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| Product NDC Code | 68083-380 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Drug Name | Allopurinol |
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| Type | Generic | ||||
| Pharm Class | Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor [EPC], Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors [MoA] |
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| Active Ingredients |
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| Route | INTRAVENOUS | ||||
| Dosage Form | INJECTION, POWDER, LYOPHILIZED, FOR SOLUTION | ||||
| RxCUI drug identifier | 252931 | ||||
| Application Number | ANDA212363 | ||||
| Labeler Name | Gland Pharma Limited | ||||
| Packages |
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Overdosage of Allopurinol
Information about signs, symptoms, and laboratory findings of acute ovedosage and the general principles of overdose treatment.10 OVERDOSAGE In the management of overdosage, there is no specific antidote for allopurinol. Both allopurinol and oxypurinol are dialyzable; however, the usefulness of hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis in the management of an overdose of allopurinol is unknown.
Adverse reactions
Information about undesirable effects, reasonably associated with use of the drug, that may occur as part of the pharmacological action of the drug or may be unpredictable in its occurrence. Adverse reactions include those that occur with the drug, and if applicable, with drugs in the same pharmacologically active and chemically related class. There is considerable variation in the listing of adverse reactions. They may be categorized by organ system, by severity of reaction, by frequency, by toxicological mechanism, or by a combination of these.6 ADVERSE REACTIONS The following clinically significant adverse reactions are described elsewhere in the labeling: • Skin Rash and Hypersensitivity [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ] • Renal Function Impairment [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) ] • Hepatotoxicity [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ] • Myelosuppression [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4) ] • Drowsiness [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5) ] Most common adverse reactions (incidence > 1%) are skin rash, nausea, vomiting, and renal failure/insufficiency. ( 6.1 ) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Gland Pharma at 864-879-9994 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch. 6.1 Clinical Trials Experience Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. The safety of allopurinol was evaluated in an uncontrolled compassionate use study of 1,378 patients with advanced malignancies requiring treatment with cytotoxic chemotherapy and in patients with other serious conditions. Adverse reactions were reported in 9% (125/1378) of the patients treated with allopurinol. The most common adverse reaction was skin rash. Two patients experience serious adverse reactions (decreased renal function and generalized seizure) and one patient experienced severe diarrhea. Approximately 1.1% of patients experienced allergic adverse reactions (including rash, eosinophilia, local injection site reaction). A listing of the adverse reactions reported from clinical trials follows: Incidence Greater Than 1%: Cutaneous/Dermatologic : rash (1.5%) Genitourinary: renal failure/insufficiency (1.2%) Gastrointestinal: nausea (1.3%), vomiting (1.2%) Incidence Less Than 1%: Body as a Whole: fever, pain, chills, alopecia, infection, sepsis, enlarged abdomen, mucositis/pharyngitis, blast crisis, cellulitis, hypervolemia Cardiovascular: heart failure, cardiorespiratory arrest, hypertension, pulmonary embolus, hypotension, decreased venous pressure, flushing, headache, stroke, septic shock, cardiovascular disorder, ECG abnormality, hemorrhage, bradycardia, thrombophlebitis, ventricular fibrillation Cutaneous/Dermatologic: urticaria, pruritus, local injection site reaction Gastrointestinal: diarrhea, gastrointestinal bleeding, hyperbilirubinemia, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, intestinal obstruction, jaundice, flatulence, constipation, liver failure, proctitis Genitourinary : hematuria, increased creatinine, oliguria, kidney function abnormality, urinary tract infection Hematologic : leukopenia, marrow aplasia, thrombocytopenia, eosinophilia, neutropenia, anemia, pancytopenia, ecchymosis, bone marrow suppression, disseminated intravascular coagulation Metabolic : hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypokalemia, hyperuricemia, electrolyte abnormality, hypercalcemia, hyperglycemia, hypernatremia, hyponatremia, metabolic acidosis, edema, glycosuria, hyperkalemia, lactic acidosis, water intoxication, hypomagnesemia Neurologic : seizure, status epilepticus, myoclonus, twitching, agitation, mental status changes, cerebral infarction, coma, dystonia, paralysis, tremor Pulmonary : respiratory failure/insufficiency, ARDS, increased respiration rate, apnea Musculoskeletal : arthralgia Other : hypotonia, diaphoresis, tumor lysis syndrome
Allopurinol Drug Interactions
Information about and practical guidance on preventing clinically significant drug/drug and drug/food interactions that may occur in people taking the drug.7 DRUG INTERACTIONS Clinically important interactions with the drugs listed below were observed in patients undergoing treatment with an oral allopurinol formulation. • Capecitabine: Avoid the concomitant use of allopurinol ( 7.2 ). • Pegloticase: Discontinue and do not institute allopurinol therapy during treatment with pegloticase ( 7.2 ). • Mercaptopurine or Azathioprine: Reduce mercaptopurine or azathioprine dose as recommended in the respective prescribing information ( 7.2 ). • See full prescribing information for complete list of significant drug interactions (7 ). 7.1 Drugs Known to Affect the Occurrence of Skin Rash and Hypersensitivity Concomitant use of the following drugs may increase the risk of skin rash, which may be severe: bendamustine, thiazide diuretics, ampicillin and amoxicillin. Renal impairment may further increase risk with concomitant use of thiazide diuretics [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) (5.2) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.2) ]. Monitor renal function and reduce the dose of allopurinol in patients with concomitant thiazide diuretic use and impaired renal function [see Dosage and Administration (2.2) ]. Discontinue allopurinol at the first appearance of skin rash or other signs which may indicate a hypersensitivity reaction when use concomitantly with these drugs. 7.2 Other Drugs Known to Have Clinically Important Drug Interactions with Allopurinol Table 4: Interventions for Clinically Important Drug Interactions with Allopurinol Capecitabine Clinical Impact Concomitant use with allopurinol may decrease concentration of capecitabine’s active metabolites, which may decrease capecitabine efficacy. Intervention Avoid the use of allopurinol during treatment with capecitabine. Cyclosporine Clinical Impact Concomitant use of allopurinol increases cyclosporine concentrations which may increase the risk of adverse reactions. Intervention Increase frequency of monitoring cyclosporine concentrations as reflected in the prescribing information when used concomitantly with allopurinol. Cytotoxic Agents Clinical Impact Concomitant use of allopurinol with cytotoxic agents increases bone marrow suppression among patients with neoplastic disease, except leukemia [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.2) ] . Intervention Blood count monitoring and regular physician follow-up recommended. Fluorouracil Clinical Impact Based on non-clinical data, allopurinol may decrease anti-tumor activity due to suppression of phosphorylation of 5-fluorouracil. Intervention Concomitant administration with fluorouracil should be avoided. Mercaptopurine or Azathioprine Clinical Impact Allopurinol inhibits xanthine oxidase mediated metabolism of mercaptopurine and azathioprine. Concomitant use of allopurinol increases the exposure of either mercaptopurine or azathioprine which may increase the risk of their adverse reactions including myelosuppression [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4) ] . Intervention Reduce the dosage of mercaptopurine or azathioprine as recommended in the respective prescribing information. Pegloticase Clinical Impact Concomitant use of allopurinol and pegloticase may potentially blunt the rise of serum uric acid levels and increase the risk of pegloticase related anaphylaxis in patients whose uric acid level increase to above 6 mg/dL. Intervention Discontinue and do not institute allopurinol therapy during treatment with pegloticase. Theophylline Clinical Impact Concomitant use of allopurinol doses greater than or equal to 600 mg/day may decrease the clearance of theophylline. Intervention Monitor and adjust theophylline doses as reflected in the prescribing information. Uricosuric Agents Clinical Impact Uricosuric agents increase the excretion of the active allopurinol metabolite oxypurinol. Concomitant use with uricosuric agents decreases oxypurinol exposure which may reduce the inhibition of xanthine oxidase by oxypurinol and increases the urinary excretion of uric acid. Intervention Monitor uric acid levels due to the increased chance of hypouricemic effects. Warfarin Clinical Impact Allopurinol may inhibit the metabolism of warfarin, possibly enhancing its anticoagulant effect. Intervention Patients on concomitant therapy should be monitored for excessive anticoagulation. The INR should be checked frequently and warfarin dosage adjusted accordingly when allopurinol is added to warfarin therapy.
| Concomitant use with allopurinol may decrease concentration of capecitabine’s active metabolites, which may decrease capecitabine efficacy. | |
| Avoid the use of allopurinol during treatment with capecitabine. | |
| Concomitant use of allopurinol increases cyclosporine concentrations which may increase the risk of adverse reactions. | |
| Increase frequency of monitoring cyclosporine concentrations as reflected in the prescribing information when used concomitantly with allopurinol. | |
| Concomitant use of allopurinol with cytotoxic agents increases bone marrow suppression among patients with neoplastic disease, except leukemia | |
| Blood count monitoring and regular physician follow-up recommended. | |
| Based on non-clinical data, allopurinol may decrease anti-tumor activity due to suppression of phosphorylation of 5-fluorouracil. | |
| Concomitant administration with fluorouracil should be avoided. | |
| Allopurinol inhibits xanthine oxidase mediated metabolism of mercaptopurine and azathioprine. Concomitant use of allopurinol increases the exposure of either mercaptopurine or azathioprine which may increase the risk of their adverse reactions including myelosuppression | |
| Reduce the dosage of mercaptopurine or azathioprine as recommended in the respective prescribing information. | |
| Concomitant use of allopurinol and pegloticase may potentially blunt the rise of serum uric acid levels and increase the risk of pegloticase related anaphylaxis in patients whose uric acid level increase to above 6 mg/dL. | |
| Discontinue and do not institute allopurinol therapy during treatment with pegloticase. | |
| Concomitant use of allopurinol doses greater than or equal to 600 mg/day may decrease the clearance of theophylline. | |
| Monitor and adjust theophylline doses as reflected in the prescribing information. | |
| Uricosuric agents increase the excretion of the active allopurinol metabolite oxypurinol. Concomitant use with uricosuric agents decreases oxypurinol exposure which may reduce the inhibition of xanthine oxidase by oxypurinol and increases the urinary excretion of uric acid. | |
| Monitor uric acid levels due to the increased chance of hypouricemic effects. | |
| Allopurinol may inhibit the metabolism of warfarin, possibly enhancing its anticoagulant effect. | |
| Patients on concomitant therapy should be monitored for excessive anticoagulation. The INR should be checked frequently and warfarin dosage adjusted accordingly when allopurinol is added to warfarin therapy. | |
Clinical pharmacology
Information about the clinical pharmacology and actions of the drug in humans.12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 12.1 Mechanism of Action Allopurinol is a structural analogue of the natural purine base, hypoxanthine. Allopurinol and its oxypurinol metabolite inhibitor xanthine oxidase, the enzyme responsible for the conversion of hypoxanthine to xanthine and of xanthine to uric acid, the end product of purine metabolism in humans. Allopurinol does not disrupt the biosynthesis of purines. The action of oral allopurinol differs from that of uricosuric agents, which lower the serum uric acid level by increasing urinary excretion of uric acid. Allopurinol reduces both the serum and urinary uric acid levels by inhibiting the formation of uric acid. The use of allopurinol to block the formation of urates avoids the hazard of increased renal excretion of uric acid posed by uricosuric drugs. 12.2 Pharmacodynamics Allopurinol reduces the production of uric acid by inhibiting the biochemical reactions immediately preceding its formation in a dose dependent manner. The pharmacological action of allopurinol is generally believed to be mediated by its oxypurinol metabolite. Effect on Hypoxanthine and Xanthine Reutilization of both hypoxanthine and xanthine for nucleotide and nucleic acid synthesis is markedly enhanced when their oxidations are inhibited by allopurinol and oxypurinol. This reutilization does not disrupt normal nucleic acid anabolism because feedback inhibition is an integral part of purine biosynthesis. As a result of xanthine oxidase inhibition, the serum concentration of hypoxanthine plus xanthine in patients receiving allopurinol for treatment of hyperuricemia is usually in the range of 0.3 to 0.4 mg/dL compared to a normal level of approximately 0.15 mg/dL. A maximum of 0.9 mg/dL of these oxypurines has been reported when the serum urate was lowered to less than 2 mg/dL by high doses of allopurinol. These values are far below the saturation levels, at which point their precipitation would be expected to occur (above 7 mg/dL). The increased xanthine and hypoxanthine in the urine in patients who were treated with oral allopurinol have not been accompanied by problems of nephrolithiasis; however, there are isolated case reports of xanthine crystalluria. Drug Interaction Studies Fluorouracil : Based on non-clinical data, allopurinol may decrease anti-tumor activity due to suppression of phosphorylation of 5-fluorouracil. Pegloticase : Concomitant use of allopurinol and pegloticase may potentially blunt the rise of serum uric acid levels required for monitoring the safe use of pegloticase. Cytotoxic Agents: Enhanced bone marrow suppression by cyclophosphamide and other cytotoxic agents has been reported among patients with neoplastic disease, except leukemia, in the presence of allopurinol. Thiazide Diuretics: Reports that the concomitant administration of allopurinol and thiazide diuretics contributed to increased allopurinol toxicity were reviewed; however, a causal mechanism or cause-and-effect relationship was not found. 12.3 Pharmacokinetics Following single 100 mg and 300 mg intravenous and oral administration of allopurinol, the relative intravenous C max was approximately 3-fold and 3.8-fold and AUC 0-inf was approximately 1.9-fold higher for allopurinol at both dosages, respectively. The relative intravenous oxypurinol C max and AUC 0-inf was approximately 1 compared to oral administration at both dosages. The C max and AUC 0-inf for both allopurinol and oxypurinol following intravenous administration of allopurinol were dose proportional in the dose range of 100 to 300 mg. Distribution The steady-state allopurinol volume of distribution (mean ± S.D.) is approximately 0.87 ± 0.13 L/Kg following intravenous administration. Elimination The half-life (mean ± S.D.) of allopurinol and oxypurinol are approximately 1.21 ± 0.33 and 23.5 ± 4.5 hours following intravenous administration, respectively. The net renal clearance of oxypurinol about 30 mL/min. Metabolism Allopurinol is a weak CYP1A2 inhibitor. Allopurinol is rapidly eliminated from the systemic circulation primarily via oxidative metabolism to oxypurinol. The oxypurinol (alloxanthine) metabolite is also a xanthine oxidase inhibitor and is present in systemic circulation in much higher concentrations and for a much longer period than allopurinol. In general, the ratio of the area under the plasma concentration vs time curve (AUC 0-inf ) between oxypurinol and allopurinol was in the magnitude of 30 to 40. Excretion Approximately 12% of an allopurinol intravenous dose was excreted unchanged, 76% excreted as oxypurinol, and the remaining dose excreted as riboside conjugates in the urine. Oxypurinol was primarily eliminated unchanged in urine by glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption. Drug Interaction Studies Capecitabine : Concomitant use with allopurinol may decrease concentration of capecitabine’s active metabolites, which may decrease capecitabine efficacy. Cyclosporine : Concomitant use of allopurinol increases cyclosporine concentrations which may increase the risk of adverse reactions. Mercaptopurine or Azathioprine: Allopurinol inhibits xanthine oxidase mediated metabolism of mercaptopurine and azathioprine. Concomitant use of allopurinol increases the exposure of either mercaptopurine or azathioprine which may increase the risk of their adverse reactions including myelosuppression. Theophylline : Concomitant use of allopurinol doses greater than or equal to 600 mg/day may decrease the clearance of theophylline. Uricosuric Agents: Uricosuric agents increase the excretion of the active allopurinol metabolite oxypurinol. Concomitant use with uricosuric agents decreases oxypurinol exposure which may reduce the inhibition of xanthine oxidase by oxypurinol and increases the urinary excretion of uric acid. Warfarin : Allopurinol may inhibit the metabolism of warfarin, possibly enhancing its anticoagulant effect. 12.5 Pharmacogenomics The HLA-B*58:01 allele is a genetic marker for severe skin reactions indicative of hypersensitivity to allopurinol [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ]. The frequency of the HLA-B*58:01 allele ranges from 8 to 10% in Han Chinese populations, about 8% in Thai populations, and about 6% in Korean populations based upon published literature and available databases. The frequency of the HLA-B*58:01 allele is about 4% in Blacks, about 1 to 2 % in indigenous peoples of the Americas and Hispanic populations, and <1% in people from European descent and Japanese.
Mechanism of action
Information about the established mechanism(s) of the drugÕs action in humans at various levels (for example receptor, membrane, tissue, organ, whole body). If the mechanism of action is not known, this field contains a statement about the lack of information.12.1 Mechanism of Action Allopurinol is a structural analogue of the natural purine base, hypoxanthine. Allopurinol and its oxypurinol metabolite inhibitor xanthine oxidase, the enzyme responsible for the conversion of hypoxanthine to xanthine and of xanthine to uric acid, the end product of purine metabolism in humans. Allopurinol does not disrupt the biosynthesis of purines. The action of oral allopurinol differs from that of uricosuric agents, which lower the serum uric acid level by increasing urinary excretion of uric acid. Allopurinol reduces both the serum and urinary uric acid levels by inhibiting the formation of uric acid. The use of allopurinol to block the formation of urates avoids the hazard of increased renal excretion of uric acid posed by uricosuric drugs.
Pharmacodynamics
Information about any biochemical or physiologic pharmacologic effects of the drug or active metabolites related to the drugÕs clinical effect in preventing, diagnosing, mitigating, curing, or treating disease, or those related to adverse effects or toxicity.12.2 Pharmacodynamics Allopurinol reduces the production of uric acid by inhibiting the biochemical reactions immediately preceding its formation in a dose dependent manner. The pharmacological action of allopurinol is generally believed to be mediated by its oxypurinol metabolite. Effect on Hypoxanthine and Xanthine Reutilization of both hypoxanthine and xanthine for nucleotide and nucleic acid synthesis is markedly enhanced when their oxidations are inhibited by allopurinol and oxypurinol. This reutilization does not disrupt normal nucleic acid anabolism because feedback inhibition is an integral part of purine biosynthesis. As a result of xanthine oxidase inhibition, the serum concentration of hypoxanthine plus xanthine in patients receiving allopurinol for treatment of hyperuricemia is usually in the range of 0.3 to 0.4 mg/dL compared to a normal level of approximately 0.15 mg/dL. A maximum of 0.9 mg/dL of these oxypurines has been reported when the serum urate was lowered to less than 2 mg/dL by high doses of allopurinol. These values are far below the saturation levels, at which point their precipitation would be expected to occur (above 7 mg/dL). The increased xanthine and hypoxanthine in the urine in patients who were treated with oral allopurinol have not been accompanied by problems of nephrolithiasis; however, there are isolated case reports of xanthine crystalluria. Drug Interaction Studies Fluorouracil : Based on non-clinical data, allopurinol may decrease anti-tumor activity due to suppression of phosphorylation of 5-fluorouracil. Pegloticase : Concomitant use of allopurinol and pegloticase may potentially blunt the rise of serum uric acid levels required for monitoring the safe use of pegloticase. Cytotoxic Agents: Enhanced bone marrow suppression by cyclophosphamide and other cytotoxic agents has been reported among patients with neoplastic disease, except leukemia, in the presence of allopurinol. Thiazide Diuretics: Reports that the concomitant administration of allopurinol and thiazide diuretics contributed to increased allopurinol toxicity were reviewed; however, a causal mechanism or cause-and-effect relationship was not found.
Pharmacokinetics
Information about the clinically significant pharmacokinetics of a drug or active metabolites, for instance pertinent absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion parameters.12.3 Pharmacokinetics Following single 100 mg and 300 mg intravenous and oral administration of allopurinol, the relative intravenous C max was approximately 3-fold and 3.8-fold and AUC 0-inf was approximately 1.9-fold higher for allopurinol at both dosages, respectively. The relative intravenous oxypurinol C max and AUC 0-inf was approximately 1 compared to oral administration at both dosages. The C max and AUC 0-inf for both allopurinol and oxypurinol following intravenous administration of allopurinol were dose proportional in the dose range of 100 to 300 mg. Distribution The steady-state allopurinol volume of distribution (mean ± S.D.) is approximately 0.87 ± 0.13 L/Kg following intravenous administration. Elimination The half-life (mean ± S.D.) of allopurinol and oxypurinol are approximately 1.21 ± 0.33 and 23.5 ± 4.5 hours following intravenous administration, respectively. The net renal clearance of oxypurinol about 30 mL/min. Metabolism Allopurinol is a weak CYP1A2 inhibitor. Allopurinol is rapidly eliminated from the systemic circulation primarily via oxidative metabolism to oxypurinol. The oxypurinol (alloxanthine) metabolite is also a xanthine oxidase inhibitor and is present in systemic circulation in much higher concentrations and for a much longer period than allopurinol. In general, the ratio of the area under the plasma concentration vs time curve (AUC 0-inf ) between oxypurinol and allopurinol was in the magnitude of 30 to 40. Excretion Approximately 12% of an allopurinol intravenous dose was excreted unchanged, 76% excreted as oxypurinol, and the remaining dose excreted as riboside conjugates in the urine. Oxypurinol was primarily eliminated unchanged in urine by glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption. Drug Interaction Studies Capecitabine : Concomitant use with allopurinol may decrease concentration of capecitabine’s active metabolites, which may decrease capecitabine efficacy. Cyclosporine : Concomitant use of allopurinol increases cyclosporine concentrations which may increase the risk of adverse reactions. Mercaptopurine or Azathioprine: Allopurinol inhibits xanthine oxidase mediated metabolism of mercaptopurine and azathioprine. Concomitant use of allopurinol increases the exposure of either mercaptopurine or azathioprine which may increase the risk of their adverse reactions including myelosuppression. Theophylline : Concomitant use of allopurinol doses greater than or equal to 600 mg/day may decrease the clearance of theophylline. Uricosuric Agents: Uricosuric agents increase the excretion of the active allopurinol metabolite oxypurinol. Concomitant use with uricosuric agents decreases oxypurinol exposure which may reduce the inhibition of xanthine oxidase by oxypurinol and increases the urinary excretion of uric acid. Warfarin : Allopurinol may inhibit the metabolism of warfarin, possibly enhancing its anticoagulant effect.
Contraindications
Information about situations in which the drug product is contraindicated or should not be used because the risk of use clearly outweighs any possible benefit, including the type and nature of reactions that have been reported.4 CONTRAINDICATIONS Allopurinol for injection is contraindicated in patients with a history of severe reaction to any formulation of allopurinol. Known hypersensitivity to allopurinol. ( 4 )
Description
General information about the drug product, including the proprietary and established name of the drug, the type of dosage form and route of administration to which the label applies, qualitative and quantitative ingredient information, the pharmacologic or therapeutic class of the drug, and the chemical name and structural formula of the drug.11 DESCRIPTION Allopurinol for Injection, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, is a sterile, white, lyophilized powder or cake, in a single-dose vial for reconstitution. Each vial contains 500 mg of allopurinol equivalent to 580.7 mg of allopurinol sodium and 153 mg of sodium hydroxide as a solubilizer. Sodium hydroxide is also used as a pH adjuster. Allopurinol for Injection contains no preservatives. Allopurinol is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor. The chemical name for allopurinol sodium is 1,5-dihydro-4 H -pyrazolo[3,4- d ]pyrimidin-4-one monosodium salt. It is a white amorphous mass with a molecular weight of 158.09 and molecular formula C 5 H 3 N 4 NaO. The structural formula is: The pKa of allopurinol sodium is 9.31. allopurinol-spl-structure
Dosage and administration
Information about the drug product’s dosage and administration recommendations, including starting dose, dose range, titration regimens, and any other clinically sigificant information that affects dosing recommendations.2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION • Recommended Dosage ( 2.2 ) Adult Patients 200 mg/m 2 /day to 400 mg/m 2 /day Maximum 600 mg/day Pediatric Patients Starting Dose 200 mg/m 2 /day Maximum 400 mg/day • Recommended Dosage in Adult Patients with Renal Impairment ( 2.2 , 5.2, 8.6 ) Creatinine Clearance Recommended Daily Dose 10 to 20 mL/min 200 mg/day Less than 10 mL/min 100 mg/day On dialysis 50 mg every 12 hours, or 100 mg every 24 hours 2.1 Recommended Dosage Initiate therapy with allopurinol for injection 24 to 48 hours before the start of chemotherapy known to cause tumor cell lysis. Additionally, administer fluids sufficient to yield a daily urinary output of at least two liters in adults with a neutral or, preferably, slightly alkaline urine. The recommended daily dose of allopurinol for injection is shown in Table 1. Administer the daily dose as single infusion or in equally divided infusions at 6-, 8-, or 12-hour intervals at a rate appropriate for the volume of infusate. Table 1: Recommended Daily Dose of Allopurinol for Injection Adult Patients 200 mg/m 2 /day to 400 mg/m 2 /day intravenously Maximum 600 mg/day Pediatric Patients Starting Dose 200 mg/m 2 /day intravenously Maximum 400 mg/day The dosage of allopurinol for injection to lower serum uric acid to normal or near-normal varies with the severity of the disease. Monitor serum uric acid levels at least daily and administer allopurinol for injection at a dose and frequency to maintain the serum uric acid within the normal range. Discontinue allopurinol for injection when the patient is able to take oral therapy or when the risk of tumor lysis has abated. 2.2 Dosage Modifications in Patients with Renal Impairment Reduce the dose of allopurinol for injection in patients with impaired renal function [see Use in Specific Populations (8.6) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ]. The recommended dosage reductions of allopurinol for injection in adult patients with renal impairment are shown in Table 2. Table 2: Recommended Daily Dose of Allopurinol for Injection in A dult Patients with Renal Impairment Creatinine Clearance Recommended Daily Dose 10 to 20 mL/min 200 mg/day Less than 10 mL/min 100 mg/day On dialysis 50 mg every 12 hours, or 100 mg every 24 hours Treatment with allopurinol for injection has not been studied in pediatric patients with severe renal impairment or on dialysis. For pediatric patients with severe renal impairment or on dialysis, consider the risks and potential benefits before initiating treatment with allopurinol for injection [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) and Use in Specific Populations (8.6) ]. 2.3 Preparation Instructions Reconstitute and further dilute allopurinol for injection prior to intravenous infusion. Reconstitution • Reconstitute each vial of allopurinol for injection with 25 mL of Sterile Water for Injection, USP to obtain a concentration of 20 mg/mL of allopurinol. • Inspect the reconstituted solution for discoloration and particulate matter. The reconstituted solution should appear as a clear, almost colorless solution with no more than a slight opalescence. Do not use if the reconstituted solution contains particulate matter or discoloration is present. Dilution • Dilute with 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP or 5% Dextrose for Injection, USP to obtain a final concentration of less than 6 mg/mL. • Inspect the diluted solution for particulate matter or discoloration and discard if present. • If not used immediately, the diluted allopurinol for injection solution can be stored at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F) for up to 10 hours after initial reconstitution. The storage includes time for infusion. Do not refrigerate the reconstituted and/or diluted product. • If stored, the administration should be completed within 10 hours after reconstitution. • Discard unused portion. 2.4 Administration Instructions Do not mix allopurinol for injection with or administer it through the same intravenous port as agents which are incompatible in solution with allopurinol for injection. The following table lists drugs that are known to be physically incompatible in solution with allopurinol for injection. Table 3: Drugs That Are Physically Incompatible in Solution with Allopurinol for Injection Amikacin sulfate Hydroxyzine HCl Amphotericin B Idarubicin HCl Carmustine Imipenem-cilastatin sodium Cefotaxime sodium Mechlorethamine HCl Chlorpromazine HCl Meperidine HCl Cimetidine HCl Metoclopramide HCl Clindamycin phosphate Methylprednisolone sodium succinate Cytarabine Minocycline HCl Dacarbazine Nalbuphine HCl Daunorubicin HCl Ondansetron HCl Diphenhydramine HCl Prochlorperazine edisylate Doxorubicin HCl Promethazine HCl Doxycycline hyclate Sodium bicarbonate Droperidol Streptozocin Floxuridine Tobramycin sulfate Gentamicin sulfate Vinorelbine tartrate Haloperidol lactate
| 200 mg/m2/day to 400 mg/m2/day Maximum 600 mg/day | |
| Starting Dose 200 mg/m2/day Maximum 400 mg/day |
| 10 to 20 mL/min | 200 mg/day |
| Less than 10 mL/min | 100 mg/day |
| On dialysis | 50 mg every 12 hours, or 100 mg every 24 hours |
| 200 mg/m2/day to 400 mg/m2/day intravenously Maximum 600 mg/day | |
| Starting Dose 200 mg/m2/day intravenously Maximum 400 mg/day |
| 10 to 20 mL/min | 200 mg/day |
| Less than 10 mL/min | 100 mg/day |
| On dialysis | 50 mg every 12 hours, or 100 mg every 24 hours |
| Amikacin sulfate | Hydroxyzine HCl |
| Amphotericin B | Idarubicin HCl |
| Carmustine | Imipenem-cilastatin sodium |
| Cefotaxime sodium | Mechlorethamine HCl |
| Chlorpromazine HCl | Meperidine HCl |
| Cimetidine HCl | Metoclopramide HCl |
| Clindamycin phosphate | Methylprednisolone sodium succinate |
| Cytarabine | Minocycline HCl |
| Dacarbazine | Nalbuphine HCl |
| Daunorubicin HCl | Ondansetron HCl |
| Diphenhydramine HCl | Prochlorperazine edisylate |
| Doxorubicin HCl | Promethazine HCl |
| Doxycycline hyclate | Sodium bicarbonate |
| Droperidol | Streptozocin |
| Floxuridine | Tobramycin sulfate |
| Gentamicin sulfate | Vinorelbine tartrate |
| Haloperidol lactate |
Dosage forms and strengths
Information about all available dosage forms and strengths for the drug product to which the labeling applies. This field may contain descriptions of product appearance.3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS For Injection: 500 mg of allopurinol as a sterile, white lyophilized powder or cake in a single-dose vial for reconstitution. For injection: 500 mg as a white lyophilized powder or cake in a single-dose vial for reconstitution ( 3 )
Indications and usage
A statement of each of the drug products indications for use, such as for the treatment, prevention, mitigation, cure, or diagnosis of a disease or condition, or of a manifestation of a recognized disease or condition, or for the relief of symptoms associated with a recognized disease or condition. This field may also describe any relevant limitations of use.1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE Allopurinol for injection is indicated for the management of adult and pediatric patients with leukemia, lymphoma, and solid tumor malignancies who are receiving cancer therapy which causes elevations of serum and urinary uric acid levels and who cannot tolerate oral therapy. Allopurinol for injection is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor indicated for the management of adult and pediatric patients with leukemia, lymphoma, and solid tumor malignancies who are receiving cancer therapy which causes elevations of serum and urinary uric acid levels and who cannot tolerate oral therapy. ( 1 )
Spl product data elements
Usually a list of ingredients in a drug product.Allopurinol Allopurinol ALLOPURINOL SODIUM ALLOPURINOL
Carcinogenesis and mutagenesis and impairment of fertility
Information about carcinogenic, mutagenic, or fertility impairment potential revealed by studies in animals. Information from human data about such potential is part of the warnings field.13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility Allopurinol was administered at doses up to 20 mg/kg/day to mice and rats for the majority of their life span. No evidence of carcinogenicity was seen in either mice or rats (at doses about 1/6 or 1/3 the recommended human dose on a mg/m 2 basis, respectively). Allopurinol administered intravenously to rats (50 mg/kg) was not incorporated into rapidly replicating intestinal DNA. No evidence of clastogenicity was observed in an in vivo micronucleus test in rats, or in lymphocytes taken from patients treated with allopurinol (mean duration of treatment 40 months), or in an in vitro assay with human lymphocytes. Allopurinol oral doses of 20 mg/kg/day had no effect on male or female fertility in rats or rabbits (about 1/3 or 1/2 the human dose on a mg/m 2 basis, respectively).
Nonclinical toxicology
Information about toxicology in non-human subjects.13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY 13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility Allopurinol was administered at doses up to 20 mg/kg/day to mice and rats for the majority of their life span. No evidence of carcinogenicity was seen in either mice or rats (at doses about 1/6 or 1/3 the recommended human dose on a mg/m 2 basis, respectively). Allopurinol administered intravenously to rats (50 mg/kg) was not incorporated into rapidly replicating intestinal DNA. No evidence of clastogenicity was observed in an in vivo micronucleus test in rats, or in lymphocytes taken from patients treated with allopurinol (mean duration of treatment 40 months), or in an in vitro assay with human lymphocytes. Allopurinol oral doses of 20 mg/kg/day had no effect on male or female fertility in rats or rabbits (about 1/3 or 1/2 the human dose on a mg/m 2 basis, respectively).
Package label principal display panel
The content of the principal display panel of the product package, usually including the product’s name, dosage forms, and other key information about the drug product.PACKAGE LABEL.PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL Carton Label : NDC 68083-380-01 Allopurinol for Injection 500 mg/vial For Intravenous Infusion Discard Unused Portion Single-Dose Vial Rx only Sterile Vial Label : NDC 68083-380-01 Allopurinol for Injection 500 mg/vial For Intravenous Infusion Single-Dose Vial Rx only Sterile allopurinol-carton allopurinol-vial
Allopurinol: Information for patients
Information necessary for patients to use the drug safely and effectively, such as precautions concerning driving or the concomitant use of other substances that may have harmful additive effects.17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION Skin Rash and Hypersensitivity Inform patients that allopurinol may increase the risk of serious and sometimes fatal dermatologic reactions, including toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), and drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS). Instruct the patient to be alert for skin rash, blisters, fever or other signs and symptoms of these hypersensitivity reactions. Advise patients to stop the allopurinol immediately if they develop any type of rash and seek medical attention [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ]. Renal Function Impairment Advise patients to stay well hydrated (e.g., 2 liters of liquid per day) while taking allopurinol [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) ]. Hepatotoxicity Advise patients of the risk of hepatotoxicity and to report any signs and symptoms of liver failure, including jaundice, pruritus, bleeding, bruising, or anorexia to their healthcare provider [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ]. Myelosuppression Advise patients of the risk of myelosuppression and to report any signs and symptoms of infection, fever, bleeding, shortness of breath, or significant fatigue to their healthcare provider [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4) ]. Drowsiness Inform patients that drowsiness has been reported in patients taking allopurinol and to be cautious when engaging in activities where alertness is mandatory [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5) ]. Pregnancy Advise pregnant women of the potential risk to a fetus. Advise women to notify their healthcare provider if they become pregnant or intend to become pregnant during treatment with allopurinol [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1) ]. Lactation Advise women not to breastfeed during treatment with allopurinol for one week after the last dose [see Use in Specific Populations (8.2) ]. Manufactured by: Gland Pharma Limited D.P.Pally, Dundigal Post, Hyderabad - 500043, INDIA Revised: March 2022
Clinical studies
This field may contain references to clinical studies in place of detailed discussion in other sections of the labeling.14 CLINICAL STUDIES A compassionate use trial of allopurinol conducted in the United States from 1977 through 1989 included 718 evaluable patients with malignancies requiring treatment with cytotoxic chemotherapy who were unable to ingest or retain oral medication. Of these patients, 411 had established hyperuricemia and 307 had normal serum urate levels at the time that treatment was initiated. Normal serum uric acid levels were achieved in 68% of the former (reduction of serum uric acid was documented in 93%), and were maintained throughout chemotherapy in 97% of the latter. Because of the study design, it was not possible to assess the impact of the treatment with allopurinol on the clinical outcome of the patient groups.
Geriatric use
Information about any limitations on any geriatric indications, needs for specific monitoring, hazards associated with use of the drug in the geriatric population.8.5 Geriatric Use Clinical studies of allopurinol did not include sufficient numbers of patients 65 years and older to determine whether they respond differently than younger patients.
Pediatric use
Information about any limitations on any pediatric indications, needs for specific monitoring, hazards associated with use of the drug in any subsets of the pediatric population (such as neonates, infants, children, or adolescents), differences between pediatric and adult responses to the drug, and other information related to the safe and effective pediatric use of the drug.8.4 Pediatric Use The safety and effectiveness of allopurinol have been established in approximately 200 pediatric patients. The efficacy and safety profile observed in this patient population were similar to that observed in adults.
Pregnancy
Information about effects the drug may have on pregnant women or on a fetus. This field may be ommitted if the drug is not absorbed systemically and the drug is not known to have a potential for indirect harm to the fetus. It may contain information about the established pregnancy category classification for the drug. (That information is nominally listed in the teratogenic_effects field, but may be listed here instead.)8.1 Pregnancy Risk Summary Based on findings in animals, allopurinol may cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Adverse developmental outcomes have been described in exposed animals ( see Data) . Allopurinol and its metabolite oxypurinol have been shown to cross the placenta following administration of maternal allopurinol. Available limited published data on allopurinol use in pregnant women do not demonstrate a clear pattern or increase in frequency of adverse developmental outcomes. Among approximately 50 pregnancies described in published literature, 2 infants with major congenital malformations have been reported with following maternal allopurinol exposure. Advise pregnant women of the potential risk to a fetus. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2% to 4% and 15% to 20%, respectively. Data Animal Data There was no evidence of fetotoxicity or teratogenicity in rats or rabbits treated during the period of organogenesis with oral allopurinol at doses up to 200 mg/kg/day and up to 100 mg/kg/day, respectively (about three times the human dose on a mg/m 2 basis). However, there is a published report in pregnant mice that single intraperitoneal doses of 50 or 100 mg/kg (about 1/3 or 3/4 the human dose on a mg/m 2 basis) of allopurinol on gestation days 10 or 13 produced significant increases in fetal deaths and teratogenic effects (cleft palate, harelip, and digital defects). It is uncertain whether these findings represented a fetal effect or an effect secondary to maternal toxicity. In another published study with no reported maternal toxicity, allopurinol administered orally at 15 or 45 mg/kg to pregnant rats during organogenesis caused embryonic resorptions, growth retardation, decreased fetal weight, and skeletal, liver, kidney, and brain abnormalities. In rats, maternal treatment with allopurinol in normoxic pregnancy has been shown to increase the cardiac protein levels of sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2 (SERCA2a) in the adult male offspring. The mechanism underlying this effect is not understood. However, this effect was not matched by an increase in left ventricular end diastolic pressure or sympathetic dominance in hearts of adult male offspring of normoxic pregnancy treated with allopurinol.
Use in specific populations
Information about use of the drug by patients in specific populations, including pregnant women and nursing mothers, pediatric patients, and geriatric patients.8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS • Pregnancy: May cause fetal harm ( 8.1 ). • Lactation: Advise not to breastfeed ( 8.2 ). 8.1 Pregnancy Risk Summary Based on findings in animals, allopurinol may cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Adverse developmental outcomes have been described in exposed animals ( see Data) . Allopurinol and its metabolite oxypurinol have been shown to cross the placenta following administration of maternal allopurinol. Available limited published data on allopurinol use in pregnant women do not demonstrate a clear pattern or increase in frequency of adverse developmental outcomes. Among approximately 50 pregnancies described in published literature, 2 infants with major congenital malformations have been reported with following maternal allopurinol exposure. Advise pregnant women of the potential risk to a fetus. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2% to 4% and 15% to 20%, respectively. Data Animal Data There was no evidence of fetotoxicity or teratogenicity in rats or rabbits treated during the period of organogenesis with oral allopurinol at doses up to 200 mg/kg/day and up to 100 mg/kg/day, respectively (about three times the human dose on a mg/m 2 basis). However, there is a published report in pregnant mice that single intraperitoneal doses of 50 or 100 mg/kg (about 1/3 or 3/4 the human dose on a mg/m 2 basis) of allopurinol on gestation days 10 or 13 produced significant increases in fetal deaths and teratogenic effects (cleft palate, harelip, and digital defects). It is uncertain whether these findings represented a fetal effect or an effect secondary to maternal toxicity. In another published study with no reported maternal toxicity, allopurinol administered orally at 15 or 45 mg/kg to pregnant rats during organogenesis caused embryonic resorptions, growth retardation, decreased fetal weight, and skeletal, liver, kidney, and brain abnormalities. In rats, maternal treatment with allopurinol in normoxic pregnancy has been shown to increase the cardiac protein levels of sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2 (SERCA2a) in the adult male offspring. The mechanism underlying this effect is not understood. However, this effect was not matched by an increase in left ventricular end diastolic pressure or sympathetic dominance in hearts of adult male offspring of normoxic pregnancy treated with allopurinol. 8.2 Lactation Risk Summary Allopurinol and oxypurinol are present in human milk. Based on information from a single case report, allopurinol and its active metabolite, oxypurinol, were detected in the milk of a mother at five weeks postpartum at an estimated relative infant dose of 0.14 and 0.2 mg/kg of allopurinol and between 7.2 to 8 mg/kg of oxypurinol daily. There was no report of effects of allopurinol on the breastfed infant or on milk production. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in a breastfed child, advise women not to breastfeed during treatments with allopurinol and for one week after the last dose. 8.4 Pediatric Use The safety and effectiveness of allopurinol have been established in approximately 200 pediatric patients. The efficacy and safety profile observed in this patient population were similar to that observed in adults. 8.5 Geriatric Use Clinical studies of allopurinol did not include sufficient numbers of patients 65 years and older to determine whether they respond differently than younger patients. 8.6 Renal Impairment Allopurinol and its primary active metabolite, oxypurinol, are eliminated by the kidneys [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ]. Therefore, changes in renal function will likely increase allopurinal and oxypurinol exposure. In patients with decreased renal function, or who have concurrent illnesses that can affect renal function such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus, perform periodic laboratory parameters of renal function, particularly BUN and serum creatinine or creatinine clearance, should be performed. In patients with severely impaired renal function or decreased urate clearance, the half-life of oxypurinol in the plasma is greatly prolonged. Reduce the dose of allopurinol in patients with creatinine clearance ≤ 20 mL/min [see Dosage and Administration (2.2) ]. Patients should be treated with the lowest effective dose, in order to minimize possible side effects.
How supplied
Information about the available dosage forms to which the labeling applies, and for which the manufacturer or distributor is responsible. This field ordinarily includes the strength of the dosage form (in metric units), the units in which the dosage form is available for prescribing, appropriate information to facilitate identification of the dosage forms (such as shape, color, coating, scoring, and National Drug Code), and special handling and storage condition information.16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING Allopurinol for Injection is supplied in 30 mL flint glass single-dose vials. Each vial contains 500 mg of allopurinol as a sterile, white, lyophilized powder or cake for reconstitution. NDC 68083-380-01 One vial per carton Store at 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature]. Discard unused portion.
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