiretroviral drugs. • There are other antiretroviral drugs which do not result in clinically relevant interactions with lansoprazole. Intervention: Rilpivirine-containing products: Concomitant use with lansoprazole is contraindicated [see Contraindications ( 4 )] . See prescribing information. Atazanavir: See prescribing information for atazanavir for dosing information. Nelfinavir: Avoid concomitant use with lansoprazole. See prescribing information for nelfinavir. Saquinavir: See the prescribing information for saquinavir and monitor for potential saquinavir toxicities. Other antiretrovirals: See prescribing information. Warfarin Clinical Impact: Increased INR and prothrombin time in patients receiving PPIs and warfarin concomitantly. Increases in INR and prothrombin time may lead to abnormal bleeding and even death. Intervention: Monitor INR and prothrombin time. Dose adjustment of warfarin may be needed to maintain target INR range. See prescribing information for warfarin. Methotrexate Clinical Impact: Concomitant use of PPIs with methotrexate (primarily at high dose) may elevate and prolong serum concentrations of methotrexate and/or its metabolite hydroxymethotrexate, possibly leading to methotrexate toxicities. No formal drug interaction studies of high-dose methotrexate with PPIs have been conducted [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.8 )] . Intervention: A temporary withdrawal of lansoprazole may be considered in some patients receiving high-dose methotrexate. Digoxin Clinical Impact: Potential for increased exposure of digoxin. Intervention: Monitor digoxin concentrations. Dose adjustment of digoxin may be needed to maintain therapeutic drug concentrations. See prescribing information for digoxin. Theophylline Clinical Impact: Increased clearance of theophylline [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )] . Intervention: Individual patients may require additional titration of their theophylline dosage when lansoprazole is started or stopped to ensure clinically effective blood concentrations. Drugs Dependent on Gastric pH for Absorption (e.g., iron salts, erlotinib, dasatinib, nilotinib,mycophenolate mofetil, ketoconazole/itraconazole) Clinical Impact: Lansoprazole can reduce the absorption of other drugs due to its effect on reducing intragastric acidity. Intervention: Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF): Co-administration of PPIs in healthy subjects and in transplant patients receiving MMF has been reported to reduce the exposure to the active metabolite, mycophenolic acid (MPA), possibly due to a decrease in MMF solubility at an increased gastric pH. The clinical relevance of reduced MPA exposure on organ rejection has not been established in transplant patients receiving lansoprazole and MMF. Use lansoprazole with caution in transplant patients receiving and MMF. See the prescribing information for other drugs dependent on gastric pH for absorption. Combination Therapy with Clarithromycin and Amoxicillin Clinical Impact: Concomitant administration of clarithromycin with other drugs can lead to serious adverse reactions, including potentially fatal arrhythmias, and are contraindicated. Amoxicillin also has drug interactions. Intervention: • See Contraindications and Warnings and Precautions in prescribing information for clarithromycin. • See Drug Interactions in prescribing information for amoxicillin. Tacrolimus Clinical Impact: Potentially increased exposure of tacrolimus, especially in transplant patients who are intermediate or poor metabolizers of CYP2C19. Intervention: Monitor tacrolimus whole blood trough concentrations. Dose adjustment of tacrolimus may be needed to maintain therapeutic drug concentrations. See prescribing information for tacrolimus. Interactions with Investigations of Neuroendocrine Tumors Clinical Impact: CgA levels increase secondary to PPI-induced decreases in gastric acidity. The increased CgA level may cause false positive results in diagnostic investigations for neuroendocrine tumors [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.7 ), Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.2 )] . Intervention: Temporarily stop lansoprazole treatment at least 14 days before assessing CgA levels and consider repeating the test if initial CgA levels are high. If serial tests are performed (e.g., for monitoring), the same commercial laboratory should be used for testing, as reference ranges between tests may vary. Interaction with Secretin Stimulation Test Clinical Impact: Hyper-response in gastrin secretion in response to secretin stimulation test, falsely suggesting gastrinoma. Intervention: Temporarily stop lansoprazole treatment at least 28 days before assessing to allow gastrin levels to return to baseline [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.2 )]. False Positive Urine Tests for THC Clinical Impact: There have been reports of false positive urine screening tests for tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in patients receiving PPIs. Intervention: An alternative confirmatory method should be considered to verify positive results. Table 3. Clinically Relevant Interactions Affecting Lansoprazole When Co-Administered with Other Drugs CYP2C19 OR CYP3A4 Inducers Clinical Impact: Decreased exposure of lansoprazole when used concomitantly with strong inducers [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )] . Intervention: St John’s Wort, rifampin: Avoid concomitant use with lansoprazole. Ritonavir-containing products: See prescribing information. CYP2C19 or CYP3A4 Inhibitors Clinical Impact: Increased exposure of lansoprazole is expected when used concomitantly with strong inhibitors [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )] . Intervention: Voriconazole : See prescribing information. Sucralfate Clinical Impact: Decreased and delayed absorption of lansoprazole [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )] . Intervention: Take lansoprazole at least 30 minutes prior to sucralfate [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.4 )] . See full prescribing information for a list of clinically important drug interactions. ( 7 )
| Antiretrovirals |
| Clinical Impact: | The effect of PPIs on antiretroviral drugs is variable. The clinical importance and the mechanisms behind these interactions are not always known. • Decreased exposure of some antiretroviral drugs (e.g., rilpivirine, atazanavir, and nelfinavir) when used concomitantly with lansoprazole may reduce antiviral effect and promote the development of drug resistance. • Increased exposure of other antiretroviral drugs (e.g., saquinavir) when used concomitantly with lansoprazole may increase toxicity of the antiretroviral drugs. • There are other antiretroviral drugs which do not result in clinically relevant interactions with lansoprazole. |
| Intervention: | Rilpivirine-containing products: Concomitant use with lansoprazole is contraindicated [see Contraindications (4)]. See prescribing information. Atazanavir: See prescribing information for atazanavir for dosing information. Nelfinavir: Avoid concomitant use with lansoprazole. See prescribing information for nelfinavir. Saquinavir: See the prescribing information for saquinavir and monitor for potential saquinavir toxicities. Other antiretrovirals: See prescribing information. |
| Warfarin |
| Clinical Impact: | Increased INR and prothrombin time in patients receiving PPIs and warfarin concomitantly. Increases in INR and prothrombin time may lead to abnormal bleeding and even death. |
| Intervention: | Monitor INR and prothrombin time. Dose adjustment of warfarin may be needed to maintain target INR range. See prescribing information for warfarin. |
| Methotrexate |
| Clinical Impact: | Concomitant use of PPIs with methotrexate (primarily at high dose) may elevate and prolong serum concentrations of methotrexate and/or its metabolite hydroxymethotrexate, possibly leading to methotrexate toxicities. No formal drug interaction studies of high-dose methotrexate with PPIs have been conducted [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8)]. |
| Intervention: | A temporary withdrawal of lansoprazole may be considered in some patients receiving high-dose methotrexate. |
| Digoxin |
| Clinical Impact: | Potential for increased exposure of digoxin. |
| Intervention: | Monitor digoxin concentrations. Dose adjustment of digoxin may be needed to maintain therapeutic drug concentrations. See prescribing information for digoxin. |
| Theophylline |
| Clinical Impact: | Increased clearance of theophylline [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. |
| Intervention: | Individual patients may require additional titration of their theophylline dosage when lansoprazole is started or stopped to ensure clinically effective blood concentrations. |
| Drugs Dependent on Gastric pH for Absorption (e.g., iron salts, erlotinib, dasatinib, nilotinib,mycophenolate mofetil, ketoconazole/itraconazole) |
| Clinical Impact: | Lansoprazole can reduce the absorption of other drugs due to its effect on reducing intragastric acidity. |
| Intervention: | Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF): Co-administration of PPIs in healthy subjects and in transplant patients receiving MMF has been reported to reduce the exposure to the active metabolite, mycophenolic acid (MPA), possibly due to a decrease in MMF solubility at an increased gastric pH. The clinical relevance of reduced MPA exposure on organ rejection has not been established in transplant patients receiving lansoprazole and MMF. Use lansoprazole with caution in transplant patients receiving and MMF. See the prescribing information for other drugs dependent on gastric pH for absorption. |
| Combination Therapy with Clarithromycin and Amoxicillin |
| Clinical Impact: | Concomitant administration of clarithromycin with other drugs can lead to serious adverse reactions, including potentially fatal arrhythmias, and are contraindicated. Amoxicillin also has drug interactions. |
| Intervention: | • See Contraindications and Warnings and Precautions in prescribing information for clarithromycin. • See Drug Interactions in prescribing information for amoxicillin. |
| Tacrolimus |
| Clinical Impact: | Potentially increased exposure of tacrolimus, especially in transplant patients who are intermediate or poor metabolizers of CYP2C19. |
| Intervention: | Monitor tacrolimus whole blood trough concentrations. Dose adjustment of tacrolimus may be needed to maintain therapeutic drug concentrations. See prescribing information for tacrolimus. |
| Interactions with Investigations of Neuroendocrine Tumors |
| Clinical Impact: | CgA levels increase secondary to PPI-induced decreases in gastric acidity. The increased CgA level may cause false positive results in diagnostic investigations for neuroendocrine tumors [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7), Clinical Pharmacology (12.2)]. |
| Intervention: | Temporarily stop lansoprazole treatment at least 14 days before assessing CgA levels and consider repeating the test if initial CgA levels are high. If serial tests are performed (e.g., for monitoring), the same commercial laboratory should be used for testing, as reference ranges between tests may vary. |
| Interaction with Secretin Stimulation Test |
| Clinical Impact: | Hyper-response in gastrin secretion in response to secretin stimulation test, falsely suggesting gastrinoma. |
| Intervention: | Temporarily stop lansoprazole treatment at least 28 days before assessing to allow gastrin levels to return to baseline [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.2)]. |
| False Positive Urine Tests for THC |
| Clinical Impact: | There have been reports of false positive urine screening tests for tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in patients receiving PPIs. |
| Intervention: | An alternative confirmatory method should be considered to verify positive results. |
| CYP2C19 OR CYP3A4 Inducers |
| Clinical Impact: | Decreased exposure of lansoprazole when used concomitantly with strong inducers [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. |
| Intervention: | St John’s Wort, rifampin: Avoid concomitant use with lansoprazole.Ritonavir-containing products: See prescribing information. |
| CYP2C19 or CYP3A4 Inhibitors |
| Clinical Impact: | Increased exposure of lansoprazole is expected when used concomitantly with strong inhibitors [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. |
| Intervention: | Voriconazole: See prescribing information. |
| Sucralfate |
| Clinical Impact: | Decreased and delayed absorption of lansoprazole [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. |
| Intervention: | Take lansoprazole at least 30 minutes prior to sucralfate [see Dosage and Administration (2.4)]. |
Clinical pharmacology
Information about the clinical pharmacology and actions of the drug in humans.
12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 12.1 Mechanism of Action Lansoprazole belongs to a class of antisecretory compounds, the substituted benzimidazoles, that suppress gastric acid secretion by specific inhibition of the (H + , K + )-ATPase enzyme system at the secretory surface of the gastric parietal cell. Because this enzyme system is regarded as the acid (proton) pump within the parietal cell, lansoprazole has been characterized as a gastric acid-pump inhibitor, in that it blocks the final step of acid production. This effect is dose-related and leads to inhibition of both basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion irrespective of the stimulus. Lansoprazole does not exhibit anticholinergic or histamine type-2 antagonist activity. 12.2 Pharmacodynamics Antisecretory Activity After oral administration, lansoprazole was shown to significantly decrease the basal acid output and significantly increase the mean gastric pH and percent of time the gastric pH was greater than three and greater than four. Lansoprazole also significantly reduced meal-stimulated gastric acid output and secretion volume, as well as pentagastrin-stimulated acid output. In patients with hypersecretion of acid, lansoprazole significantly reduced basal and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion. Lansoprazole inhibited the normal increases in secretion volume, acidity and acid output induced by insulin. The intragastric pH results of a five day, pharmacodynamic, crossover study of 15 mg and 30 mg of once daily lansoprazole are presented in Table 6 : Table 6. Mean Antisecretory Effects After Single and Multiple Daily Lansoprazole Dosing Lansoprazole Parameter Baseline Value 15 mg 30 mg Day 1 Day 5 Day 1 Day 5 Mean 24 Hour pH 2.1 2.7 * 4.0 * 3.6 † 4.9 † Mean Nighttime pH 1.9 2.4 3.0 * 2.6 3.8 † % Time Gastric pH>3 18 33 * 59 * 51 † 72 † % Time Gastric pH>4 12 22 * 49 * 41 † 66 † NOTE: An intragastric pH of greater than four reflects a reduction in gastric acid by 99%. *(p<0.05) vs baseline only. † (p<0.05) vs baseline and lansoprazole 15 mg. After the initial dose in this study, increased gastric pH was seen within one to two hours with 30 mg of lansoprazole and two to three hours with 15 mg of lansoprazole. After multiple daily dosing, increased gastric pH was seen within the first hour post-dosing with 30 mg of lansoprazole and within one to two hours post-dosing with 15 mg of lansoprazole. Acid suppression may enhance the effect of antimicrobials in eradicating Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) . The percentage of time gastric pH was elevated above five and six was evaluated in a crossover study of lansoprazole given daily, twice daily and three times daily ( Table 7 ). Table 7. Mean Antisecretory Effects After Five Days of Twice Daily and Three Times Daily Dosing Lansoprazole Parameter 30 mg daily 15 mg twice daily 30 mg twice daily 30 mg three times daily % Time Gastric pH>5 43 47 59 * 77 † % Time Gastric pH>6 20 23 28 45 † *(p<0.05) vs lansoprazole 30 mg daily † (p<0.05) vs lansoprazole 30 mg daily, 15 mg twice daily and 30 mg twice daily. The inhibition of gastric acid secretion as measured by intragastric pH gradually returned to normal over two to four days after multiple doses. There was no indication of rebound gastric acidity. Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) Cell Effects During lifetime exposure of rats with up to 150 mg/kg/day of lansoprazole dosed seven days per week, marked hypergastrinemia was observed followed by ECL cell proliferation and formation of carcinoid tumors, especially in female rats. Gastric biopsy specimens from the body of the stomach from approximately 150 patients treated continuously with lansoprazole for at least one year did not show evidence of ECL cell effects similar to those seen in rat studies. Longer term data are needed to rule out the possibility of an increased risk of the development of gastric tumors in patients receiving long-term therapy with lansoprazole [see Nonclinical Toxicology ( 13.1 )] . Other Gastric Effects in Humans Lansoprazole did not significantly affect mucosal blood flow in the fundus of the stomach. Due to the normal physiologic effect caused by the inhibition of gastric acid secretion, a decrease of about 17% in blood flow in the antrum, pylorus, and duodenal bulb was seen. Lansoprazole significantly slowed the gastric emptying of digestible solids. Lansoprazole increased serum pepsinogen levels and decreased pepsin activity under basal conditions and in response to meal stimulation or insulin injection. As with other agents that elevate intragastric pH, increases in gastric pH were associated with increases in nitrate-reducing bacteria and elevation of nitrite concentration in gastric juice in patients with gastric ulcer. No significant increase in nitrosamine concentrations was observed. Serum Gastrin Effects In over 2,100 patients, median fasting serum gastrin levels increased 50 to 100% from baseline but remained within normal range after treatment with 15 to 60 mg of oral lansoprazole. These elevations reached a plateau within two months of therapy and returned to pre-treatment levels within four weeks after discontinuation of therapy. Increased gastrin causes enterochromaffin-like cell hyperplasia and increased serum CgA levels. The increased CgA levels may cause false positive results in diagnostic investigations for neuroendocrine tumors [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.8 )] . Endocrine Effects Human studies for up to one year have not detected any clinically significant effects on the endocrine system. Hormones studied include testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), prolactin, cortisol, estradiol, insulin, aldosterone, parathormone, glucagon, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T 3 ), thyroxine (T 4 ), and somatotropic hormone (STH). Lansoprazole in oral doses of 15 to 60 mg for up to one year had no clinically significant effect on sexual function. In addition, lansoprazole in oral doses of 15 to 60 mg for two to eight weeks had no clinically significant effect on thyroid function. In 24 month carcinogenicity studies in Sprague-Dawley rats with daily lansoprazole dosages up to 150 mg/kg, proliferative changes in the Leydig cells of the testes, including benign neoplasm, were increased compared to control rats. Other Effects No systemic effects of lansoprazole on the central nervous system, lymphoid, hematopoietic, renal, hepatic, cardiovascular, or respiratory systems have been found in humans. Among 56 patients who had extensive baseline eye evaluations, no visual toxicity was observed after lansoprazole treatment (up to 180 mg/day) for up to 58 months. After lifetime lansoprazole exposure in rats, focal pancreatic atrophy, diffuse lymphoid hyperplasia in the thymus, and spontaneous retinal atrophy were seen. 12.3 Pharmacokinetics Absorption: Lansoprazole delayed-release capsules contain an enteric-coated granule formulation of lansoprazole (because lansoprazole is acid-labile), so that absorption of lansoprazole begins only after the granules leave the stomach. The mean peak plasma levels of lansoprazole occur at approximately 1.7 hours. After a single-dose administration of 15 to 60 mg of oral lansoprazole, the peak plasma concentrations (C max ) of lansoprazole and the area under the plasma concentration curves (AUCs) of lansoprazole were approximately proportional to the administered dose. Lansoprazole does not accumulate and its pharmacokinetics are unaltered by multiple dosing. The absolute bioavailability is over 80%. In healthy subjects, the mean (±SD) plasma half-life was 1.5 (±1.0) hours. Both the C max and AUC are diminished by about 50 to 70% if lansoprazole is given 30 minutes after food, compared to the fasting condition. There is no significant food effect if lansoprazole is given before meals. Distribution: Lansoprazole is 97% bound to plasma proteins. Plasma protein binding is constant over the concentration range of 0.05 to 5 mcg/mL. Elimination Metabolism: Lansoprazole is extensively metabolized in the liver. Two metabolites have been identified in measurable quantities in plasma (the hydroxylated sulfinyl and sulfone derivatives of lansoprazole). These metabolites have very little or no antisecretory activity. Lansoprazole is thought to be transformed into two active species which inhibit acid secretion by blocking the proton pump [(H + , K + )-ATPase enzyme system] at the secretory surface of the gastric parietal cell. The two active species are not present in the systemic circulation. The plasma elimination half-life of lansoprazole is less than two hours while the acid inhibitory effect lasts more than 24 hours. Therefore, the plasma elimination half-life of lansoprazole does not reflect its duration of suppression of gastric acid secretion. Excretion: Following single-dose oral administration of lansoprazole, virtually no unchanged lansoprazole was excreted in the urine. In one study, after a single oral dose of 14 C-lansoprazole, approximately one-third of the administered radiation was excreted in the urine and two-thirds was recovered in the feces. This implies a significant biliary excretion of the lansoprazole metabolites. Specific Populations Pediatric Patients: One to 17 years of age The pharmacokinetics of lansoprazole were studied in pediatric patients with GERD aged one to 11 years and 12 to 17 years in two separate clinical studies. In children aged one to 11 years, lansoprazole was dosed 15 mg daily for subjects weighing ≤30 kg and 30 mg daily for subjects weighing greater than 30 kg. Mean C max and AUC values observed on Day 5 of dosing were similar between the two dose groups and were not affected by weight or age within each weight-adjusted dose group used in the study. In adolescent subjects aged 12 to 17 years, subjects were randomized to receive lansoprazole at 15 or 30 mg daily. Mean C max and AUC values of lansoprazole were not affected by body weight or age; and nearly dose-proportional increases in mean C max and AUC values were observed between the two dose groups in the study. Overall, lansoprazole pharmacokinetics in pediatric patients aged one to 17 years were similar to those observed in healthy adult subjects. Geriatric Patients: The clearance of lansoprazole is decreased in the elderly, with elimination half-life increased approximately 50 to 100%. Because the mean half-life in the elderly remains between 1.9 to 2.9 hours, repeated once daily dosing does not result in accumulation of lansoprazole. Peak plasma levels were not increased in the elderly [see Use in Specific Populations ( 8.5 )] . Male and Female Patients: In a study comparing 12 male and six female human subjects who received lansoprazole, no sex-related differences were found in pharmacokinetics and intragastric pH results. Racial or Ethnic Groups: The pooled mean pharmacokinetic parameters of lansoprazole from twelve U.S. studies (N=513) were compared to the mean pharmacokinetic parameters from two Asian studies (N=20). The mean AUCs of lansoprazole in Asian subjects were approximately twice those seen in pooled U.S. data; however, the inter-individual variability was high. The C max values were comparable. Patients with Renal Impairment: In patients with severe renal impairment, plasma protein binding decreased by 1 to 1.5% after administration of 60 mg of lansoprazole. Patients with renal impairment had a shortened elimination half-life and decreased total AUC (free and bound). The AUC for free lansoprazole in plasma, however, was not related to the degree of renal impairment; and the C max and T max (time to reach the maximum concentration) were not different than the C max and T max from subjects with normal renal function. Therefore, the pharmacokinetics of lansoprazole were not clinically different in patients with mild, moderate or severe renal impairment compared to healthy subjects with normal renal function. Patients with Hepatic Impairment: In patients with mild (Child-Pugh Class A) or moderate (Child-Pugh Class B) hepatic impairment there was an approximate 3-fold increase in mean AUC compared to healthy subjects with normal hepatic function following multiple oral doses of 30 mg lansoprazole for seven days. The corresponding mean plasma half-life of lansoprazole was prolonged from 1.5 to four hours (Child-Pugh A) or five hours (Child-Pugh B). In patients with compensated and decompensated cirrhosis, there was an approximate 6-and 5-fold increase in AUC, respectively, compared to healthy subjects with normal hepatic function following a single oral dose of 30 mg lansoprazole [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.3 ), Use in Specific Populations ( 8.6 )] . Drug Interaction Studies Effect of Lansoprazole on Other Drugs Cytochrome P450 Interactions: Lansoprazole is metabolized through the cytochrome P450 system, specifically through the CYP3A and CYP2C19 isozymes. Studies have shown that lansoprazole does not have clinically significant interactions with other drugs metabolized by the cytochrome P450 system, such as warfarin, antipyrine, indomethacin, ibuprofen, phenytoin, propranolol, prednisone, diazepam, or clarithromycin in healthy subjects. These compounds are metabolized through various cytochrome P450 isozymes including CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A. Theophylline: When lansoprazole was administered concomitantly with theophylline (CYP1A2, CYP3A), a minor increase (10%) in the clearance of theophylline was seen. Because of the small magnitude and the direction of the effect on theophylline clearance, this interaction is unlikely to be of clinical concern [see Drug Interactions ( 7 )] . Methotrexate and 7-hydroxymethotrexate: In an open-label, single-arm, eight day, pharmacokinetic study of 28 adult rheumatoid arthritis patients (who required the chronic use of 7.5 to 15 mg of methotrexate given weekly), administration of seven days of naproxen 500 mg twice daily and lansoprazole 30 mg daily had no effect on the pharmacokinetics of methotrexate and 7-hydroxymethotrexate. While this study was not designed to assess the safety of this combination of drugs, no major adverse reactions were noted. However, this study was conducted with low doses of methotrexate. A drug interaction study with high doses of methotrexate has not been conducted [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.9 )] . Amoxicillin: Lansoprazole has also been shown to have no clinically significant interaction with amoxicillin. Sucralfate: In a single-dose crossover study examining lansoprazole 30 mg administered alone and concomitantly with sucralfate 1 gram, absorption of lansoprazole was delayed and the bioavailability was reduced by 17% when administered concomitantly with sucralfate [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.4 ), Drug Interactions ( 7 )] . Antacids: In clinical trials, antacids were administered concomitantly with lansoprazole and there was no evidence of a change in the efficacy of lansoprazole. Clopidogrel: Clopidogrel is metabolized to its active metabolite in part by CYP2C19. A study of healthy subjects who were CYP2C19 extensive metabolizers, receiving once daily administration of clopidogrel 75 mg alone or concomitantly with lansoprazole 30 mg (n=40), for nine days was conducted. The mean AUC of the active metabolite of clopidogrel was reduced by approximately 14% (mean AUC ratio was 86%, with 90% CI of 80 to 92%) when lansoprazole was co-administered compared to administration of clopidogrel alone. Pharmacodynamic parameters were also measured and demonstrated that the change in inhibition of platelet aggregation (induced by 5 mcM ADP) was related to the change in the exposure to clopidogrel active metabolite. The effect on exposure to the active metabolite of clopidogrel and on clopidogrel-induced platelet inhibition is not considered clinically important. Effect of Other Drugs on Lansoprazole Because lansoprazole is metabolized by CYP2C19 and CYP3A4, inducers and inhibitors of these enzymes may potentially alter exposure of lansoprazole. 12.4 Microbiology Microbiology Lansoprazole, clarithromycin and/or amoxicillin have been shown to be active against most strains of Helicobacter pylori in vitro and in clinical infections [see Indications and Usage ( 1.2 )] . Helicobacter pylori Pre-treatment Resistance Clarithromycin pre-treatment resistance (≥2 mcg/mL) was 9.5% (91/960) by E-test and 11.3% (12/106) by agar dilution in the dual and triple therapy clinical trials (M93-125, M93-130, M93-131, M95-392, and M95-399). Amoxicillin pre-treatment susceptible isolates (≤0.25 mcg/mL) occurred in 97.8% (936/957) and 98.0% (98/100) of the patients in the dual and triple therapy clinical trials by E-test and agar dilution, respectively. Twenty one of 957 patients (2.2%) by E-test, and two of 100 patients (2.0%) by agar dilution, had amoxicillin pre-treatment MICs of greater than 0.25 mcg/mL. One patient on the 14 day triple therapy regimen had an unconfirmed pre-treatment amoxicillin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of greater than 256 mcg/mL by E-test and the patient was eradicated of H. pylori (Table 8) . Table 8. Clarithromycin Susceptibility Test Results and Clinical/Bacteriological Outcomes* Clarithromycin Pre-treatment Results Clarithromycin Post-treatment Results H. pylori negative eradicated H. pylori positive – not eradicated Post-treatment susceptibility results S † I † R † No MIC Triple Therapy 14 Day (lansoprazole 30 mg twice daily/amoxicillin 1 g twice daily/clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily) (M95-399, M93-131, M95-392) Susceptible† 112 105 7 Intermediate† 3 3 Resistant† 17 6 7 4 Triple Therapy 10 Day (lansoprazole 30 mg twice daily/amoxicillin 1 g twice daily/clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily) (M95-399) Susceptible† 42 40 1 1 Intermediate† Resistant† 4 1 3 * Includes only patients with pre-treatment clarithromycin susceptibility test results † Susceptible (S) MIC ≤0.25 mcg/mL, Intermediate (I) MIC 0.5 to 1 mcg/mL, Resistant (R) MIC ≥2 mcg/mL Patients not eradicated of H. pylori following lansoprazole/amoxicillin/clarithromycin triple therapy will likely have clarithromycin resistant H. pylori . Therefore, for those patients who fail therapy, clarithromycin susceptibility testing should be done when possible. Patients with clarithromycin resistant H. pylori should not be treated with lansoprazole/amoxicillin/clarithromycin triple therapy or with regimens which include clarithromycin as the sole antimicrobial agent. Amoxicillin Susceptibility Test Results and Clinical/Bacteriological Outcomes: In the dual and triple therapy clinical trials, 82.6% (195/236) of the patients that had pre-treatment amoxicillin susceptible MICs (≤0.25 mcg/mL) were eradicated of H. pylori . Of those with pre-treatment amoxicillin MICs of greater than 0.25 mcg/mL, three of six had the H. pylori eradicated. A total of 30% (21/70) of the patients failed lansoprazole 30 mg three times daily/amoxicillin 1 g three times daily dual therapy and a total of 12.8% (22/172) of the patients failed the 10 and 14 day triple therapy regimens. Post-treatment susceptibility results were not obtained on 11 of the patients who failed therapy. Nine of the 11 patients with amoxicillin post-treatment MICs that failed the triple therapy regimen also had clarithromycin resistant H. pylori isolates. Susceptibility Test for Helicobacter pylori: For susceptibility testing information about Helicobacter pylori , see Microbiology section in prescribing information for clarithromycin and amoxicillin.
| Table 6. Mean Antisecretory Effects After Single and Multiple Daily Lansoprazole Dosing |
| | Lansoprazole |
| Parameter | Baseline Value | 15 mg | 30 mg |
| Day 1 | Day 5 | Day 1 | Day 5 |
| Mean 24 Hour pH | 2.1 | 2.7* | 4.0* | 3.6† | 4.9† |
| Mean Nighttime pH | 1.9 | 2.4 | 3.0* | 2.6 | 3.8† |
| % Time Gastric pH>3 | 18 | 33* | 59* | 51† | 72† |
| % Time Gastric pH>4 | 12 | 22* | 49* | 41† | 66† |
| Table 7. Mean Antisecretory Effects After Five Days of Twice Daily and Three Times Daily Dosing |
| | Lansoprazole |
| Parameter | 30 mg daily | 15 mg twice daily | 30 mg twice daily | 30 mg three times daily |
| % Time Gastric pH>5 | 43 | 47 | 59* | 77† |
| % Time Gastric pH>6 | 20 | 23 | 28 | 45† |
| Table 8. Clarithromycin Susceptibility Test Results and Clinical/Bacteriological Outcomes* |
| Clarithromycin Pre-treatment Results | Clarithromycin Post-treatment Results |
| H. pylori negative eradicated | H. pylori positive – not eradicated Post-treatment susceptibility results |
| S† | I† | R† | No MIC |
| Triple Therapy 14 Day (lansoprazole 30 mg twice daily/amoxicillin 1 g twice daily/clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily) (M95-399, M93-131, M95-392) |
| Susceptible† | 112 | 105 | | | | 7 |
| Intermediate† | 3 | 3 | | | | |
| Resistant† | 17 | 6 | | | 7 | 4 |
| Triple Therapy 10 Day (lansoprazole 30 mg twice daily/amoxicillin 1 g twice daily/clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily) (M95-399) |
| Susceptible† | 42 | 40 | 1 | | 1 | |
| Intermediate† | | | | | | |
| Resistant† | 4 | 1 | | | 3 | |
Mechanism of action
Information about the established mechanism(s) of the drugÕs action in humans at various levels (for example receptor, membrane, tissue, organ, whole body). If the mechanism of action is not known, this field contains a statement about the lack of information.
12.1 Mechanism of Action Lansoprazole belongs to a class of antisecretory compounds, the substituted benzimidazoles, that suppress gastric acid secretion by specific inhibition of the (H + , K + )-ATPase enzyme system at the secretory surface of the gastric parietal cell. Because this enzyme system is regarded as the acid (proton) pump within the parietal cell, lansoprazole has been characterized as a gastric acid-pump inhibitor, in that it blocks the final step of acid production. This effect is dose-related and leads to inhibition of both basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion irrespective of the stimulus. Lansoprazole does not exhibit anticholinergic or histamine type-2 antagonist activity.
Pharmacodynamics
Information about any biochemical or physiologic pharmacologic effects of the drug or active metabolites related to the drugÕs clinical effect in preventing, diagnosing, mitigating, curing, or treating disease, or those related to adverse effects or toxicity.
12.2 Pharmacodynamics Antisecretory Activity After oral administration, lansoprazole was shown to significantly decrease the basal acid output and significantly increase the mean gastric pH and percent of time the gastric pH was greater than three and greater than four. Lansoprazole also significantly reduced meal-stimulated gastric acid output and secretion volume, as well as pentagastrin-stimulated acid output. In patients with hypersecretion of acid, lansoprazole significantly reduced basal and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion. Lansoprazole inhibited the normal increases in secretion volume, acidity and acid output induced by insulin. The intragastric pH results of a five day, pharmacodynamic, crossover study of 15 mg and 30 mg of once daily lansoprazole are presented in Table 6 : Table 6. Mean Antisecretory Effects After Single and Multiple Daily Lansoprazole Dosing Lansoprazole Parameter Baseline Value 15 mg 30 mg Day 1 Day 5 Day 1 Day 5 Mean 24 Hour pH 2.1 2.7 * 4.0 * 3.6 † 4.9 † Mean Nighttime pH 1.9 2.4 3.0 * 2.6 3.8 † % Time Gastric pH>3 18 33 * 59 * 51 † 72 † % Time Gastric pH>4 12 22 * 49 * 41 † 66 † NOTE: An intragastric pH of greater than four reflects a reduction in gastric acid by 99%. *(p<0.05) vs baseline only. † (p<0.05) vs baseline and lansoprazole 15 mg. After the initial dose in this study, increased gastric pH was seen within one to two hours with 30 mg of lansoprazole and two to three hours with 15 mg of lansoprazole. After multiple daily dosing, increased gastric pH was seen within the first hour post-dosing with 30 mg of lansoprazole and within one to two hours post-dosing with 15 mg of lansoprazole. Acid suppression may enhance the effect of antimicrobials in eradicating Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) . The percentage of time gastric pH was elevated above five and six was evaluated in a crossover study of lansoprazole given daily, twice daily and three times daily ( Table 7 ). Table 7. Mean Antisecretory Effects After Five Days of Twice Daily and Three Times Daily Dosing Lansoprazole Parameter 30 mg daily 15 mg twice daily 30 mg twice daily 30 mg three times daily % Time Gastric pH>5 43 47 59 * 77 † % Time Gastric pH>6 20 23 28 45 † *(p<0.05) vs lansoprazole 30 mg daily † (p<0.05) vs lansoprazole 30 mg daily, 15 mg twice daily and 30 mg twice daily. The inhibition of gastric acid secretion as measured by intragastric pH gradually returned to normal over two to four days after multiple doses. There was no indication of rebound gastric acidity. Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) Cell Effects During lifetime exposure of rats with up to 150 mg/kg/day of lansoprazole dosed seven days per week, marked hypergastrinemia was observed followed by ECL cell proliferation and formation of carcinoid tumors, especially in female rats. Gastric biopsy specimens from the body of the stomach from approximately 150 patients treated continuously with lansoprazole for at least one year did not show evidence of ECL cell effects similar to those seen in rat studies. Longer term data are needed to rule out the possibility of an increased risk of the development of gastric tumors in patients receiving long-term therapy with lansoprazole [see Nonclinical Toxicology ( 13.1 )] . Other Gastric Effects in Humans Lansoprazole did not significantly affect mucosal blood flow in the fundus of the stomach. Due to the normal physiologic effect caused by the inhibition of gastric acid secretion, a decrease of about 17% in blood flow in the antrum, pylorus, and duodenal bulb was seen. Lansoprazole significantly slowed the gastric emptying of digestible solids. Lansoprazole increased serum pepsinogen levels and decreased pepsin activity under basal conditions and in response to meal stimulation or insulin injection. As with other agents that elevate intragastric pH, increases in gastric pH were associated with increases in nitrate-reducing bacteria and elevation of nitrite concentration in gastric juice in patients with gastric ulcer. No significant increase in nitrosamine concentrations was observed. Serum Gastrin Effects In over 2,100 patients, median fasting serum gastrin levels increased 50 to 100% from baseline but remained within normal range after treatment with 15 to 60 mg of oral lansoprazole. These elevations reached a plateau within two months of therapy and returned to pre-treatment levels within four weeks after discontinuation of therapy. Increased gastrin causes enterochromaffin-like cell hyperplasia and increased serum CgA levels. The increased CgA levels may cause false positive results in diagnostic investigations for neuroendocrine tumors [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.8 )] . Endocrine Effects Human studies for up to one year have not detected any clinically significant effects on the endocrine system. Hormones studied include testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), prolactin, cortisol, estradiol, insulin, aldosterone, parathormone, glucagon, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T 3 ), thyroxine (T 4 ), and somatotropic hormone (STH). Lansoprazole in oral doses of 15 to 60 mg for up to one year had no clinically significant effect on sexual function. In addition, lansoprazole in oral doses of 15 to 60 mg for two to eight weeks had no clinically significant effect on thyroid function. In 24 month carcinogenicity studies in Sprague-Dawley rats with daily lansoprazole dosages up to 150 mg/kg, proliferative changes in the Leydig cells of the testes, including benign neoplasm, were increased compared to control rats. Other Effects No systemic effects of lansoprazole on the central nervous system, lymphoid, hematopoietic, renal, hepatic, cardiovascular, or respiratory systems have been found in humans. Among 56 patients who had extensive baseline eye evaluations, no visual toxicity was observed after lansoprazole treatment (up to 180 mg/day) for up to 58 months. After lifetime lansoprazole exposure in rats, focal pancreatic atrophy, diffuse lymphoid hyperplasia in the thymus, and spontaneous retinal atrophy were seen.
| Table 6. Mean Antisecretory Effects After Single and Multiple Daily Lansoprazole Dosing |
| | Lansoprazole |
| Parameter | Baseline Value | 15 mg | 30 mg |
| Day 1 | Day 5 | Day 1 | Day 5 |
| Mean 24 Hour pH | 2.1 | 2.7* | 4.0* | 3.6† | 4.9† |
| Mean Nighttime pH | 1.9 | 2.4 | 3.0* | 2.6 | 3.8† |
| % Time Gastric pH>3 | 18 | 33* | 59* | 51† | 72† |
| % Time Gastric pH>4 | 12 | 22* | 49* | 41† | 66† |
| Table 7. Mean Antisecretory Effects After Five Days of Twice Daily and Three Times Daily Dosing |
| | Lansoprazole |
| Parameter | 30 mg daily | 15 mg twice daily | 30 mg twice daily | 30 mg three times daily |
| % Time Gastric pH>5 | 43 | 47 | 59* | 77† |
| % Time Gastric pH>6 | 20 | 23 | 28 | 45† |
Pharmacokinetics
Information about the clinically significant pharmacokinetics of a drug or active metabolites, for instance pertinent absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion parameters.
12.3 Pharmacokinetics Absorption: Lansoprazole delayed-release capsules contain an enteric-coated granule formulation of lansoprazole (because lansoprazole is acid-labile), so that absorption of lansoprazole begins only after the granules leave the stomach. The mean peak plasma levels of lansoprazole occur at approximately 1.7 hours. After a single-dose administration of 15 to 60 mg of oral lansoprazole, the peak plasma concentrations (C max ) of lansoprazole and the area under the plasma concentration curves (AUCs) of lansoprazole were approximately proportional to the administered dose. Lansoprazole does not accumulate and its pharmacokinetics are unaltered by multiple dosing. The absolute bioavailability is over 80%. In healthy subjects, the mean (±SD) plasma half-life was 1.5 (±1.0) hours. Both the C max and AUC are diminished by about 50 to 70% if lansoprazole is given 30 minutes after food, compared to the fasting condition. There is no significant food effect if lansoprazole is given before meals. Distribution: Lansoprazole is 97% bound to plasma proteins. Plasma protein binding is constant over the concentration range of 0.05 to 5 mcg/mL. Elimination Metabolism: Lansoprazole is extensively metabolized in the liver. Two metabolites have been identified in measurable quantities in plasma (the hydroxylated sulfinyl and sulfone derivatives of lansoprazole). These metabolites have very little or no antisecretory activity. Lansoprazole is thought to be transformed into two active species which inhibit acid secretion by blocking the proton pump [(H + , K + )-ATPase enzyme system] at the secretory surface of the gastric parietal cell. The two active species are not present in the systemic circulation. The plasma elimination half-life of lansoprazole is less than two hours while the acid inhibitory effect lasts more than 24 hours. Therefore, the plasma elimination half-life of lansoprazole does not reflect its duration of suppression of gastric acid secretion. Excretion: Following single-dose oral administration of lansoprazole, virtually no unchanged lansoprazole was excreted in the urine. In one study, after a single oral dose of 14 C-lansoprazole, approximately one-third of the administered radiation was excreted in the urine and two-thirds was recovered in the feces. This implies a significant biliary excretion of the lansoprazole metabolites. Specific Populations Pediatric Patients: One to 17 years of age The pharmacokinetics of lansoprazole were studied in pediatric patients with GERD aged one to 11 years and 12 to 17 years in two separate clinical studies. In children aged one to 11 years, lansoprazole was dosed 15 mg daily for subjects weighing ≤30 kg and 30 mg daily for subjects weighing greater than 30 kg. Mean C max and AUC values observed on Day 5 of dosing were similar between the two dose groups and were not affected by weight or age within each weight-adjusted dose group used in the study. In adolescent subjects aged 12 to 17 years, subjects were randomized to receive lansoprazole at 15 or 30 mg daily. Mean C max and AUC values of lansoprazole were not affected by body weight or age; and nearly dose-proportional increases in mean C max and AUC values were observed between the two dose groups in the study. Overall, lansoprazole pharmacokinetics in pediatric patients aged one to 17 years were similar to those observed in healthy adult subjects. Geriatric Patients: The clearance of lansoprazole is decreased in the elderly, with elimination half-life increased approximately 50 to 100%. Because the mean half-life in the elderly remains between 1.9 to 2.9 hours, repeated once daily dosing does not result in accumulation of lansoprazole. Peak plasma levels were not increased in the elderly [see Use in Specific Populations ( 8.5 )] . Male and Female Patients: In a study comparing 12 male and six female human subjects who received lansoprazole, no sex-related differences were found in pharmacokinetics and intragastric pH results. Racial or Ethnic Groups: The pooled mean pharmacokinetic parameters of lansoprazole from twelve U.S. studies (N=513) were compared to the mean pharmacokinetic parameters from two Asian studies (N=20). The mean AUCs of lansoprazole in Asian subjects were approximately twice those seen in pooled U.S. data; however, the inter-individual variability was high. The C max values were comparable. Patients with Renal Impairment: In patients with severe renal impairment, plasma protein binding decreased by 1 to 1.5% after administration of 60 mg of lansoprazole. Patients with renal impairment had a shortened elimination half-life and decreased total AUC (free and bound). The AUC for free lansoprazole in plasma, however, was not related to the degree of renal impairment; and the C max and T max (time to reach the maximum concentration) were not different than the C max and T max from subjects with normal renal function. Therefore, the pharmacokinetics of lansoprazole were not clinically different in patients with mild, moderate or severe renal impairment compared to healthy subjects with normal renal function. Patients with Hepatic Impairment: In patients with mild (Child-Pugh Class A) or moderate (Child-Pugh Class B) hepatic impairment there was an approximate 3-fold increase in mean AUC compared to healthy subjects with normal hepatic function following multiple oral doses of 30 mg lansoprazole for seven days. The corresponding mean plasma half-life of lansoprazole was prolonged from 1.5 to four hours (Child-Pugh A) or five hours (Child-Pugh B). In patients with compensated and decompensated cirrhosis, there was an approximate 6-and 5-fold increase in AUC, respectively, compared to healthy subjects with normal hepatic function following a single oral dose of 30 mg lansoprazole [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.3 ), Use in Specific Populations ( 8.6 )] . Drug Interaction Studies Effect of Lansoprazole on Other Drugs Cytochrome P450 Interactions: Lansoprazole is metabolized through the cytochrome P450 system, specifically through the CYP3A and CYP2C19 isozymes. Studies have shown that lansoprazole does not have clinically significant interactions with other drugs metabolized by the cytochrome P450 system, such as warfarin, antipyrine, indomethacin, ibuprofen, phenytoin, propranolol, prednisone, diazepam, or clarithromycin in healthy subjects. These compounds are metabolized through various cytochrome P450 isozymes including CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A. Theophylline: When lansoprazole was administered concomitantly with theophylline (CYP1A2, CYP3A), a minor increase (10%) in the clearance of theophylline was seen. Because of the small magnitude and the direction of the effect on theophylline clearance, this interaction is unlikely to be of clinical concern [see Drug Interactions ( 7 )] . Methotrexate and 7-hydroxymethotrexate: In an open-label, single-arm, eight day, pharmacokinetic study of 28 adult rheumatoid arthritis patients (who required the chronic use of 7.5 to 15 mg of methotrexate given weekly), administration of seven days of naproxen 500 mg twice daily and lansoprazole 30 mg daily had no effect on the pharmacokinetics of methotrexate and 7-hydroxymethotrexate. While this study was not designed to assess the safety of this combination of drugs, no major adverse reactions were noted. However, this study was conducted with low doses of methotrexate. A drug interaction study with high doses of methotrexate has not been conducted [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.9 )] . Amoxicillin: Lansoprazole has also been shown to have no clinically significant interaction with amoxicillin. Sucralfate: In a single-dose crossover study examining lansoprazole 30 mg administered alone and concomitantly with sucralfate 1 gram, absorption of lansoprazole was delayed and the bioavailability was reduced by 17% when administered concomitantly with sucralfate [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.4 ), Drug Interactions ( 7 )] . Antacids: In clinical trials, antacids were administered concomitantly with lansoprazole and there was no evidence of a change in the efficacy of lansoprazole. Clopidogrel: Clopidogrel is metabolized to its active metabolite in part by CYP2C19. A study of healthy subjects who were CYP2C19 extensive metabolizers, receiving once daily administration of clopidogrel 75 mg alone or concomitantly with lansoprazole 30 mg (n=40), for nine days was conducted. The mean AUC of the active metabolite of clopidogrel was reduced by approximately 14% (mean AUC ratio was 86%, with 90% CI of 80 to 92%) when lansoprazole was co-administered compared to administration of clopidogrel alone. Pharmacodynamic parameters were also measured and demonstrated that the change in inhibition of platelet aggregation (induced by 5 mcM ADP) was related to the change in the exposure to clopidogrel active metabolite. The effect on exposure to the active metabolite of clopidogrel and on clopidogrel-induced platelet inhibition is not considered clinically important. Effect of Other Drugs on Lansoprazole Because lansoprazole is metabolized by CYP2C19 and CYP3A4, inducers and inhibitors of these enzymes may potentially alter exposure of lansoprazole.
Contraindications
Information about situations in which the drug product is contraindicated or should not be used because the risk of use clearly outweighs any possible benefit, including the type and nature of reactions that have been reported.
4 CONTRAINDICATIONS • Lansoprazole delayed-release capsules are contraindicated in patients with known severe hypersensitivity to any component of the formulation. Hypersensitivity reactions may include anaphylaxis, anaphylactic shock, angioedema, bronchospasm, acute interstitial nephritis, and urticaria [see Adverse Reactions ( 6 )] . • Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs), including lansoprazole delayed-release capsules, are contraindicated with rilpivirine-containing products [see Drug Interactions ( 7 )] . • For information about contraindications of antibacterial agents (clarithromycin and amoxicillin) indicated in combination with lansoprazole delayed-release capsules, refer to the Contraindications section of their prescribing information. • Contraindicated in patients with known severe hypersensitivity to any component of the lansoprazole delayed-release capsules formulation. ( 4 ) • Patients receiving rilpivirine-containing products. ( 4 , 7 )
Description
General information about the drug product, including the proprietary and established name of the drug, the type of dosage form and route of administration to which the label applies, qualitative and quantitative ingredient information, the pharmacologic or therapeutic class of the drug, and the chemical name and structural formula of the drug.
11 DESCRIPTION The active ingredient in lansoprazole delayed-release capsules, USP is lansoprazole, a substituted benzimidazole, 2-[[[3-methyl-4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-2-pyridyl]-methyl] sulfinyl] benzimidazole, a compound that inhibits gastric acid secretion. Its empirical formula is C 16 H 14 F 3 N 3 O 2 S with a molecular weight of 369.36. Lansoprazole has the following structure: Lansoprazole, USP is a white to brownish-white powder which melts with decomposition at approximately 166°C. Lansoprazole is freely soluble in dimethylformamide and practically insoluble in water. The rate of degradation of the compound in aqueous solution increases with decreasing pH. Lansoprazole is supplied in delayed-release capsules for oral administration. Lansoprazole delayed-release capsules, USP are available in two dosage strengths: 15 mg and 30 mg of lansoprazole, USP per capsule. Each delayed-release capsule contains enteric-coated granules consisting of 15 mg or 30 mg of lansoprazole (active ingredient) and the following inactive ingredients: colloidal silicon dioxide, corn starch, hydroxypropyl cellulose, low substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose, magnesium carbonate, methacrylic acid copolymer dispersion, polysorbate 80, sucrose, sugar spheres (contains sucrose and starch (maize)), talc, titanium dioxide and triethyl citrate. The hard gelatin capsule shell consists of gelatin, FD&C Blue No. 1, D&C Red No. 28, FD&C Red No. 40 and titanium dioxide. In addition 15 mg capsule contains FD&C Green No. 3. The imprinting ink contains polysorbate 80, propylene glycol, shellac and titanium dioxide.
Dosage and administration
Information about the drug product’s dosage and administration recommendations, including starting dose, dose range, titration regimens, and any other clinically sigificant information that affects dosing recommendations.
2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION Recommended Dosage: •See full prescribing information for complete dosing information for lansoprazole delayed-release capsules by indication and age group and dosage adjustment in patients with severe hepatic impairment.( 2.1 , 2.2 , 2.3 ) Administration Instructions ( 2.4 ) Lansoprazole delayed-release capsules •Should be swallowed whole. •See full prescribing information for alternative administration options. 2.1 Recommended Adult Dosage by Indication Indication Recommended Dose Frequency Duodenal Ulcers Short-Term Treatment Maintenance of Healed 15 mg 15 mg Once daily for 4 weeks Once daily Eradication of H. pylori to Reduce the Risk of Duodenal Ulcer Recurrence* Triple Therapy: Lansoprazole delayed- release capsules Amoxicillin Clarithromycin Dual Therapy: Lansoprazole delayed- release capsules Amoxicillin 30 mg 1 gram 500 mg 30 mg 1 gram Twice daily for 10 or 14 days Twice daily for 10 or 14 days Twice daily for 10 or 14 days Three times daily for 14 days Three times daily for 14 days Benign Gastric Ulcer Short-Term Treatment 30 mg Once daily for up to 8 weeks NSAID-Associated Gastric Ulcer Healing Risk Reduction 30 mg 15 mg Once daily for 8 weeks † Once daily for up to 12 weeks † Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Short-Term Treatment of Symptomatic GERD Short-Term Treatment of Erosive Esophagitis 15 mg 30 mg Once daily for up to 8 weeks Once daily for up to 8 weeks ‡ Maintenance of Healing of Erosive Esophagitis 15 mg Once daily ¶ Pathological Hypersecretory Conditions Including Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome 60 mg Once daily § *Please refer to the amoxicillin and clarithromycin full prescribing information, Contraindications and Warnings and Precautions sections, and for information regarding dosing in elderly and renally-impaired patients. † Controlled studies did not extend beyond indicated duration. ‡ For patients who do not heal with lansoprazole delayed- release capsules for eight weeks (5 to 10%), it may be helpful to give an additional eight weeks of treatment. If there is a recurrence of erosive esophagitis, an additional eight week course of lansoprazole delayed- release capsules may be considered. §Varies with individual patient. Recommended adult starting dose is 60 mg once daily. Doses should be adjusted to individual patient needs and should continue for as long as clinically indicated. Dosages up to 90 mg twice daily have been administered. Daily dose of greater than 120 mg should be administered in divided doses. Some patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome have been treated continuously with lansoprazole for more than four years. ¶ Controlled studies did not extend beyond 12 months. 2.2 Recommended Pediatric Dosage by Indication Pediatric Patients 1 to 11 Years of Age In clinical studies, lansoprazole delayed-release capsules were not administered beyond 12 weeks in 1 to 11 year olds. It is not known if lansoprazole delayed-release capsules are safe and effective if used longer than the recommended duration. Do not exceed the recommended dose and duration of use in pediatric patients as outlined below [see Use in Specific Populations ( 8.4 )] . Indication Recommended Dose Frequency Short-Term Treatment of Symptomatic GERD and Short-Term Treatment of Erosive Esophagitis ≤30 kg 15 mg Once daily for up to 12 weeks >30 kg 30 mg Once daily for up to 12 weeks Pediatric Patients 12 to 17 Years of Age Indication Recommended Dose Frequency Short-Term Treatment of Symptomatic GERD Non-erosive GERD 15 mg Once daily for up to 8 weeks Erosive Esophagitis 30 mg Once daily for up to 8 weeks 2.3 Hepatic Impairment The recommended dosage is 15 mg orally daily in patients with severe liver impairment (Child-Pugh C) [see Use in Specific Populations ( 8.6 )] . 2.4 Important Administration Information • Take lansoprazole delayed-release capsules before meals. • Do not crush or chew lansoprazole delayed-release capsules. • Take lansoprazole delayed-release capsules at least 30 minutes prior to sucralfate [see Drug Interactions ( 7 )] . • Antacids may be used concomitantly with lansoprazole delayed-release capsules. • Missed doses: If a dose is missed, administer as soon as possible. However, if the next scheduled dose is due, do not take the missed dose, and take the next dose on time. Do not take two doses at one time to make up for a missed dose. Lansoprazole delayed-release capsules • Swallow whole; do not chew. • For patients who have difficulty swallowing capsules, lansoprazole delayed-release capsules can be opened and administered orally or via a nasogastric tube in the soft foods or liquids specified below. • Administration of lansoprazole delayed-release capsules in foods or liquids other than those discussed below have not been studied clinically and therefore are not recommended. Administration in Soft Foods (applesauce, ENSURE pudding, cottage cheese, yogurt or strained pears): 1. Open capsule. 2. Sprinkle intact granules on one tablespoon of either applesauce, ENSURE pudding, cottage cheese, yogurt or strained pears. 3. Swallow immediately. Administration in Liquids (apple juice, orange juice or tomato juice): 1. Open capsule. 2. Sprinkle intact granules into a small volume of either apple juice, orange juice or tomato juice (60 mL – approximately two ounces). 3. Mix briefly. 4. Swallow immediately. 5. To ensure complete delivery of the dose, rinse the glass with two or more volumes of juice and swallow the contents immediately. Administration with Apple Juice Through a Nasogastric Tube (≥16 French) 1. Open capsule. 2. Sprinkle intact granules into 40 mL of apple juice. 3. Mix briefly. 4. Using a catheter tipped syringe, draw up the mixture. 5. Inject through the nasogastric tube into the stomach. 6. Flush with additional apple juice to clear the tube.
| Indication | Recommended Dose | Frequency |
| Duodenal Ulcers |
| Short-Term Treatment Maintenance of Healed | 15 mg 15 mg | Once daily for 4 weeks Once daily |
| Eradication of H. pylori to Reduce the Risk of Duodenal Ulcer Recurrence* |
| Triple Therapy: Lansoprazole delayed- release capsules Amoxicillin Clarithromycin Dual Therapy: Lansoprazole delayed- release capsules Amoxicillin | 30 mg 1 gram 500 mg 30 mg 1 gram | Twice daily for 10 or 14 days Twice daily for 10 or 14 days Twice daily for 10 or 14 days Three times daily for 14 days Three times daily for 14 days |
| Benign Gastric Ulcer | | |
| Short-Term Treatment | 30 mg | Once daily for up to 8 weeks |
| NSAID-Associated Gastric Ulcer | | |
| Healing Risk Reduction | 30 mg 15 mg | Once daily for 8 weeks† Once daily for up to 12 weeks† |
| Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) | | |
| Short-Term Treatment of Symptomatic GERD Short-Term Treatment of Erosive Esophagitis | 15 mg 30 mg | Once daily for up to 8 weeks Once daily for up to 8 weeks‡ |
| Maintenance of Healing of Erosive Esophagitis | 15 mg | Once daily¶ |
| Pathological Hypersecretory Conditions Including Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome | 60 mg | Once daily§ |
| Indication Recommended Dose Frequency |
| Short-Term Treatment of Symptomatic GERD and Short-Term Treatment of Erosive Esophagitis |
| ≤30 kg 15 mg Once daily for up to 12 weeks >30 kg 30 mg Once daily for up to 12 weeks |
| Indication Recommended Dose Frequency |
| Short-Term Treatment of Symptomatic GERD |
| Non-erosive GERD 15 mg Once daily for up to 8 weeks Erosive Esophagitis 30 mg Once daily for up to 8 weeks |
Information about all available dosage forms and strengths for the drug product to which the labeling applies. This field may contain descriptions of product appearance.
3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS • 15 mg capsules are pink/green colored size "3" hard gelatin capsules imprinted with 'H' on cap and '166' on body filled with white to off white pellets. • 30 mg capsules are pink/black colored size "1" hard gelatin capsules imprinted with 'H' on cap and '167' on body filled with white to off white pellets. • Delayed-release capsules : 15 mg and 30 mg. ( 3 )
Indications and usage
A statement of each of the drug products indications for use, such as for the treatment, prevention, mitigation, cure, or diagnosis of a disease or condition, or of a manifestation of a recognized disease or condition, or for the relief of symptoms associated with a recognized disease or condition. This field may also describe any relevant limitations of use.
1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE Lansoprazole delayed-release capsules are proton pump inhibitor (PPIs) indicated for the: • Treatment of active duodenal ulcer in adults. ( 1.1 ) • Eradication of H. pylori to reduce the risk of duodenal ulcer recurrence in adults. ( 1.2 ) • Maintenance of healed duodenal ulcers in adults. ( 1.3 ) • Treatment of active benign gastric ulcer in adults. ( 1.4 ) • Healing of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID)-associated gastric ulcer in adults. ( 1.5 ) • Risk reduction of NSAID-associated gastric ulcer in adults. ( 1.6 ) • Treatment of symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in adults and pediatric patients 1 year of age and older. ( 1.7 ) • Treatment of erosive esophagitis (EE) in adults and pediatric patients 1 year of age and older. ( 1.8 ) • Maintenance of healing of EE in adults. ( 1.9 ) • Pathological hypersecretory conditions, including Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) in adults. ( 1.10 ) 1.1 Treatment of Active Duodenal Ulcer Lansoprazole delayed-release capsules are indicated in adults for short-term treatment (for four weeks) for healing and symptom relief of active duodenal ulcer [ see Clinical Studies (14.1) ] . 1.2 Eradication of H. pylori to Reduce the Risk of Duodenal Ulcer Recurrence Triple Therapy: Lansoprazole delayed-release capsules /amoxicillin/clarithromycin Lansoprazole delayed-release capsules in combination with amoxicillin plus clarithromycin as triple therapy is indicated in adults for the treatment of patients with H. pylori infection and duodenal ulcer disease (active or one year history of a duodenal ulcer) to eradicate H. pylori . Eradication of H. pylori has been shown to reduce the risk of duodenal ulcer recurrence [see Clinical Studies ( 14.2 )] . Please refer to the full prescribing information for amoxicillin and clarithromycin. Dual Therapy: Lansoprazole delayed-release capsules /amoxicillin Lansoprazole delayed-release capsules in combination with amoxicillin as dual therapy is indicated in adults for the treatment of patients with H. pylori infection and duodenal ulcer disease (active or one year history of a duodenal ulcer) who are either allergic or intolerant to clarithromycin or in whom resistance to clarithromycin is known or suspected (see the clarithromycin prescribing information, Microbiology section). Eradication of H. pylori has been shown to reduce the risk of duodenal ulcer recurrence [see Clinical Studies ( 14.2 )] . Please refer to the full prescribing information for amoxicillin. 1.3 Maintenance of Healed Duodenal Ulcers Lansoprazole delayed-release capsules are indicated in adults to maintain healing of duodenal ulcers. Controlled studies do not extend beyond 12 months [see Clinical Studies ( 14.3 )] . 1.4 Treatment of Active Benign Gastric Ulcer Lansoprazole delayed-release capsules are indicated in adults for short-term treatment (up to eight weeks) for healing and symptom relief of active benign gastric ulcer [see Clinical Studies ( 14.4 )] 1.5 Healing of NSAID-Associated Gastric Ulcer Lansoprazole delayed-release capsules are indicated in adults for the treatment of NSAID- associated gastric ulcer in patients who continue NSAID use. Controlled studies did not extend beyond eight weeks [see Clinical Studies ( 14.5 )] . 1.6 Risk Reduction of NSAID-Associated Gastric Ulcer Lansoprazole delayed-release capsules are indicated in adults for reducing the risk of NSAID-associated gastric ulcers in patients with a history of a documented gastric ulcer who require the use of an NSAID. Controlled studies did not extend beyond 12 weeks [see Clinical Studies ( 14.6 )] . 1.7 Treatment of Symptomatic Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Lansoprazole delayed-release capsules are indicated for short-term treatment in adults and pediatric patients 12 to 17 years of age (up to eight weeks) and pediatric patients one to 11 years of age (up to 12 weeks) for the treatment of heartburn and other symptoms associated with GERD [see Clinical Studies ( 14.7 )] . 1.8 Treatment of Erosive Esophagitis (EE) Lansoprazole delayed-release capsules are indicated for short-term treatment in adults and pediatric patients 12 to 17 years of age (up to eight weeks) and pediatric patients one to 11 years of age (up to 12 weeks) for healing and symptom relief of all grades of EE. For adults who do not heal with lansoprazole delayed-release capsules for eight weeks (5 to 10%), it may be helpful to give an additional eight weeks of treatment. If there is a recurrence of erosive esophagitis an additional eight week course of lansoprazole delayed-release capsules may be considered [see Clinical Studies ( 14.8 )] . 1.9 Maintenance of Healing of EE Lansoprazole delayed-release capsules are indicated in adults to maintain healing of EE. Controlled studies did not extend beyond 12 months [see Clinical Studies ( 14.9 )] . 1.10 Pathological Hypersecretory Conditions Including Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome (ZES) Lansoprazole delayed-release capsules are indicated for the long-term treatment of pathological hypersecretory conditions, including Zollinger-Ellison syndrome [see Clinical Studies ( 14.10 )] .
Spl product data elements
Usually a list of ingredients in a drug product.
Lansoprazole Lansoprazole LANSOPRAZOLE LANSOPRAZOLE SILICON DIOXIDE STARCH, CORN HYDROXYPROPYL CELLULOSE (1600000 WAMW) LOW-SUBSTITUTED HYDROXYPROPYL CELLULOSE, UNSPECIFIED MAGNESIUM CARBONATE METHACRYLIC ACID - ETHYL ACRYLATE COPOLYMER (1:1) TYPE A POLYSORBATE 80 SUCROSE TALC TITANIUM DIOXIDE TRIETHYL CITRATE FD&C BLUE NO. 1 D&C RED NO. 28 FD&C RED NO. 40 FD&C GREEN NO. 3 SHELLAC GELATIN, UNSPECIFIED PROPYLENE GLYCOL H;166 Lansoprazolestructure Lansoprazolefigure1 Lansoprazolefigure2 camber camber
Carcinogenesis and mutagenesis and impairment of fertility
Information about carcinogenic, mutagenic, or fertility impairment potential revealed by studies in animals. Information from human data about such potential is part of the warnings field.
13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility In two 24 month carcinogenicity studies, Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with oral lansoprazole doses of 5 to 150 mg/kg/day, about one to 40 times the exposure on a body surface (mg/m 2 ) basis of a 50 kg person of average height [1.46 m 2 body surface area (BSA)] given the recommended human dose of 30 mg/day. Lansoprazole produced dose-related gastric enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cell hyperplasia and ECL cell carcinoids in both male and female rats. It also increased the incidence of intestinal metaplasia of the gastric epithelium in both sexes. In male rats, lansoprazole produced a dose-related increase of testicular interstitial cell adenomas. The incidence of these adenomas in rats receiving doses of 15 to 150 mg/kg/day (four to 40 times the recommended human dose based on BSA) exceeded the low background incidence (range = 1.4 to 10%) for this strain of rat. In a 24 month carcinogenicity study, CD-1 mice were treated with oral lansoprazole doses of 15 to 600 mg/kg/day, two to 80 times the recommended human dose based on BSA. Lansoprazole produced a dose-related increased incidence of gastric ECL cell hyperplasia. It also produced an increased incidence of liver tumors (hepatocellular adenoma plus carcinoma). The tumor incidences in male mice treated with 300 and 600 mg/kg/day (40 to 80 times the recommended human dose based on BSA) and female mice treated with 150 to 600 mg/kg/day (20 to 80 times the recommended human dose based on BSA) exceeded the ranges of background incidences in historical controls for this strain of mice. Lansoprazole treatment produced adenoma of rete testis in male mice receiving 75 to 600 mg/kg/day (10 to 80 times the recommended human dose based on BSA). A 26 week p53 (+/-) transgenic mouse carcinogenicity study was not positive. Lansoprazole was positive in the Ames test and the in vitro human lymphocyte chromosomal aberration assay. Lansoprazole was not genotoxic in the ex vivo rat hepatocyte unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) test, the in vivo mouse micronucleus test, or the rat bone marrow cell chromosomal aberration test. Lansoprazole at oral doses up to 150 mg/kg/day (40 times the recommended human dose based on BSA) was found to have no effect on fertility and reproductive performance of male and female rats.
Nonclinical toxicology
Information about toxicology in non-human subjects.
13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY 13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility In two 24 month carcinogenicity studies, Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with oral lansoprazole doses of 5 to 150 mg/kg/day, about one to 40 times the exposure on a body surface (mg/m 2 ) basis of a 50 kg person of average height [1.46 m 2 body surface area (BSA)] given the recommended human dose of 30 mg/day. Lansoprazole produced dose-related gastric enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cell hyperplasia and ECL cell carcinoids in both male and female rats. It also increased the incidence of intestinal metaplasia of the gastric epithelium in both sexes. In male rats, lansoprazole produced a dose-related increase of testicular interstitial cell adenomas. The incidence of these adenomas in rats receiving doses of 15 to 150 mg/kg/day (four to 40 times the recommended human dose based on BSA) exceeded the low background incidence (range = 1.4 to 10%) for this strain of rat. In a 24 month carcinogenicity study, CD-1 mice were treated with oral lansoprazole doses of 15 to 600 mg/kg/day, two to 80 times the recommended human dose based on BSA. Lansoprazole produced a dose-related increased incidence of gastric ECL cell hyperplasia. It also produced an increased incidence of liver tumors (hepatocellular adenoma plus carcinoma). The tumor incidences in male mice treated with 300 and 600 mg/kg/day (40 to 80 times the recommended human dose based on BSA) and female mice treated with 150 to 600 mg/kg/day (20 to 80 times the recommended human dose based on BSA) exceeded the ranges of background incidences in historical controls for this strain of mice. Lansoprazole treatment produced adenoma of rete testis in male mice receiving 75 to 600 mg/kg/day (10 to 80 times the recommended human dose based on BSA). A 26 week p53 (+/-) transgenic mouse carcinogenicity study was not positive. Lansoprazole was positive in the Ames test and the in vitro human lymphocyte chromosomal aberration assay. Lansoprazole was not genotoxic in the ex vivo rat hepatocyte unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) test, the in vivo mouse micronucleus test, or the rat bone marrow cell chromosomal aberration test. Lansoprazole at oral doses up to 150 mg/kg/day (40 times the recommended human dose based on BSA) was found to have no effect on fertility and reproductive performance of male and female rats.
Package label principal display panel
The content of the principal display panel of the product package, usually including the product’s name, dosage forms, and other key information about the drug product.
Lansoprazole DR 15mg Capsule (OTC) Label
Recent major changes
A list of the section(s) that contain substantive changes that have been approved by FDA in the product labeling. The headings and subheadings, if appropriate, affected by the change are listed together with each section’s identifying number and the month and year on which the change was incorporated in the labeling.
Dosage and Administration Recommended Pediatric Dosage ( 2.2 ) 06/2018 Contraindications ( 4 ) 07/2017 Warnings and Precautions Interactions with Investigations for Neuroendocrine Tumors ( 5.8 ) 07/2017 Fundic Gland Polyps ( 5.11 ) 06/2018
Spl unclassified section
Information not classified as belonging to one of the other fields. Approximately 40% of labeling with effective_time between June 2009 and August 2014 have information in this field.
MEDICATION GUIDE Lansoprazole (lan-SOH-pra zohl) Delayed-Release Capsules, USP What is the most important information that I should know about lansoprazole delayed-release capsules? You should take lansoprazole delayed-release capsules exactly as prescribed, at the lowest dose possible and for the shortest time needed. Lansoprazole delayed-release capsules may help your acid-related symptoms, but you could still have serious stomach problems. Talk with your doctor. Lansoprazole delayed-release capsules can cause serious side effects, including: • A type of kidney problem (acute interstitial nephritis). Some people who take proton pump inhibitor (PPI) medicines, including lansoprazole delayed-release capsules, may develop a kidney problem called acute interstitial nephritis that can happen at any time during treatment with PPI medicines including lansoprazole delayed-release capsules. Call your doctor right away if you have a decrease in the amount that you urinate or if you have blood in your urine. • Diarrhea caused by an infection ( Clostridium difficile ) in your intestines. Call your doctor right away if you have watery stools or stomach pain that does not go away. You may or may not have a fever. • Bone fractures (hip, wrist, or spine). Bone fractures in the hip, wrist, or spine may happen in people who take multiple daily doses of PPI medicines and for a long period of time (a year or longer). Tell your doctor if you have a bone fracture, especially in the hip, wrist, or spine. • Certain types of lupus erythematosus. Lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disorder (the body's immune cells attack other cells or organs in the body). Some people who take PPI medicines, including lansoprazole delayed-release capsules, may develop certain types of lupus erythematosus or have worsening of the lupus they already have. Call your doctor right away if you have new or worsening joint pain or a rash on your cheeks or arms that gets worse in the sun. Talk to your doctor about your risk of these serious side effects. Lansoprazole delayed-release capsules can have other serious side effects. See "What are the possible side effects of lansoprazole delayed-release capsules?" What are lansoprazole delayed-release capsules? A prescription medicine called a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) used to reduce the amount of acid in your stomach. In adults, lansoprazole delayed-release capsules are used for: • 4 weeks for the healing and symptom relief of duodenal ulcers. • 10 to 14 days with certain antibiotics to treat an infection caused by bacteria called H. pylori . • maintaining healing of duodenal ulcers. Lansoprazole delayed-release capsules have not been studied beyond 12 months for this purpose. • up to 8 weeks for the healing and symptom relief of stomach ulcers. • up to 8 weeks for the healing of stomach ulcers in people taking pain medicines called non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Lansoprazole delayed-release capsules have not been studied beyond 8 weeks for this purpose. • reducing the risk of stomach ulcers in people who are at risk of developing stomach ulcers with NSAIDs. Lansoprazole delayed-release capsules have not been studied beyond 12 weeks for this purpose. • up to 8 weeks to treat heartburn and other symptoms that happen with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). GERD happens when acid in your stomach backs up into the tube (esophagus) that connects your mouth to your stomach. This may cause a burning feeling in your chest or throat, sour taste or burping. • up to 8 weeks for the healing and symptom relief of acid-related damage to the lining of the esophagus (called erosive esophagitis or EE). Your doctor may prescribe another 8 to 16 weeks of lansoprazole delayed-release capsules for patients whose EE does not improve or whose symptoms return. • maintaining healing of EE. Lansoprazole delayed-release capsules have not been studied beyond 12 months for this purpose. • the long-term treatment of conditions where your stomach makes too much acid. This includes a rare condition called Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Pediatrics: Give lansoprazole delayed-release capsules exactly as prescribed by your child's doctor. Do not increase the dose of lansoprazole delayed-release capsules or give your child lansoprazole delayed-release capsules longer than the amount of time your doctor tells you to. In children 1 to 11 years of age, lansoprazole delayed-release capsules are used for: • up to 12 weeks to treat heartburn and other symptoms that can happen with GERD. • up to 12 weeks for the healing and symptom relief of EE. In children 12 to 17 years of age, lansoprazole delayed-release capsules are used for: • up to 8 weeks to treat heartburn and other symptoms that can happen with GERD. • up to 8 weeks for the healing and symptom relief of EE. Lansoprazole delayed-release capsules are not effective for treating the symptoms of GERD in children less than 1 year of age. Do not take lansoprazole delayed-release capsules if you are: • allergic to lansoprazole, any other PPI medicine, or any of the ingredients in lansoprazole delayed-release capsules. See the end of this Medication Guide for a complete list of ingredients. • taking a medicine that contains rilpivirine (EDURANT, COMPLERA, ODEFSEY) used to treat HIV-1 (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). Before you take lansoprazole delayed-release capsules, tell your doctor about all of your medical conditions, including if you: • have low magnesium levels in your blood. • have liver problems . • are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. Lansoprazole delayed-release capsules may harm your unborn baby. Talk to your doctor about the possible risks to an unborn baby if lansoprazole delayed-release capsules are taken during pregnancy. • are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed. It is not known if lansoprazole passes into your breast milk. Talk to your doctor about the best way to feed your baby if you take lansoprazole delayed-release capsules. Tell your doctor about all the medicines you take, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements. Especially tell your doctor if you take methotrexate (OTREXUP, RASUVO, TREXALL). How should I take lansoprazole delayed-release capsules? • Take lansoprazole delayed-release capsules exactly as prescribed by your doctor. • Do not change your dose or stop taking lansoprazole delayed-release capsules without talking to your doctor. • Take lansoprazole delayed-release capsules before meals. Lansoprazole Delayed-Release Capsules: o Swallow lansoprazole delayed-release capsules whole. o Do not crush or chew lansoprazole delayed-release capsules. o If you have trouble swallowing a whole capsule, you can open the capsule and take the contents with certain foods or juices. See the "Instructions for Use" at the end of this Medication Guide for instructions on how to take lansoprazole delayed-release capsules with certain foods or juices. o See the "Instructions for Use" at the end of this Medication Guide for instructions on how to mix and give lansoprazole delayed-release capsules through a nasogastric tube. (NG tube) • If you miss a dose of lansoprazole delayed-release capsules, take it as soon as you remember. If it is almost time for your next dose, do not take the missed dose. Take your next dose at your regular time. Do not take 2 doses at the same time. • If you take too much lansoprazole delayed-release capsules, call your doctor or your poison control center at 1-800-222-1222 right away or go to the nearest hospital emergency room. What are the possible side effects of lansoprazole delayed-release capsules? Lansoprazole delayed-release capsules can cause serious side effects, including: • See "What is the most important information that I should know about lansoprazole delayed-release capsules?" • Low vitamin B12 levels in the body can happen in people who have taken lansoprazole delayed-release capsules for a long time (more than 3 years). Tell your doctor if you have symptoms of low vitamin B12 levels, including shortness of breath, lightheadedness, irregular heartbeat, muscle weakness, pale skin, feeling tired, mood changes, and tingling or numbness in the arms and legs. • Low magnesium levels in the body can happen in people who have taken lansoprazole delayed-release capsules for at least 3 months. Tell your doctor if you have symptoms of low magnesium levels, including seizures, dizziness, irregular heartbeat, jitteriness, muscle aches or weakness, and spasms of hands, feet or voice. • Stomach growths (fundic gland polyps). People who take PPI medicines for a long time have an increased risk of developing a certain type of stomach growth called fundic gland polyps, especially after taking PPI medicines for more than 1 year. The most common side effects of lansoprazole delayed-release capsules include: diarrhea, stomach-area (abdomen) pain, nausea and constipation. These are not all the possible side effects of lansoprazole delayed-release capsules. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088. How should I store lansoprazole delayed-release capsules? • Store lansoprazole delayed-release capsules at room temperature between 68°F to 77°F (20°C to 25°C). Keep lansoprazole delayed-release capsules and all medicines out of the reach of children. General information about the safe and effective use of lansoprazole delayed-release capsules Medicines are sometimes prescribed for conditions other than those listed in a Medication Guide. Do not use lansoprazole delayed-release capsules for conditions for which it was not prescribed. Do not give lansoprazole delayed-release capsules to other people, even if they have the same symptoms that you have. It may harm them. You can ask your doctor or pharmacist for information about lansoprazole delayed-release capsules that is written for health professionals. What are the ingredients in lansoprazole delayed-release capsules? Active ingredient: lansoprazole USP. Inactive ingredients in lansoprazole delayed-release capsules: colloidal silicon dioxide, corn starch, hydroxypropyl cellulose, low substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose, magnesium carbonate, methacrylic acid copolymer dispersion, polysorbate 80, sucrose, sugar spheres (contains sucrose and starch (maize)), talc, titanium dioxide and triethyl citrate. The hard gelatin capsule shell consists of gelatin, FD&C Blue No. 1, D&C Red No. 28, FD&C Red No. 40 and titanium dioxide. In addition 15 mg capsule contains FD&C Green No. 3. The imprinting ink contains polysorbate 80, propylene glycol, shellac and titanium dioxide. For more information, call 1-866-495-1995. This Medication Guide has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Revised: 05/2020
Information necessary for patients to use the drug safely and effectively, such as precautions concerning driving or the concomitant use of other substances that may have harmful additive effects.
17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Medication Guide and Instructions for Use). Advise patients to: Acute Interstitial Nephritis To call their healthcare provider if they experience signs and/or symptoms associated with acute interstitial nephritis [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2) ] . Clostridium difficile -Associated Diarrhea To immediately call their healthcare provider if they experience diarrhea that does not improve [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3 )] . Bone Fracture To report any fractures, especially of the hip, wrist or spine, to their healthcare provider [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.4 )] . Cutaneous and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus To immediately call their healthcare provider for any new or worsening of symptoms associated with cutaneous or systemic lupus erythematosus [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.5 )] . Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12) Deficiency To report any clinical symptoms that may be associated with cyanocobalamin deficiency to their healthcare provider, if they have been receiving lansoprazole for longer than three years [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.6 )] . Hypomagnesemia To report any clinical symptoms that may be associated with hypomagnesemia to their healthcare provider, if they have been receiving lansoprazole for at least three months [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.7 )] . Drug Interactions Advise patients to report to their healthcare provider if they are taking rilpivirine-containing products [see Contraindications ( 4 )] or high-dose methotrexate [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.9 )] . Pregnancy Advise a pregnant woman of the potential risk to a fetus. Advise females of reproductive potential to inform their healthcare provider of a known or suspected pregnancy [see Use in Specific Populations ( 8.1 )]. Administration • Missed doses: If a dose is missed, administer as soon as possible. However, if the next scheduled dose is due, do not take the missed dose, and take the next dose on time. Do not take two doses at one time to make up for a missed dose. • Lansoprazole delayed-release capsules should be taken before eating. • Do not crush or chew lansoprazole delayed-release capsules. • Take lansoprazole delayed-release capsules at least 30 minutes prior to sucralfate. Lansoprazole Delayed-Release Capsules • Swallow whole; do not chew. • For patients who have difficulty swallowing capsules: o Lansoprazole delayed-release capsules can be opened and sprinkled on applesauce, ENSURE pudding, cottage cheese, yogurt or strained pears o Lansoprazole delayed-release capsules may also be emptied into a small volume of either apple juice, orange juice or tomato juice o Alternatively, lansoprazole delayed-release capsules can be administered with apple juice via nasogastric tube o See the Instructions for Use for a description of all preparation and administration instructions Manufactured for: Camber Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Piscataway, NJ 08854 By: HETERO TM HETERO LABS LIMITED Jeedimetla, Hyderabad - 500 055, India Revised: 05/2020
Instructions for use
Information about safe handling and use of the drug product.
Instructions for Use Lansoprazole (lan-SOH-pra zohl) Delayed-Release Capsules, USP Important: • Take lansoprazole delayed-release capsules before meals. • Do not crush or chew lansoprazole delayed-release capsules. • Lansoprazole delayed-release capsules should only be used with the foods and juices listed below. Lansoprazole Delayed-Release Capsules Taking lansoprazole delayed-release capsules with certain foods: You can only use applesauce, ENSURE pudding, cottage cheese, yogurt or strained pears. 1 Open the capsule. 2 Sprinkle the granules on 1 tablespoon of applesauce, ENSURE pudding, cottage cheese, yogurt or strained pears. 3 Swallow right away. Taking lansoprazole delayed-release capsules with certain juices: You can only use apple juice, orange juice or tomato juice. 1 Open the capsule. 2 Sprinkle the granules into 60 mL (about ¼ cup) of apple juice, orange juice or tomato juice. 3 Stir. 4 Swallow right away. 5 To make sure that the entire dose is taken, add 1/2 cup or more of juice to the glass, stir and swallow right away. Giving lansoprazole delayed-release capsules through a nasogastric tube (NG tube) size 16 French or larger: You can only use apple juice. 1. Place 40 mL of apple juice into a clean container. 2. Open the capsule and empty the granules into the container of apple juice. 3. Use a catheter-tip syringe to draw up the apple juice and granule mixture. 4. Gently mix the catheter-tip syringe to keep the granules from settling. 5. Attach the catheter-tip syringe to the NG tube. 6. Give the mixture right away through the NG tube that goes into the stomach. Do not save the apple juice and granule mixture for later use. 7. Refill the catheter-tip syringe with 40 mL of apple juice and mix gently. Flush the NG tube with apple juice. How should I store lansoprazole delayed-release capsules? • Store lansoprazole delayed-release capsules at room temperature between 68°F to 77°F (20°C to 25°C). Keep lansoprazole delayed-release capsules and all medicines out of the reach of children. This Instructions for Use has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. All brand names listed are the registered trademarks of their respective owners and are not trademarks of Hetero Labs Limited. Medication Guide available at http://camberpharma.com/medication-guides Manufactured for: Camber Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Piscataway, NJ 08854 By: HETERO TM Hetero Labs Limited Jeedimetla, Hyderabad - 500 055, India Revised: 05/2020
Clinical studies
This field may contain references to clinical studies in place of detailed discussion in other sections of the labeling.
14 CLINICAL STUDIES 14.1 Duodenal Ulcer In a U.S. multi-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response (15, 30, and 60 mg of lansoprazole once daily) study of 284 patients with endoscopically documented duodenal ulcer, the percentage of patients healed after two and four weeks was significantly higher with all doses of lansoprazole than with placebo. There was no evidence of a greater or earlier response with the two higher doses compared with lansoprazole 15 mg. Based on this study and the second study described below, the recommended dose of lansoprazole in duodenal ulcer is 15 mg per day ( Table 9 ). Table 9 . Duodenal Ulcer Healing Rates Week Lansoprazole Placebo (N=72) 15 mg daily (N=68) 30 mg daily (N=74) 60 mg daily (N=70) 2 42.4% * 35.6% * 39.1% * 11.3% 4 89.4% * 91.7% * 89.9% * 46.1% * (p≤0.001) vs placebo. Lansoprazole 15 mg was significantly more effective than placebo in relieving day and nighttime abdominal pain and in decreasing the amount of antacid taken per day. In a second U.S. multi-center study, also double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose- comparison (15 and 30 mg of lansoprazole once daily), and including a comparison with ranitidine, in 280 patients with endoscopically documented duodenal ulcer, the percentage of patients healed after four weeks was significantly higher with both doses of lansoprazole than with placebo. There was no evidence of a greater or earlier response with the higher dose of lansoprazole. Although the 15 mg dose of lansoprazole was superior to ranitidine at four weeks, the lack of significant difference at two weeks and the absence of a difference between 30 mg of lansoprazole and ranitidine leaves the comparative effectiveness of the two agents undetermined ( Table 10 ) [see Indications and Usage ( 1.1 )] . Table 10. Duodenal Ulcer Healing Rates Week Lansoprazole Ranitidine Placebo (N=41) 15 mg daily (N=80) 30 mg daily (N=77) 300 mg h.s (N=82) 2 35.0% 44.2% 30.5% 34.2% 4 92.3% * 80.3% † 70.5% † 47.5% * (p ≤ 0.05) vs placebo and ranitidine. † (p ≤ 0.05) vs placebo 14.2 Eradication of H. pylori to Reduce the Risk of Duodenal Ulcer Recurrence Randomized, double-blind clinical studies performed in the U.S. in patients with H. pylori and duodenal ulcer disease (defined as an active ulcer or history of an ulcer within one year) evaluated the efficacy of lansoprazole in combination with amoxicillin and clarithromycin as triple 14 day therapy or in combination with amoxicillin as dual 14 day therapy for the eradication of H. pylori . Based on the results of these studies, the safety and efficacy of two different eradication regimens were established: Triple therapy: Lansoprazole 30 mg twice daily/amoxicillin 1 g twice daily/clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily Dual therapy: Lansoprazole 30 mg three times daily/amoxicillin 1 g three times daily All treatments were for 14 days. H. pylori eradication was defined as two negative tests (culture and histology) at four to six weeks following the end of treatment. Triple therapy was shown to be more effective than all possible dual therapy combinations. Dual therapy was shown to be more effective than both monotherapies. Eradication of H. pylori has been shown to reduce the risk of duodenal ulcer recurrence. A randomized, double-blind clinical study performed in the U.S. in patients with H. pylori and duodenal ulcer disease (defined as an active ulcer or history of an ulcer within one year) compared the efficacy of lansoprazole triple therapy for 10 and 14 days. This study established that the 10 day triple therapy was equivalent to the 14 day triple therapy in eradicating H. pylori ( Tables 11 and 12 ) [see Indications and Usage ( 1.2 )] . Based on evaluable patients with confirmed duodenal ulcer (active or within one year) and H. pylori infection at baseline defined as at least two of three positive endoscopic tests from CLOtest, histology and/or culture. Patients were included in the analysis if they completed the study. Additionally, if patients dropped out of the study due to an adverse event related to the study drug, they were included in the evaluable analysis as failures of therapy. Table 11. H. pylori Eradication Rates - Triple Therapy (Lansoprazole/amoxicillin/clarithromycin) Percent of Patients Cured [95% Confidence Interval] (Number of patients) Study Duration Triple Therapy Evaluable Analysis * Triple Therapy Intent-to-Treat Analysis † M93-131 14 days 92 ‡ [80.0-97.7] (N=48) 86 ‡ [73.3-93.5] (N=55) M95-392 14 days 86 § [75.7-93.6] (N=66) 83 § [72.0-90.8] (N=70) M95-399 ¶ 14 days 85 [77-91.0] (N=113) 82 [73.9-88.1] (N=126) 10 days 84 [76.0-89.8] (N=123) 81 [73.9-87.6] (N=135) * Based on evaluable patients with confirmed duodenal ulcer (active or within one year) and H. pylori infection at baseline defined as at least two of three positive endoscopic tests from CLOtest, histology and/or culture. Patients were included in the analysis if they completed the study. Additionally, if patients dropped out of the study due to an adverse event related to the study drug, they were included in the analysis as failures of therapy. † Patients were included in the analysis if they had documented H. pylori infection at baseline as defined above and had a confirmed duodenal ulcer (active or within one year). All dropouts were included as failures of therapy. ‡ (p<0.05) vs lansoprazole/amoxicillin and lansoprazole/clarithromycin dual therapy. § (p<0.05) vs clarithromycin/amoxicillin dual therapy. ¶ The 95% confidence interval for the difference in eradication rates, 10 day minus 14 day is (-10.5, 8.1) in the evaluable analysis and (-9.7, 9.1) in the intent-to-treat analysis. Table 12. H. pylori Eradication Rates - 14 Day Dual Therapy (Lansoprazole/amoxicillin) Percent of Patients Cured [95% Confidence Interval] (Number of patients) Study Dual Therapy Evaluable Analysis * Dual Therapy Intent-to-Treat Analysis † M93-131 77 ‡ [62.5-87.2] (N=51) 70 ‡ [56.8-81.2] (N=60) M93-125 66 § [51.9-77.5] (N=58) 61 § [48.5-72.9] (N=67) * Based on evaluable patients with confirmed duodenal ulcer (active or within one year) and H. pylori infection at baseline defined as at least two of three positive endoscopic tests from CLOtest, histology and/or culture. Patients were included in the analysis if they completed the study. Additionally, if patients dropped out of the study due to an adverse event related to the study drug, they were included in the analysis as failures of therapy. † Patients were included in the analysis if they had documented H. pylori infection at baseline as defined above and had a confirmed duodenal ulcer (active or within one year). All dropouts were included as failures of therapy. ‡ (p<0.05) vs lansoprazole alone. § (p<0.05) vs lansoprazole alone or amoxicillin alone. 14.3 Maintenance of Healed Duodenal Ulcers Lansoprazole has been shown to prevent the recurrence of duodenal ulcers. Two independent, double-blind, multi-center, controlled trials were conducted in patients with endoscopically confirmed healed duodenal ulcers. Patients remained healed significantly longer and the number of recurrences of duodenal ulcers was significantly less in patients treated with lansoprazole than in patients treated with placebo over a 12 month period ( Table 13 ) [see Indications and Usage ( 1.3 )] . Table 13. Endoscopic Remission Rates Trial Drug No. of Pts. Percent in Endoscopic Remission 0-3 mo. 0-6 mo. 0-12 mo. #1 Lansoprazole 15 mg daily 86 90% * 87% * 84% * Placebo 83 49% 41% 39% #2 Lansoprazole 30 mg daily 18 94% * 94% * 85% * Lansoprazole 15 mg daily 15 87% * 79% * 70% * Placebo 15 33% 0% 0% %=Life Table Estimate *(p≤0.001) vs placebo. In trial #2, no significant difference was noted between lansoprazole 15 and 30 mg in maintaining remission. 14.4 Gastric Ulcer In a U.S. multi-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 253 patients with endoscopically documented gastric ulcer, the percentage of patients healed at four and eight weeks was significantly higher with lansoprazole 15 and 30 mg once a day than with placebo (Table 14) [see Indications and Usage ( 1.4 )] . Table 14. Gastric Ulcer Healing Rates Week Lansoprazole Placebo (N=64) 15 mg daily (N=65) 30 mg daily (N=63) 60 mg daily (N=61) 4 64.6% * 58.1% * 53.3% * 37.5% 8 92.2% * 96.8% * 93.2% * 76.7% *(p≤0.05) vs placebo. Patients treated with any lansoprazole dose reported significantly less day and night abdominal pain along with fewer days of antacid use and fewer antacid tablets used per day than the placebo group. Independent substantiation of the effectiveness of lansoprazole 30 mg was provided by a meta-analysis of published and unpublished data. 14.5 Healing of NSAID-Associated Gastric Ulcer In two U.S. and Canadian multi-center, double-blind, active-controlled studies in patients with endoscopically confirmed NSAID-associated gastric ulcer who continued their NSAID use, the percentage of patients healed after eight weeks was statistically significantly higher with 30 mg of lansoprazole than with the active control. A total of 711 patients were enrolled in the study, and 701 patients were treated. Patients ranged in age from 18 to 88 years (median age 59 years), with 67% female patients and 33% male patients. Race was distributed as follows: 87% Caucasian, 8% Black, 5% Other. There was no statistically significant difference between lansoprazole 30 mg daily and the active control on symptom relief (i.e., abdominal pain) ( Table 15 ) [see Indications and Usage ( 1.5 )] . Table 15. NSAID-Associated Gastric Ulcer Healing Rates * Study #1 Lansoprazole 30 mg daily Active Control † Week 4 60% (53/88) ‡ 28% (23/83) Week 8 79% (62/79) ‡ 55% (41/74) Study #2 Lansoprazole 30 mg daily Active Control † Week 4 53% (40/75) 38% (31/82) Week 8 77% (47/61) ‡ 50% (33/66) * Actual observed ulcer(s) healed at time points ± 2 days † Dose for healing of gastric ulcer. ‡ (p≤0.05) vs the active control. 14.6 Risk Reduction of NSAID-Associated Gastric Ulcer In one large U.S., multi-center, double-blind, placebo- and misoprostol-controlled (misoprostol blinded only to the endoscopist) study in patients who required chronic use of an NSAID and who had a history of an endoscopically documented gastric ulcer, the proportion of patients remaining free from gastric ulcer at four, eight, and 12 weeks was significantly higher with 15 or 30 mg of lansoprazole than placebo. A total of 537 patients were enrolled in the study, and 535 patients were treated. Patients ranged in age from 23 to 89 years (median age 60 years), with 65% female patients and 35% male patients. Race was distributed as follows: 90% Caucasian, 6% Black, 4% Other. The 30 mg dose of lansoprazole demonstrated no additional benefit in risk reduction of the NSAID-associated gastric ulcer than the 15 mg dose (Table 16) [see Indications and Usage ( 1.6 )] . Table 16. Proportion of Patients Remaining Free of Gastric Ulcers * Week Lansoprazole 15 mg daily (N=121) Lansoprazole 30 mg daily (N=116) Misoprostol 200 mcg four times daily (N=106) Placebo (N=112) 4 90% 92% 96% 66% 8 86% 88% 95% 60% 12 80% 82% 93% 51% *% = Life Table Estimate (p<0.001) Lansoprazole 15 mg daily vs placebo; lansoprazole 30 mg daily vs placebo; and misoprostol 200 mcg four times daily vs placebo. (p<0.05) Misoprostol 200 mcg four times daily vs lansoprazole 15 mg daily; and misoprostol 200 mcg four times daily vs lansoprazole 30 mg daily. 14.7 Symptomatic Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Symptomatic GERD: In a U.S. multi-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 214 patients with frequent GERD symptoms, but no esophageal erosions by endoscopy, significantly greater relief of heartburn associated with GERD was observed with the administration of lansoprazole 15 mg once daily up to eight weeks than with placebo. No significant additional benefit from lansoprazole 30 mg once daily was observed. The intent-to-treat analyses demonstrated significant reduction in frequency and severity of day and night heartburn. Data for frequency and severity for the eight week treatment period are presented in Table 17 and in Figures 1 and 2 : Table 17. Frequency of Heartburn Variable Placebo (n=43) Lansoprazole 15 mg (n=80) Lansoprazole 30 mg (n=86) Median % of Days without Heartburn Week 1 0% 71% * 46% * Week 4 11% 81% * 76% * Week 8 13% 84% * 82% * % of Nights without Heartburn Week 1 17% 86% * 57% * Week 4 25% 89% * 73% * Week 8 36% 92% * 80% * *(p<0.01) vs placebo Figure 1 Figure 2 In two U.S., multi-center double-blind, ranitidine-controlled studies of 925 total patients with frequent GERD symptoms, but no esophageal erosions by endoscopy, lansoprazole 15 mg was superior to ranitidine 150 mg (twice daily) in decreasing the frequency and severity of day and night heartburn associated with GERD for the eight week treatment period. No significant additional benefit from lansoprazole 30 mg once daily was observed [see Indications and Usage ( 1.7 )] . 14.8 Erosive Esophagitis In a U.S. multi-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 269 patients entering with an endoscopic diagnosis of esophagitis with mucosal grading of two or more and grades three and four signifying erosive disease, the percentages of patients with healing are presented in Table 18 : Table 18. Erosive Esophagitis Healing Rates Week Lansoprazole Placebo (N=63) 15 mg daily (N=69) 30 mg daily (N=65) 60 mg daily (N=72) 4 67.6% * 81.3% *† 80.6% *† 32.8% 6 87.7% * 95.4% * 94.3% * 52.5% 8 90.9% * 95.4% * 94.4% * 52.5% *(p≤0.001) vs placebo. †(p≤0.05) vs lansoprazole 15 mg. In this study, all lansoprazole groups reported significantly greater relief of heartburn and less day and night abdominal pain along with fewer days of antacid use and fewer antacid tablets taken per day than the placebo group. Although all doses were effective, the earlier healing in the higher two doses suggests 30 mg daily as the recommended dose. Lansoprazole was also compared in a U.S. multi-center, double-blind study to a low dose of ranitidine in 242 patients with erosive reflux esophagitis. Lansoprazole at a dose of 30 mg was significantly more effective than ranitidine 150 mg twice daily as shown below ( Table 19 ). Table 19. Erosive Esophagitis Healing Rates Week Lansoprazole 30 mg daily (N=115) Ranitidine 150 mg twice daily (N=127) 2 66.7% * 38.7% 4 82.5% * 52.0% 6 93.0% * 67.8% 8 92.1% * 69.9% *(p≤0.001) vs ranitidine. In addition, patients treated with lansoprazole reported less day and nighttime heartburn and took less antacid tablets for fewer days than patients taking ranitidine 150 mg twice daily. Although this study demonstrates effectiveness of lansoprazole in healing erosive esophagitis, it does not represent an adequate comparison with ranitidine because the recommended ranitidine dose for esophagitis is 150 mg four times daily, twice the dose used in this study. In the two trials described and in several smaller studies involving patients with moderate to severe erosive esophagitis, lansoprazole produced healing rates similar to those shown above. In a U.S. multi-center, double-blind, active-controlled study, 30 mg of lansoprazole was compared with ranitidine 150 mg twice daily in 151 patients with erosive reflux esophagitis that was poorly responsive to a minimum of 12 weeks of treatment with at least one H2-receptor antagonist given at the dose indicated for symptom relief or greater, namely, cimetidine 800 mg/day, ranitidine 300 mg/day, famotidine 40 mg/day or nizatidine 300 mg/day. Lansoprazole 30 mg was more effective than ranitidine 150 mg twice daily in healing reflux esophagitis, and the percentage of patients with healing were as follows. This study does not constitute a comparison of the effectiveness of histamine H2-receptor antagonists with lansoprazole, as all patients had demonstrated unresponsiveness to the histamine H2-receptor antagonist mode of treatment. It does indicate, however, that lansoprazole may be useful in patients failing on a histamine H2-receptor antagonist ( Table 20 ) [see Indications and Usage ( 1.7 )] . Table 20. Reflux Esophagitis Healing Rates in Patients Poorly Responsive to Histamine H 2 -Receptor Antagonist Therapy Week Lansoprazole 30 mg daily (N=100) Ranitidine 150 mg twice daily (N=51) 4 74.7% * 42.6% 8 83.7% * 32.0% *(p≤0.001) vs ranitidine. 14.9 Maintenance of Healing of Erosive Esophagitis Two independent, double-blind, multi-center, controlled trials were conducted in patients with endoscopically confirmed healed esophagitis. Patients remained in remission significantly longer and the number of recurrences of erosive esophagitis was significantly less in patients treated with lansoprazole than in patients treated with placebo over a 12 month period ( Table 21 ). Table 21. Endoscopic Remission Rates Percent in Endoscopic Remission Trial Drug No. of Pts. 0-3 mo. 0-6 mo. 0-12 mo. #1 Lansoprazole 15 mg daily 59 83%* 81%* 79% ⃰ Lansoprazole 30 mg daily 56 93%* 93%* 90%* Placebo 55 31% 27% 24% #2 Lansoprazole 15 mg daily 50 74%* 72%* 67%* Lansoprazole 30 mg daily 49 75%* 72%* 55%* Placebo 47 16% 13% 13% %=Life Table Estimate *(p≤0.001) vs placebo. Regardless of initial grade of erosive esophagitis, lansoprazole 15 and 30 mg were similar in maintaining remission. In a U.S., randomized, double-blind study, lansoprazole 15 mg daily (n = 100) was compared with ranitidine 150 mg twice daily (n = 106), at the recommended dosage, in patients with endoscopically-proven healed erosive esophagitis over a 12 month period. Treatment with lansoprazole resulted in patients remaining healed (Grade 0 lesions) of erosive esophagitis for significantly longer periods of time than those treated with ranitidine (p<0.001). In addition, lansoprazole was significantly more effective than ranitidine in providing complete relief of both daytime and nighttime heartburn. Patients treated with lansoprazole remained asymptomatic for a significantly longer period of time than patients treated with ranitidine [see Indications and Usage ( 1.9 )] . 14.10 Pathological Hypersecretory Conditions Including Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome In open studies of 57 patients with pathological hypersecretory conditions, such as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) with or without multiple endocrine adenomas, lansoprazole significantly inhibited gastric acid secretion and controlled associated symptoms of diarrhea, anorexia and pain. Doses ranging from 15 mg every other day to 180 mg per day maintained basal acid secretion below 10 mEq/hr in patients without prior gastric surgery and below 5 mEq/hr in patients with prior gastric surgery. Initial doses were titrated to the individual patient need, and adjustments were necessary with time in some patients [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.1 )] . Lansoprazole was well tolerated at these high dose levels for prolonged periods (greater than four years in some patients). In most ZES patients, serum gastrin levels were not modified by lansoprazole. However, in some patients, serum gastrin increased to levels greater than those present prior to initiation of lansoprazole therapy [see Indications and Usage ( 1.10 )] .
| Table 9. Duodenal Ulcer Healing Rates |
| Week | Lansoprazole | Placebo (N=72) |
| 15 mg daily (N=68) | 30 mg daily (N=74) | 60 mg daily (N=70) |
| 2 | 42.4%* | 35.6%* | 39.1%* | 11.3% |
| 4 | 89.4%* | 91.7%* | 89.9%* | 46.1% |
| Table 10. Duodenal Ulcer Healing Rates |
| Week | Lansoprazole | Ranitidine | Placebo (N=41) |
| 15 mg daily (N=80) | 30 mg daily (N=77) | 300 mg h.s (N=82) |
| 2 | 35.0% | 44.2% | 30.5% | 34.2% |
| 4 | 92.3%* | 80.3%† | 70.5%† | 47.5% |
| Table 11. H. pylori Eradication Rates - Triple Therapy (Lansoprazole/amoxicillin/clarithromycin) Percent of Patients Cured [95% Confidence Interval] (Number of patients) |
| Study | Duration | Triple Therapy Evaluable Analysis* | Triple Therapy Intent-to-Treat Analysis† |
| M93-131 | 14 days | 92‡ [80.0-97.7] (N=48) | 86‡ [73.3-93.5] (N=55) |
| M95-392 | 14 days | 86§ [75.7-93.6] (N=66) | 83§ [72.0-90.8] (N=70) |
| M95-399¶ | 14 days | 85 [77-91.0] (N=113) | 82 [73.9-88.1] (N=126) |
| 10 days | 84 [76.0-89.8] (N=123) | 81 [73.9-87.6] (N=135) |
| Table 12. H. pylori Eradication Rates - 14 Day Dual Therapy (Lansoprazole/amoxicillin) Percent of Patients Cured [95% Confidence Interval] (Number of patients) |
| Study | Dual Therapy Evaluable Analysis* | Dual Therapy Intent-to-Treat Analysis† |
| M93-131 | 77‡[62.5-87.2] (N=51) | 70‡[56.8-81.2] (N=60) |
| M93-125 | 66§[51.9-77.5] (N=58) | 61§[48.5-72.9] (N=67) |
| Table 13. Endoscopic Remission Rates |
| Trial | Drug | No. of Pts. | Percent in Endoscopic Remission |
| 0-3 mo. | 0-6 mo. | 0-12 mo. |
| #1 | Lansoprazole 15 mg daily | 86 | 90% * | 87%* | 84%* |
| Placebo | 83 | 49% | 41% | 39% |
| #2 | Lansoprazole 30 mg daily | 18 | 94%* | 94%* | 85%* |
| Lansoprazole 15 mg daily | 15 | 87%* | 79%* | 70%* |
| Placebo | 15 | 33% | 0% | 0% |
| Table 14. Gastric Ulcer Healing Rates |
| Week | Lansoprazole | Placebo (N=64) |
| 15 mg daily (N=65) | 30 mg daily (N=63) | 60 mg daily (N=61) |
| 4 | 64.6%* | 58.1%* | 53.3%* | 37.5% |
| 8 | 92.2%* | 96.8%* | 93.2%* | 76.7% |
| Table 15. NSAID-Associated Gastric Ulcer Healing Rates* |
| Study #1 |
| Lansoprazole 30 mg daily | Active Control† |
| Week 4 | 60% (53/88)‡ | 28% (23/83) |
| Week 8 | 79% (62/79)‡ | 55% (41/74) |
| Study #2 |
| | Lansoprazole 30 mg daily | Active Control† |
| Week 4 | 53% (40/75) | 38% (31/82) |
| Week 8 | 77% (47/61) ‡ | 50% (33/66) |
| Table 16. Proportion of Patients Remaining Free of Gastric Ulcers* |
| Week | Lansoprazole 15 mg daily (N=121) | Lansoprazole 30 mg daily (N=116) | Misoprostol 200 mcg four times daily (N=106) | Placebo (N=112) |
| 4 | 90% | 92% | 96% | 66% |
| 8 | 86% | 88% | 95% | 60% |
| 12 | 80% | 82% | 93% | 51% |
| Table 17. Frequency of Heartburn |
| Variable | Placebo (n=43) | Lansoprazole 15 mg (n=80) | Lansoprazole 30 mg (n=86) |
| Median |
| % of Days without Heartburn | |
| Week 1 | 0% | 71%* | 46%* |
| Week 4 | 11% | 81%* | 76%* |
| Week 8 | 13% | 84%* | 82%* |
| % of Nights without Heartburn | |
| Week 1 | 17% | 86%* | 57%* |
| Week 4 | 25% | 89%* | 73%* |
| Week 8 | 36% | 92%* | 80%* |
| Table 18. Erosive Esophagitis Healing Rates |
| Week | Lansoprazole | Placebo (N=63) |
| 15 mg daily (N=69) | 30 mg daily (N=65) | 60 mg daily (N=72) |
| 4 | 67.6%* | 81.3% *† | 80.6%*† | 32.8% |
| 6 | 87.7%* | 95.4%* | 94.3%* | 52.5% |
| 8 | 90.9%* | 95.4%* | 94.4%* | 52.5% |
| Table 19. Erosive Esophagitis Healing Rates |
| Week | Lansoprazole 30 mg daily (N=115) | Ranitidine 150 mg twice daily (N=127) |
| 2 | 66.7%* | 38.7% |
| 4 | 82.5%* | 52.0% |
| 6 | 93.0%* | 67.8% |
| 8 | 92.1%* | 69.9% |
| Table 20. Reflux Esophagitis Healing Rates in Patients Poorly Responsive to Histamine H2-Receptor Antagonist Therapy |
| Week | Lansoprazole 30 mg daily (N=100) | Ranitidine 150 mg twice daily (N=51) |
| 4 | 74.7%* | 42.6% |
| 8 | 83.7%* | 32.0% |
| Table 21. Endoscopic Remission Rates |
| | | Percent in Endoscopic Remission |
| Trial | Drug | No. of Pts. | 0-3 mo. | 0-6 mo. | 0-12 mo. |
| #1 | Lansoprazole 15 mg daily | 59 | 83%* | 81%* | 79% ⃰ |
| Lansoprazole 30 mg daily | 56 | 93%* | 93%* | 90%* |
| Placebo | 55 | 31% | 27% | 24% |
| #2 | Lansoprazole 15 mg daily | 50 | 74%* | 72%* | 67%* |
| Lansoprazole 30 mg daily | 49 | 75%* | 72%* | 55%* |
| Placebo | 47 | 16% | 13% | 13% |
Geriatric use
Information about any limitations on any geriatric indications, needs for specific monitoring, hazards associated with use of the drug in the geriatric population.
8.5 Geriatric Use Of the total number of patients (n=21,486) in clinical studies of lansoprazole, 16% of patients were aged 65 years and over, while 4% were 75 years and over. No overall differences in safety or effectiveness were observed between these patients and younger patients and other reported clinical experience has not identified significant differences in responses between geriatric and younger patients, but greater sensitivity of some older individuals cannot be ruled out [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )] .
Pediatric use
Information about any limitations on any pediatric indications, needs for specific monitoring, hazards associated with use of the drug in any subsets of the pediatric population (such as neonates, infants, children, or adolescents), differences between pediatric and adult responses to the drug, and other information related to the safe and effective pediatric use of the drug.
8.4 Pediatric Use Lansoprazole was not effective in pediatric patients with symptomatic GERD one month to less than one year of age in a multicenter, double-blind, placebo controlled study. Therefore, safety and effectiveness have not been established in patients less than one year. Nonclinical studies in juvenile rats have demonstrated an adverse effect of heart valve thickening and bone changes at lansoprazole doses higher than the maximum recommended equivalent human dose. The safety and effectiveness of lansoprazole have been established in pediatric patients one to 17 years of age for short-term treatment of symptomatic GERD and erosive esophagitis. In clinical studies of symptomatic GERD and erosive esophagitis, lansoprazole was not administered beyond 12 weeks in one to 11 year olds. It is not known if lansoprazole is safe and effective if used longer than the recommended duration. Do not exceed the recommended dose and duration of use in pediatric patients (see Juvenile Animal Toxicity Data). Neonate to less than one year of age The pharmacokinetics of lansoprazole were studied in pediatric patients with GERD aged less than 28 days and one to 11 months. Compared to healthy adults receiving 30 mg, neonates had higher exposure (mean weight-based normalized AUC values 2.04 and 1.88-fold higher at doses of 0.5 and 1 mg/kg/day, respectively). Infants aged ≤10 weeks had clearance and exposure values that were similar to neonates. Infants aged greater than 10 weeks who received 1 mg/kg/day had mean AUC values that were similar to adults who received a 30 mg dose. Lansoprazole was not found to be effective in a U.S. and Polish four week multi-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of 162 patients between one month and less than 12 months of age with symptomatic GERD based on a medical history of crying/fussing/irritability associated with feedings who had not responded to conservative GERD management (i.e., non-pharmacologic intervention) for seven to 14 days. Patients received lansoprazole as a suspension daily (0.2 to 0.3 mg/kg/day in infants ≤10 weeks of age or 1 to 1.5 mg/kg/day in infants greater than 10 weeks or placebo) for up to four weeks of double-blind treatment. The primary efficacy endpoint was assessed by greater than 50% reduction from baseline in either the percent of feedings with a crying/fussing/irritability episode or the duration (minutes) of a crying/fussing/irritability episode within one hour after feeding. There was no difference in the percentage of responders between the lansoprazole pediatric suspension group and placebo group (54% in both groups). There were no adverse events reported in pediatric clinical studies (one month to less than 12 months of age) that were not previously observed in adults. Based on the results of the Phase 3 efficacy study, lansoprazole was not shown to be effective. Therefore, these results do not support the use of lansoprazole in treating symptomatic GERD in infants. One to 11 years of age In an uncontrolled, open-label, U.S. multi-center study, 66 pediatric patients (one to 11 years of age) with GERD were assigned, based on body weight, to receive an initial dose of either lansoprazole 15 mg daily if ≤30 kg or lansoprazole 30 mg daily if greater than 30 kg administered for eight to 12 weeks. The lansoprazole dose was increased (up to 30 mg twice daily) in 24 of 66 pediatric patients after two or more weeks of treatment if they remained symptomatic. At baseline 85% of patients had mild to moderate overall GERD symptoms (assessed by investigator interview), 58% had non-erosive GERD and 42% had erosive esophagitis (assessed by endoscopy). After eight to 12 weeks of lansoprazole treatment, the intent-to-treat analysis demonstrated an approximate 50% reduction in frequency and severity of GERD symptoms. Twenty one of 27 erosive esophagitis patients were healed at eight weeks and 100% of patients were healed at 12 weeks by endoscopy (Table 4). Table 4.GERD Symptom Improvement and Erosive Esophagitis Healing Rates in Pediatric Patients Age 1 to 11 GERD Final Visit ⃰ % (n/N) Symptomatic GERD Improvement in Overall GERD Symptoms † 76% (47/62 ‡ ) Erosive Esophagitis Improvement in Overall GERD Symptoms † Healing Rate 81% (22/27) 100% (27/27) * At Week 8 or Week 12 † Symptoms assessed by patients diary kept by caregiver. ‡ No data were available for four pediatric patients. In a study of 66 pediatric patients in the age group one year to 11 years old after treatment with lansoprazole given orally in doses of 15 mg daily to 30 mg twice daily, increases in serum gastrin levels were similar to those observed in adult studies. Median fasting serum gastrin levels increased 89% from 51 pg/mL at baseline to 97 pg/mL [interquartile range (25 th to 75 th percentile) of 71 to 130 pg/mL] at the final visit. The pediatric safety of lansoprazole delayed-release capsules has been assessed in 66 pediatric patients aged one to 11 years of age. Of the 66 patients with GERD 85% (56/66) took lansoprazole for eight weeks and 15% (10/66) took it for 12 weeks. The most frequently reported (two or more patients) treatment-related adverse reactions in patients one to 11 years of age (N=66) were constipation (5%) and headache (3%). Twelve to 17 years of age In an uncontrolled, open-label, U.S. multi-center study, 87 adolescent patients (12 to 17 years of age) with symptomatic GERD were treated with lansoprazole for eight to 12 weeks. Baseline upper endoscopies classified these patients into two groups: 64 (74%) non-erosive GERD and 23 (26%) erosive esophagitis (EE). The non-erosive GERD patients received lansoprazole 15 mg daily for eight weeks and the EE patients received lansoprazole 30 mg daily for eight to 12 weeks. At baseline, 89% of these patients had mild to moderate overall GERD symptoms (assessed by investigator interviews). During eight weeks of lansoprazole treatment, adolescent patients experienced a 63% reduction in frequency and a 69% reduction in severity of GERD symptoms based on diary results. Twenty one of 22 (95.5%) adolescent erosive esophagitis patients were healed after eight weeks of lansoprazole treatment. One patient remained unhealed after 12 weeks of treatment ( Table 5 ). Table 5. GERD Symptom Improvement and Erosive Esophagitis Healing Rates in Pediatric Patients Age 12 to 17 GERD Final Visit % (n/N) Symptomatic GERD (All Patients) Improvement in Overall GERD Symptoms * 73.2% (60/82) † Non-erosive GERD Improvement in Overall GERD Symptoms * 71.2 % (42/59) † Erosive Esophagitis Improvement in Overall GERD Symptoms * Healing Rate ‡ 78.3% (18/23) 95.5 % (21/22) ‡ *Symptoms assessed by patient diary (parents/caregivers as necessary). † No data available for five patients. ‡ Data from one healed patient was excluded from this analysis due to timing of final endoscopy. In these 87 adolescent patients, increases in serum gastrin levels were similar to those observed in adult studies, median fasting serum gastrin levels increased 42% from 45 pg/mL at baseline to 64 pg/mL [interquartile range (25th to 75th percentile) of 44 to 88 pg/mL] at the final visit. (Normal serum gastrin levels are 25 to 111 pg/mL.) The safety of lansoprazole delayed-release capsules has been assessed in these 87 adolescent patients. Of the 87 adolescent patients with GERD, 6% (5/87) took lansoprazole for less than six weeks, 93% (81/87) for six to 10 weeks, and 1% (1/87) for greater than 10 weeks. The most frequently reported (at least 3%) treatment-related adverse reactions in these patients were headache (7%), abdominal pain (5%), nausea (3%) and dizziness (3%). Treatment-related dizziness, reported in this prescribing information as occurring in less than 1% of adult patients, was reported in this study by three adolescent patients with non-erosive GERD, who had dizziness concurrently with other reactions (such as migraine, dyspnea,and vomiting). Juvenile Animal Toxicity Data In a juvenile rat study, adverse effects on bone growth and development and heart valves were observed at lansoprazole doses higher than the maximum recommended equivalent human dose. An eight-week oral toxicity study with a four-week recovery phase was conducted in juvenile rats, with lansoprazole administered from postnatal Day 7 (age equivalent to neonatal humans) through 62 (age equivalent to approximately 14 years in humans) at doses of 40 to 500 mg/kg/day (about 1.2 to 12 times the daily pediatric dose of 15 mg in children age one to 11 years weighing 30 kg or less, based on AUC). Heart valve thickening occurred at a dose of 500 mg/kg/day (approximately 12 times the daily dose of 15 mg in pediatric patients age one to 11 years weighing 30 kg or less, based on AUC). Heart valve thickening was not observed at the next lower dose (250 mg/kg/day) and below. The findings trended towards reversibility after a four-week drug-free recovery period. The relevance of heart valve thickening in this study to pediatric patients less than approximately 12 years of age is unknown. These findings are not relevant for patients 12 years of age and older. No effects on heart valves were observed in a 13-week intravenous toxicity study of lansoprazole in adolescent rats (approximately 12 years human age equivalence) at systemic exposures similar to those achieved in the eight-week oral toxicity study in juvenile (neonatal) rats. In the eight-week oral toxicity study, doses equal to or greater than 100 mg/kg/day (about 2.5 times the daily pediatric dose of 15 mg in children age one to 11 years weighing 30 kg or less, based on AUC) produced delayed growth, with impairment of weight gain observed as early as postnatal Day 10 (age equivalent to neonatal humans). At the end of treatment, the signs of impaired growth at 100 mg/kg/day and higher included reductions in body weight (14% to 44% compared to controls), absolute weight of multiple organs, femur weight, femur length, and crown-rump length. Femoral growth plate thickness was reduced only in males and only at the 500 mg/kg/day dose. The effects related to delayed growth persisted through the end of the 4-week recovery period. Longer term data were not collected.
| Table 4.GERD Symptom Improvement and Erosive Esophagitis Healing Rates in Pediatric Patients Age 1 to 11 |
| GERD | Final Visit ⃰ % (n/N) |
| Symptomatic GERD Improvement in Overall GERD Symptoms† | 76% (47/62‡) |
| Erosive Esophagitis Improvement in Overall GERD Symptoms† Healing Rate | 81% (22/27) 100% (27/27) |
| Table 5. GERD Symptom Improvement and Erosive Esophagitis Healing Rates in Pediatric Patients Age 12 to 17 |
| GERD | Final Visit % (n/N) |
| Symptomatic GERD (All Patients) Improvement in Overall GERD Symptoms* | 73.2% (60/82)† |
| Non-erosive GERD Improvement in Overall GERD Symptoms* | 71.2 % (42/59)† |
| Erosive Esophagitis Improvement in Overall GERD Symptoms* Healing Rate‡ | 78.3% (18/23) 95.5 % (21/22)‡ |
Pregnancy
Information about effects the drug may have on pregnant women or on a fetus. This field may be ommitted if the drug is not absorbed systemically and the drug is not known to have a potential for indirect harm to the fetus. It may contain information about the established pregnancy category classification for the drug. (That information is nominally listed in the teratogenic_effects field, but may be listed here instead.)
8.1 Pregnancy Risk Summary Available data from published observational studies overall do not indicate an association of adverse pregnancy outcomes with lansoprazole treatment (see Data). In animal reproduction studies, oral administration of lansoprazole to rats during organogenesis through lactation at 6.4 times the maximum recommended human dose produced reductions in the offspring in femur weight, femur length, crown-rump length and growth plate thickness (males only) on postnatal Day 21 (see Data). These effects were associated with reduction in body weight gain. Advise pregnant women of the potential risk to a fetus. The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated populations are unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively. If lansoprazole is administered with clarithromycin, the pregnancy information for clarithromycin also applies to the combination regimen. Refer to the prescribing information for clarithromycin for more information on use in pregnancy. Data Human Data Available data from published observational studies failed to demonstrate an association of adverse pregnancy-related outcomes and lansoprazole use. Methodological limitations of these observational studies cannot definitely establish or exclude any drug-associated risk during pregnancy. In a prospective study by the European Network of Teratology Information Services, outcomes from a group of 62 pregnant women administered median daily doses of 30 mg of lansoprazole were compared to a control group of 868 pregnant women who did not take any PPIs. There was no difference in the rate of major malformations between women exposed to PPIs and the control group, corresponding to a Relative Risk (RR)=1.04, [95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.25 to 4.21]. In a population-based retrospective cohort study covering all live births in Denmark from 1996 to 2008, there was no significant increase in major birth defects during analysis of first trimester exposure to lansoprazole in 794 live births. A meta-analysis that compared 1,530 pregnant women exposed to PPIs in at least the first trimester with 133,410 unexposed pregnant women showed no significant increases in risk for congenital malformations or spontaneous abortion with exposure to PPIs (for major malformations Odds Ratio (OR)=1.12, [95% CI 0.86 to 1.45] and for spontaneous abortions OR=1.29, [95% CI 0.84 to 1.97]). Animal Data No adverse effects on embryo-fetal development occurred in studies performed in pregnant rats at oral lansoprazole doses up to 150 mg/kg/day (40 times the recommended human dose [30 mg/day] based on body surface area) administered during organogenesis and pregnant rabbits at oral lansoprazole doses up to 30 mg/kg/day (16 times the recommended human dose based on body surface area) administered during organogenesis. A pre- and postnatal developmental toxicity study in rats with additional endpoints to evaluate bone development was performed with lansoprazole at oral doses of 10 to 100 mg/kg/day (0.7 to 6.4 times the maximum recommended human lansoprazole dose of 30 mg based on AUC [area under the plasma concentration-time curve]) administered during organogenesis through lactation. Maternal effects observed at 100 mg/kg/day (6.4 times the maximum recommended human lansoprazole dose of 30 mg based on AUC) included increased gestation period, decreased body weight gain during gestation, and decreased food consumption. The number of stillbirths was increased at this dose, which may have been secondary to maternal toxicity. Body weight of pups was reduced at 100 mg/kg/day starting on postnatal Day 11. Femur weight, femur length, and crown-rump length were reduced at 100 mg/kg/day on postnatal Day 21. Femur weight was still decreased in the 100 mg/kg/day group at age 17 to 18 weeks. Growth plate thickness was decreased in the 100 mg/kg/day males on postnatal Day 21, and was increased in the 30 and 100 mg/kg/day males at age 17 to 18 weeks. The effects on bone parameters were associated with reduction in body weight gain.
Use in specific populations
Information about use of the drug by patients in specific populations, including pregnant women and nursing mothers, pediatric patients, and geriatric patients.
8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS • Pregnancy: Based on animal data, may cause adverse effects on fetal bone growth and development. ( 8.1 ) • Pediatrics: Lansoprazole is not effective in patients with symptomatic GERD 1 month to less than 1 year of age and nonclinical studies have demonstrated adverse effects in juvenile rats. ( 8.4 ) 8.1 Pregnancy Risk Summary Available data from published observational studies overall do not indicate an association of adverse pregnancy outcomes with lansoprazole treatment (see Data). In animal reproduction studies, oral administration of lansoprazole to rats during organogenesis through lactation at 6.4 times the maximum recommended human dose produced reductions in the offspring in femur weight, femur length, crown-rump length and growth plate thickness (males only) on postnatal Day 21 (see Data). These effects were associated with reduction in body weight gain. Advise pregnant women of the potential risk to a fetus. The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated populations are unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively. If lansoprazole is administered with clarithromycin, the pregnancy information for clarithromycin also applies to the combination regimen. Refer to the prescribing information for clarithromycin for more information on use in pregnancy. Data Human Data Available data from published observational studies failed to demonstrate an association of adverse pregnancy-related outcomes and lansoprazole use. Methodological limitations of these observational studies cannot definitely establish or exclude any drug-associated risk during pregnancy. In a prospective study by the European Network of Teratology Information Services, outcomes from a group of 62 pregnant women administered median daily doses of 30 mg of lansoprazole were compared to a control group of 868 pregnant women who did not take any PPIs. There was no difference in the rate of major malformations between women exposed to PPIs and the control group, corresponding to a Relative Risk (RR)=1.04, [95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.25 to 4.21]. In a population-based retrospective cohort study covering all live births in Denmark from 1996 to 2008, there was no significant increase in major birth defects during analysis of first trimester exposure to lansoprazole in 794 live births. A meta-analysis that compared 1,530 pregnant women exposed to PPIs in at least the first trimester with 133,410 unexposed pregnant women showed no significant increases in risk for congenital malformations or spontaneous abortion with exposure to PPIs (for major malformations Odds Ratio (OR)=1.12, [95% CI 0.86 to 1.45] and for spontaneous abortions OR=1.29, [95% CI 0.84 to 1.97]). Animal Data No adverse effects on embryo-fetal development occurred in studies performed in pregnant rats at oral lansoprazole doses up to 150 mg/kg/day (40 times the recommended human dose [30 mg/day] based on body surface area) administered during organogenesis and pregnant rabbits at oral lansoprazole doses up to 30 mg/kg/day (16 times the recommended human dose based on body surface area) administered during organogenesis. A pre- and postnatal developmental toxicity study in rats with additional endpoints to evaluate bone development was performed with lansoprazole at oral doses of 10 to 100 mg/kg/day (0.7 to 6.4 times the maximum recommended human lansoprazole dose of 30 mg based on AUC [area under the plasma concentration-time curve]) administered during organogenesis through lactation. Maternal effects observed at 100 mg/kg/day (6.4 times the maximum recommended human lansoprazole dose of 30 mg based on AUC) included increased gestation period, decreased body weight gain during gestation, and decreased food consumption. The number of stillbirths was increased at this dose, which may have been secondary to maternal toxicity. Body weight of pups was reduced at 100 mg/kg/day starting on postnatal Day 11. Femur weight, femur length, and crown-rump length were reduced at 100 mg/kg/day on postnatal Day 21. Femur weight was still decreased in the 100 mg/kg/day group at age 17 to 18 weeks. Growth plate thickness was decreased in the 100 mg/kg/day males on postnatal Day 21, and was increased in the 30 and 100 mg/kg/day males at age 17 to 18 weeks. The effects on bone parameters were associated with reduction in body weight gain. 8.2 Lactation Risk Summary There is no information regarding the presence of lansoprazole in human milk, the effects on the breastfed infant, or the effects on milk production. However, lansoprazole and its metabolites are present in rat milk. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother’s clinical need for lansoprazole and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed child from lansoprazole or from the underlying maternal condition. 8.4 Pediatric Use Lansoprazole was not effective in pediatric patients with symptomatic GERD one month to less than one year of age in a multicenter, double-blind, placebo controlled study. Therefore, safety and effectiveness have not been established in patients less than one year. Nonclinical studies in juvenile rats have demonstrated an adverse effect of heart valve thickening and bone changes at lansoprazole doses higher than the maximum recommended equivalent human dose. The safety and effectiveness of lansoprazole have been established in pediatric patients one to 17 years of age for short-term treatment of symptomatic GERD and erosive esophagitis. In clinical studies of symptomatic GERD and erosive esophagitis, lansoprazole was not administered beyond 12 weeks in one to 11 year olds. It is not known if lansoprazole is safe and effective if used longer than the recommended duration. Do not exceed the recommended dose and duration of use in pediatric patients (see Juvenile Animal Toxicity Data). Neonate to less than one year of age The pharmacokinetics of lansoprazole were studied in pediatric patients with GERD aged less than 28 days and one to 11 months. Compared to healthy adults receiving 30 mg, neonates had higher exposure (mean weight-based normalized AUC values 2.04 and 1.88-fold higher at doses of 0.5 and 1 mg/kg/day, respectively). Infants aged ≤10 weeks had clearance and exposure values that were similar to neonates. Infants aged greater than 10 weeks who received 1 mg/kg/day had mean AUC values that were similar to adults who received a 30 mg dose. Lansoprazole was not found to be effective in a U.S. and Polish four week multi-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of 162 patients between one month and less than 12 months of age with symptomatic GERD based on a medical history of crying/fussing/irritability associated with feedings who had not responded to conservative GERD management (i.e., non-pharmacologic intervention) for seven to 14 days. Patients received lansoprazole as a suspension daily (0.2 to 0.3 mg/kg/day in infants ≤10 weeks of age or 1 to 1.5 mg/kg/day in infants greater than 10 weeks or placebo) for up to four weeks of double-blind treatment. The primary efficacy endpoint was assessed by greater than 50% reduction from baseline in either the percent of feedings with a crying/fussing/irritability episode or the duration (minutes) of a crying/fussing/irritability episode within one hour after feeding. There was no difference in the percentage of responders between the lansoprazole pediatric suspension group and placebo group (54% in both groups). There were no adverse events reported in pediatric clinical studies (one month to less than 12 months of age) that were not previously observed in adults. Based on the results of the Phase 3 efficacy study, lansoprazole was not shown to be effective. Therefore, these results do not support the use of lansoprazole in treating symptomatic GERD in infants. One to 11 years of age In an uncontrolled, open-label, U.S. multi-center study, 66 pediatric patients (one to 11 years of age) with GERD were assigned, based on body weight, to receive an initial dose of either lansoprazole 15 mg daily if ≤30 kg or lansoprazole 30 mg daily if greater than 30 kg administered for eight to 12 weeks. The lansoprazole dose was increased (up to 30 mg twice daily) in 24 of 66 pediatric patients after two or more weeks of treatment if they remained symptomatic. At baseline 85% of patients had mild to moderate overall GERD symptoms (assessed by investigator interview), 58% had non-erosive GERD and 42% had erosive esophagitis (assessed by endoscopy). After eight to 12 weeks of lansoprazole treatment, the intent-to-treat analysis demonstrated an approximate 50% reduction in frequency and severity of GERD symptoms. Twenty one of 27 erosive esophagitis patients were healed at eight weeks and 100% of patients were healed at 12 weeks by endoscopy (Table 4). Table 4.GERD Symptom Improvement and Erosive Esophagitis Healing Rates in Pediatric Patients Age 1 to 11 GERD Final Visit ⃰ % (n/N) Symptomatic GERD Improvement in Overall GERD Symptoms † 76% (47/62 ‡ ) Erosive Esophagitis Improvement in Overall GERD Symptoms † Healing Rate 81% (22/27) 100% (27/27) * At Week 8 or Week 12 † Symptoms assessed by patients diary kept by caregiver. ‡ No data were available for four pediatric patients. In a study of 66 pediatric patients in the age group one year to 11 years old after treatment with lansoprazole given orally in doses of 15 mg daily to 30 mg twice daily, increases in serum gastrin levels were similar to those observed in adult studies. Median fasting serum gastrin levels increased 89% from 51 pg/mL at baseline to 97 pg/mL [interquartile range (25 th to 75 th percentile) of 71 to 130 pg/mL] at the final visit. The pediatric safety of lansoprazole delayed-release capsules has been assessed in 66 pediatric patients aged one to 11 years of age. Of the 66 patients with GERD 85% (56/66) took lansoprazole for eight weeks and 15% (10/66) took it for 12 weeks. The most frequently reported (two or more patients) treatment-related adverse reactions in patients one to 11 years of age (N=66) were constipation (5%) and headache (3%). Twelve to 17 years of age In an uncontrolled, open-label, U.S. multi-center study, 87 adolescent patients (12 to 17 years of age) with symptomatic GERD were treated with lansoprazole for eight to 12 weeks. Baseline upper endoscopies classified these patients into two groups: 64 (74%) non-erosive GERD and 23 (26%) erosive esophagitis (EE). The non-erosive GERD patients received lansoprazole 15 mg daily for eight weeks and the EE patients received lansoprazole 30 mg daily for eight to 12 weeks. At baseline, 89% of these patients had mild to moderate overall GERD symptoms (assessed by investigator interviews). During eight weeks of lansoprazole treatment, adolescent patients experienced a 63% reduction in frequency and a 69% reduction in severity of GERD symptoms based on diary results. Twenty one of 22 (95.5%) adolescent erosive esophagitis patients were healed after eight weeks of lansoprazole treatment. One patient remained unhealed after 12 weeks of treatment ( Table 5 ). Table 5. GERD Symptom Improvement and Erosive Esophagitis Healing Rates in Pediatric Patients Age 12 to 17 GERD Final Visit % (n/N) Symptomatic GERD (All Patients) Improvement in Overall GERD Symptoms * 73.2% (60/82) † Non-erosive GERD Improvement in Overall GERD Symptoms * 71.2 % (42/59) † Erosive Esophagitis Improvement in Overall GERD Symptoms * Healing Rate ‡ 78.3% (18/23) 95.5 % (21/22) ‡ *Symptoms assessed by patient diary (parents/caregivers as necessary). † No data available for five patients. ‡ Data from one healed patient was excluded from this analysis due to timing of final endoscopy. In these 87 adolescent patients, increases in serum gastrin levels were similar to those observed in adult studies, median fasting serum gastrin levels increased 42% from 45 pg/mL at baseline to 64 pg/mL [interquartile range (25th to 75th percentile) of 44 to 88 pg/mL] at the final visit. (Normal serum gastrin levels are 25 to 111 pg/mL.) The safety of lansoprazole delayed-release capsules has been assessed in these 87 adolescent patients. Of the 87 adolescent patients with GERD, 6% (5/87) took lansoprazole for less than six weeks, 93% (81/87) for six to 10 weeks, and 1% (1/87) for greater than 10 weeks. The most frequently reported (at least 3%) treatment-related adverse reactions in these patients were headache (7%), abdominal pain (5%), nausea (3%) and dizziness (3%). Treatment-related dizziness, reported in this prescribing information as occurring in less than 1% of adult patients, was reported in this study by three adolescent patients with non-erosive GERD, who had dizziness concurrently with other reactions (such as migraine, dyspnea,and vomiting). Juvenile Animal Toxicity Data In a juvenile rat study, adverse effects on bone growth and development and heart valves were observed at lansoprazole doses higher than the maximum recommended equivalent human dose. An eight-week oral toxicity study with a four-week recovery phase was conducted in juvenile rats, with lansoprazole administered from postnatal Day 7 (age equivalent to neonatal humans) through 62 (age equivalent to approximately 14 years in humans) at doses of 40 to 500 mg/kg/day (about 1.2 to 12 times the daily pediatric dose of 15 mg in children age one to 11 years weighing 30 kg or less, based on AUC). Heart valve thickening occurred at a dose of 500 mg/kg/day (approximately 12 times the daily dose of 15 mg in pediatric patients age one to 11 years weighing 30 kg or less, based on AUC). Heart valve thickening was not observed at the next lower dose (250 mg/kg/day) and below. The findings trended towards reversibility after a four-week drug-free recovery period. The relevance of heart valve thickening in this study to pediatric patients less than approximately 12 years of age is unknown. These findings are not relevant for patients 12 years of age and older. No effects on heart valves were observed in a 13-week intravenous toxicity study of lansoprazole in adolescent rats (approximately 12 years human age equivalence) at systemic exposures similar to those achieved in the eight-week oral toxicity study in juvenile (neonatal) rats. In the eight-week oral toxicity study, doses equal to or greater than 100 mg/kg/day (about 2.5 times the daily pediatric dose of 15 mg in children age one to 11 years weighing 30 kg or less, based on AUC) produced delayed growth, with impairment of weight gain observed as early as postnatal Day 10 (age equivalent to neonatal humans). At the end of treatment, the signs of impaired growth at 100 mg/kg/day and higher included reductions in body weight (14% to 44% compared to controls), absolute weight of multiple organs, femur weight, femur length, and crown-rump length. Femoral growth plate thickness was reduced only in males and only at the 500 mg/kg/day dose. The effects related to delayed growth persisted through the end of the 4-week recovery period. Longer term data were not collected. 8.5 Geriatric Use Of the total number of patients (n=21,486) in clinical studies of lansoprazole, 16% of patients were aged 65 years and over, while 4% were 75 years and over. No overall differences in safety or effectiveness were observed between these patients and younger patients and other reported clinical experience has not identified significant differences in responses between geriatric and younger patients, but greater sensitivity of some older individuals cannot be ruled out [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )] . 8.6 Hepatic Impairment In patients with various degrees of chronic hepatic impairment the exposure to lansoprazole was increased compared to healthy subjects with normal hepatic function [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )] . No dosage adjustment for lansoprazole is necessary for patients with mild (Child-Pugh Class A) or moderate (Child-Pugh Class B) hepatic impairment. The recommended dosage is 15 mg orally daily in patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class C) [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.3 )] .
| Table 4.GERD Symptom Improvement and Erosive Esophagitis Healing Rates in Pediatric Patients Age 1 to 11 |
| GERD | Final Visit ⃰ % (n/N) |
| Symptomatic GERD Improvement in Overall GERD Symptoms† | 76% (47/62‡) |
| Erosive Esophagitis Improvement in Overall GERD Symptoms† Healing Rate | 81% (22/27) 100% (27/27) |
| Table 5. GERD Symptom Improvement and Erosive Esophagitis Healing Rates in Pediatric Patients Age 12 to 17 |
| GERD | Final Visit % (n/N) |
| Symptomatic GERD (All Patients) Improvement in Overall GERD Symptoms* | 73.2% (60/82)† |
| Non-erosive GERD Improvement in Overall GERD Symptoms* | 71.2 % (42/59)† |
| Erosive Esophagitis Improvement in Overall GERD Symptoms* Healing Rate‡ | 78.3% (18/23) 95.5 % (21/22)‡ |
How supplied
Information about the available dosage forms to which the labeling applies, and for which the manufacturer or distributor is responsible. This field ordinarily includes the strength of the dosage form (in metric units), the units in which the dosage form is available for prescribing, appropriate information to facilitate identification of the dosage forms (such as shape, color, coating, scoring, and National Drug Code), and special handling and storage condition information.
16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING NDC: 71335-9680-1: 30 Capsules in a BOTTLE NDC: 71335-9680-2: 15 Capsules in a BOTTLE NDC: 71335-9680-3: 60 Capsules in a BOTTLE NDC: 71335-9680-4: 90 Capsules in a BOTTLE NDC: 71335-9680-5: 28 Capsules in a BOTTLE
