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| Product NDC Code | 0228-3083 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Drug Name | Alprazolam extended release |
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| Type | Brand | ||||
| Pharm Class | Benzodiazepine [EPC], Benzodiazepines [CS] |
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| Active Ingredients |
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| Route | ORAL | ||||
| Dosage Form | TABLET, EXTENDED RELEASE | ||||
| RxCUI drug identifier | 433798, 433799, 433800, 433801 |
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| Application Number | ANDA078056 | ||||
| Labeler Name | Actavis Pharma, Inc. | ||||
| Packages |
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| Check if available Online | Get Medication Prices online with Discount |
Drug abuse and dependence
Information about whether the drug is a controlled substance, the types of abuse that can occur with the drug, and adverse reactions pertinent to those types of abuse.9 DRUG ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE 9.1 Controlled Substance Alprazolam extended-release tablets contain alprazolam, which is a Schedule IV controlled substance. 9.2 Abuse Alprazolam extended-release tablets are a benzodiazepine and a CNS depressant with a potential for abuse and addiction. Abuse is the intentional, non-therapeutic use of a drug, even once, for its desirable psychological or physiological effects. Misuse is the intentional use, for therapeutic purposes, of a drug by an individual in a way other than prescribed by a health care provider or for whom it was not prescribed. Drug addiction is a cluster of behavioral, cognitive, and physiological phenomena that may include a strong desire to take the drug, difficulties in controlling drug use (e.g., continuing drug use despite harmful consequences, giving a higher priority to drug use than other activities and obligations), and possible tolerance or physical dependence. Even taking benzodiazepines as prescribed may put patients at risk for abuse and misuse of their medication. Abuse and misuse of benzodiazepines may lead to addiction. Abuse and misuse of benzodiazepines often (but not always) involve the use of doses greater than the maximum recommended dosage and commonly involve concomitant use of other medications, alcohol, and/or illicit substances, which is associated with an increased frequency of serious adverse outcomes, including respiratory depression, overdose, or death. Benzodiazepines are often sought by individuals who abuse drugs and other substances, and by individuals with addictive disorders [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2 )] . The following adverse reactions have occurred with benzodiazepine abuse and/or misuse: abdominal pain, amnesia, anorexia, anxiety, aggression, ataxia, blurred vision, confusion, depression, disinhibition, disorientation, dizziness, euphoria, impaired concentration and memory, indigestion, irritability, muscle pain, slurred speech, tremors, and vertigo. The following severe adverse reactions have occurred with benzodiazepine abuse and/or misuse: delirium, paranoia, suicidal ideation and behavior, seizures, coma, breathing difficulty, and death. Death is more often associated with polysubstance use (especially benzodiazepines with other CNS depressants such as opioids and alcohol). 9.3 Dependence Physical Dependence Alprazolam extended-release tablets may produce physical dependence from continued therapy. Physical dependence is a state that develops as a result of physiological adaptation in response to repeated drug use, manifested by withdrawal signs and symptoms after abrupt discontinuation or a significant dose reduction of a drug. Abrupt discontinuation or rapid dosage reduction of benzodiazepines or administration of flumazenil, a benzodiazepine antagonist, may precipitate acute withdrawal reactions, including seizures, which can be life-threatening. Patients at an increased risk of withdrawal adverse reactions after benzodiazepine discontinuation or rapid dosage reduction include those who take higher dosages (i.e., higher and/or more frequent doses) and those who have had longer durations of use [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3 )] . To reduce the risk of withdrawal reactions, use a gradual taper to discontinue alprazolam extended-release tablets or reduce the dosage [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.3 ), Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3 )] . Acute Withdrawal Signs and Symptoms Acute withdrawal signs and symptoms associated with benzodiazepines have included abnormal involuntary movements, anxiety, blurred vision, depersonalization, depression, derealization, dizziness, fatigue, gastrointestinal adverse reactions (e.g., nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, decreased appetite), headache, hyperacusis, hypertension, irritability, insomnia, memory impairment, muscle pain and stiffness, panic attacks, photophobia, restlessness, tachycardia, and tremor. More severe acute withdrawal signs and symptoms, including life-threatening reactions, have included catatonia, convulsions, delirium tremens, depression, hallucinations, mania, psychosis, seizures, and suicidality. Protracted Withdrawal Syndrome Protracted withdrawal syndrome associated with benzodiazepines is characterized by anxiety, cognitive impairment, depression, insomnia, formication, motor symptoms (e.g., weakness, tremor, muscle twitches), paresthesia, and tinnitus that persists beyond 4 to 6 weeks after initial benzodiazepine withdrawal. Protracted withdrawal symptoms may last weeks to more than 12 months. As a result, there may be difficulty in differentiating withdrawal symptoms from potential re-emergence or continuation of symptoms for which the benzodiazepine was being used. Tolerance Tolerance to alprazolam extended-release tablets may develop from continued therapy. Tolerance is a physiological state characterized by a reduced response to a drug after repeated administration (i.e., a higher dose of a drug is required to produce the same effect that was once obtained at a lower dose). Tolerance to the therapeutic effect of alprazolam extended-release tablets may develop; however, little tolerance develops to the amnestic reactions and other cognitive impairments caused by benzodiazepines.
9.1 Controlled Substance Alprazolam extended-release tablets contain alprazolam, which is a Schedule IV controlled substance.
9.2 Abuse Alprazolam extended-release tablets are a benzodiazepine and a CNS depressant with a potential for abuse and addiction. Abuse is the intentional, non-therapeutic use of a drug, even once, for its desirable psychological or physiological effects. Misuse is the intentional use, for therapeutic purposes, of a drug by an individual in a way other than prescribed by a health care provider or for whom it was not prescribed. Drug addiction is a cluster of behavioral, cognitive, and physiological phenomena that may include a strong desire to take the drug, difficulties in controlling drug use (e.g., continuing drug use despite harmful consequences, giving a higher priority to drug use than other activities and obligations), and possible tolerance or physical dependence. Even taking benzodiazepines as prescribed may put patients at risk for abuse and misuse of their medication. Abuse and misuse of benzodiazepines may lead to addiction. Abuse and misuse of benzodiazepines often (but not always) involve the use of doses greater than the maximum recommended dosage and commonly involve concomitant use of other medications, alcohol, and/or illicit substances, which is associated with an increased frequency of serious adverse outcomes, including respiratory depression, overdose, or death. Benzodiazepines are often sought by individuals who abuse drugs and other substances, and by individuals with addictive disorders [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2 )] . The following adverse reactions have occurred with benzodiazepine abuse and/or misuse: abdominal pain, amnesia, anorexia, anxiety, aggression, ataxia, blurred vision, confusion, depression, disinhibition, disorientation, dizziness, euphoria, impaired concentration and memory, indigestion, irritability, muscle pain, slurred speech, tremors, and vertigo. The following severe adverse reactions have occurred with benzodiazepine abuse and/or misuse: delirium, paranoia, suicidal ideation and behavior, seizures, coma, breathing difficulty, and death. Death is more often associated with polysubstance use (especially benzodiazepines with other CNS depressants such as opioids and alcohol).
9.3 Dependence Physical Dependence Alprazolam extended-release tablets may produce physical dependence from continued therapy. Physical dependence is a state that develops as a result of physiological adaptation in response to repeated drug use, manifested by withdrawal signs and symptoms after abrupt discontinuation or a significant dose reduction of a drug. Abrupt discontinuation or rapid dosage reduction of benzodiazepines or administration of flumazenil, a benzodiazepine antagonist, may precipitate acute withdrawal reactions, including seizures, which can be life-threatening. Patients at an increased risk of withdrawal adverse reactions after benzodiazepine discontinuation or rapid dosage reduction include those who take higher dosages (i.e., higher and/or more frequent doses) and those who have had longer durations of use [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3 )] . To reduce the risk of withdrawal reactions, use a gradual taper to discontinue alprazolam extended-release tablets or reduce the dosage [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.3 ), Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3 )] . Acute Withdrawal Signs and Symptoms Acute withdrawal signs and symptoms associated with benzodiazepines have included abnormal involuntary movements, anxiety, blurred vision, depersonalization, depression, derealization, dizziness, fatigue, gastrointestinal adverse reactions (e.g., nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, decreased appetite), headache, hyperacusis, hypertension, irritability, insomnia, memory impairment, muscle pain and stiffness, panic attacks, photophobia, restlessness, tachycardia, and tremor. More severe acute withdrawal signs and symptoms, including life-threatening reactions, have included catatonia, convulsions, delirium tremens, depression, hallucinations, mania, psychosis, seizures, and suicidality. Protracted Withdrawal Syndrome Protracted withdrawal syndrome associated with benzodiazepines is characterized by anxiety, cognitive impairment, depression, insomnia, formication, motor symptoms (e.g., weakness, tremor, muscle twitches), paresthesia, and tinnitus that persists beyond 4 to 6 weeks after initial benzodiazepine withdrawal. Protracted withdrawal symptoms may last weeks to more than 12 months. As a result, there may be difficulty in differentiating withdrawal symptoms from potential re-emergence or continuation of symptoms for which the benzodiazepine was being used. Tolerance Tolerance to alprazolam extended-release tablets may develop from continued therapy. Tolerance is a physiological state characterized by a reduced response to a drug after repeated administration (i.e., a higher dose of a drug is required to produce the same effect that was once obtained at a lower dose). Tolerance to the therapeutic effect of alprazolam extended-release tablets may develop; however, little tolerance develops to the amnestic reactions and other cognitive impairments caused by benzodiazepines.
Overdosage of Alprazolam Extended Release
Information about signs, symptoms, and laboratory findings of acute ovedosage and the general principles of overdose treatment.10 OVERDOSAGE Overdosage of benzodiazepines is characterized by central nervous system depression ranging from drowsiness to coma. In mild to moderate cases, symptoms can include drowsiness, confusion, dysarthria, lethargy, hypnotic state, diminished reflexes, ataxia, and hypotonia. Rarely, paradoxical or disinhibitory reactions (including agitation, irritability, impulsivity, violent behavior, confusion, restlessness, excitement, and talkativeness) may occur. In severe overdosage cases, patients may develop respiratory depression and coma. Overdosage of benzodiazepines in combination with other CNS depressants (including alcohol and opioids) may be fatal [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2 )] . Markedly abnormal (lowered or elevated) blood pressure, heart rate, or respiratory rate raise the concern that additional drugs and/or alcohol are involved in the overdosage. In managing benzodiazepine overdosage, employ general supportive measures, including intravenous fluids and airway management. Flumazenil, a specific benzodiazepine receptor antagonist indicated for the complete or partial reversal of the sedative effects of benzodiazepines in the management of benzodiazepine overdosage, can lead to withdrawal and adverse reactions, including seizures, particularly in the context of mixed overdosage with drugs that increase seizure risk (e.g., tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants) and in patients with long-term benzodiazepine use and physical dependency. The risk of withdrawal seizures with flumazenil use may be increased in patients with epilepsy. Flumazenil is contraindicated in patients who have received a benzodiazepine for control of a potentially life-threatening condition (e.g., status epilepticus). If the decision is made to use flumazenil, it should be used as an adjunct to, not as a substitute for, supportive management of benzodiazepine overdosage. See the flumazenil injection Prescribing Information. Consider contacting the Poison Help Line at (1-800-222-1222), or a medical toxicologist for additional overdosage management recommendations.
Adverse reactions
Information about undesirable effects, reasonably associated with use of the drug, that may occur as part of the pharmacological action of the drug or may be unpredictable in its occurrence. Adverse reactions include those that occur with the drug, and if applicable, with drugs in the same pharmacologically active and chemically related class. There is considerable variation in the listing of adverse reactions. They may be categorized by organ system, by severity of reaction, by frequency, by toxicological mechanism, or by a combination of these.6 ADVERSE REACTIONS The following clinically significant adverse reactions are described elsewhere in the labeling: Risks from Concomitant Use with Opioids [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 )] Abuse, Misuse, and Addiction [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2 )] Dependence and Withdrawal Reactions [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3 )] Effects on Driving and Operating Machinery [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.4 )] Patients with Depression [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.6 )] Neonatal Sedation and Withdrawal Syndrome [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.8 )] Risks in Patients with Impaired Respiratory Function [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.9 )] The most common adverse reactions in panic disorder patients treated with alprazolam extended-release tablets (incidence of ≥5% and at least twice that of placebo) include: somnolence, memory impairment, dysarthria, coordination abnormal, ataxia, libido decreased, constipation, and nausea. ( 6.1 ) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Teva at 1-888-838-2872 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch. 6.1 Clinical Trials Experience Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. The information included in the section on Adverse Reactions Observed in Short-Term, Placebo-Controlled Trials with alprazolam extended-release tablets is based on pooled data of five 6- and 8-week placebo-controlled clinical studies in panic disorder. Adverse Reactions Observed in Short-Term, Placebo-Controlled Trials of Alprazolam Extended-Release Tablets Adverse Reactions Reported as Reasons for Discontinuation of Treatment in Placebo-Controlled Trials Approximately 17% of the 531 patients who received alprazolam extended-release tablets in placebo-controlled clinical trials for panic disorder had at least 1 adverse event that led to discontinuation compared to 8% of 349 placebo-treated patients. The most common events leading to discontinuation and considered to be drug-related (i.e., leading to discontinuation in at least 1% of the patients treated with alprazolam extended-release tablets at a rate at least twice that of placebo) are shown in Table 1. Table 1: Adverse Reactions Leading to Discontinuation in ≥1% of Alprazolam Extended-Release Tablets-treated Patients and at least twice the Rate of Placebo-treated Patients in Placebo-Controlled Trials Percentage of Patients Discontinuing Due to Adverse Reactions Alprazolam Extended-Release Tablets (n=531) Placebo (n=349) Nervous system disorders Sedation 7.5 0.6 Somnolence 3.2 0.3 Dysarthria 2.1 0 Coordination abnormal 1.9 0.3 Memory impairment 1.5 0.3 General disorders/administration site conditions Fatigue 1.7 0.6 Psychiatric disorders Depression 2.5 1.2 n=number of patients Adverse Reactions Occurring at an Incidence of 1% or More Among Patients Treated with Alprazolam Extended-Release Tablets Table 2 shows the incidence of adverse reactions that occurred during 6- and 8-week placebo-controlled trials in 1% or more of patients treated with alprazolam extended-release tablets where the incidence in patients treated with alprazolam extended-release tablets was greater than the incidence in placebo-treated patients. The most commonly observed adverse reactions in panic disorder patients treated with alprazolam extended-release tablets (incidence of 5% or greater and at least twice the incidence in placebo patients) were: sedation, somnolence, memory impairment, dysarthria, coordination abnormal, ataxia, libido decreased. Table 2: Adverse Reactions Occurring in ≥ 1% in Alprazolam Extended-Release Tablets-treated Patients and Greater than Placebo-treated Patients in 6- and 8-week Placebo-Controlled Trials Panic Disorder Alprazolam Extended-Release Tablets (n=531) Placebo (n=349) Nervous system disorders Sedation 45% 23% Somnolence 23% 6% Memory impairment 15% 7% Dysarthria 11% 3% Coordination abnormal 9% 1% Mental impairment 7% 6% Ataxia 7% 3% Disturbance in attention 3% 1% Balance impaired 3% 1% Dyskinesia 2% 1% Hypoesthesia 1% <1% Hypersomnia 1% 0% General disorders/administration site conditions Fatigue 14% 9% Lethargy 2% 1% Psychiatric disorders Depression 12% 9% Libido decreased 6% 2% Disorientation 2% 0% Confusion 2% 1% Depressed mood 1% <1% Metabolism and nutrition disorders Appetite increased 7% 6% Anorexia 2% 0% Gastrointestinal disorders Constipation 8% 4% Nausea 6% 3% Investigations Weight increased 5% 4% Injury, poisoning, and procedural complications Road traffic accident 2% 0% Reproductive system and breast disorders Dysmenorrhea 4% 3% Sexual dysfunction 2% 1% Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorder Arthralgia 2% 1% Myalgia 2% 1% Pain in limb 1% 0% Respiratory, thoracic, and mediastinal disorders Dyspnea 2% 0% Other Adverse Reactions Observed During the Premarketing Evaluation of Alprazolam Extended-Release Tablets Following is a list of other adverse reaction reported by 531 patients with panic disorder treated with alprazolam extended-release tablets. Adverse reactions are further categorized by body system and listed in order of decreasing frequency according to the following definitions: those occurring in at least l/l00 patients (frequent); those occurring in less than l/100 patients but at least l/1,000 patients (infrequent); those occurring in fewer than l/1,000 patients (rare). Cardiac disorders: Frequent: palpitation; Infrequent: sinus tachycardia Ear and Labyrinth disorders: Frequent: Vertigo; Infrequent : tinnitus, ear pain Eye disorders: Frequent: blurred vision; Infrequent: mydriasis, photophobia Gastrointestinal disorders : Frequent: diarrhea, vomiting, dyspepsia, abdominal pain; Infrequent : dysphagia, salivary hypersecretion General disorders and administration site conditions : Frequent : malaise, weakness, chest pains; Infrequent: fall, pyrexia, thirst, feeling hot and cold, edema, feeling jittery, sluggishness, asthenia, feeling drunk, chest tightness, increased energy, feeling of relaxation, hangover, loss of control of legs, rigors Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders : Frequent : back pain, muscle cramps, muscle twitching Nervous system disorders : Frequent: headache, dizziness, tremor; Infrequen t: amnesia, clumsiness, syncope, hypotonia, seizures, depressed level of consciousness, sleep apnea syndrome, sleep talking, stupor Psychiatric system disorders : Frequent : irritability, insomnia, nervousness, derealization, libido increased, restlessness, agitation, depersonalization, nightmare; Infrequent: abnormal dreams, apathy, aggression, anger, bradyphrenia, euphoric mood, logorrhea, mood swings, dysphonia, hallucination, homicidal ideation, mania, hypomania, impulse control, psychomotor retardation, suicidal ideation Renal and urinary disorders : Frequent : difficulty in micturition; Infrequent : urinary frequency, urinary incontinence Respiratory, thoracic, and mediastinal disorders : Frequent : nasal congestion, hyperventilation; Infrequent: choking sensation, epistaxis, rhinorrhea Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders : Frequent: sweating increased; Infrequent: clamminess, rash, urticaria Vascular disorders : Infrequent: hypotension Discontinuation-Emergent Adverse Reactions Occurring at an Incidence of 5% or More Among Patients Treated with Alprazolam Extended-Release Tablets Table 3 shows the incidence of discontinuation-emergent adverse reactions that occurred during short-term, placebo-controlled trials in 5% or more of patients treated with alprazolam extended-release tablets where the incidence in patients treated with alprazolam extended-release tablets was 2 times greater than the incidence in placebo-treated patients. Table 3: Discontinuation-Emergent Symptom Incidence Reported in ≥5% of Alprazolam Extended-Release Tablets-treated Patients and at least twice the Rate of Placebo-treated Patients in Short-Term, Placebo-Controlled Trials Alprazolam Extended-Release Tablets n=422 (%) Placebo n=261 (%) Nervous system disorders Tremor 28.2 10.7 Headache 26.5 12.6 Hypoesthesia 7.8 2.3 Paresthesia 7.1 2.7 Psychiatric disorders Insomnia 24.2 9.6 Nervousness 21.8 8.8 Depression 10.9 5.0 Derealization 8.0 3.8 Anxiety 7.8 2.7 Depersonalization 5.7 1.9 Gastrointestinal disorders Diarrhea 12.1 3.1 Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders Hyperventilation 8.5 2.7 Metabolism and nutrition disorders Appetite decreased 9.5 3.8 Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders Muscle twitching 7.4 2.7 Vascular disorders Hot flushes 5.9 2.7 There have also been reports of withdrawal seizures upon rapid decrease or abrupt discontinuation of alprazolam [see Warning and Precautions ( 5.2 ), Drug Abuse and Dependence ( 9.3 )]. Paradoxical reactions such as stimulation, increased muscle spasticity, sleep disturbances, hallucinations, and other adverse behavioral effects such as agitation, rage, irritability, and aggressive or hostile behavior have been reported rarely. In many of the spontaneous case reports of adverse behavioral effects, patients were receiving other CNS drugs concomitantly and/or were described as having underlying psychiatric conditions. Should any of the above events occur, alprazolam should be discontinued. Isolated published reports involving small numbers of patients have suggested that patients who have borderline personality disorder, a prior history of violent or aggressive behavior, or alcohol or substance abuse may be at risk for such events. Instances of irritability, hostility, and intrusive thoughts have been reported during discontinuation of alprazolam in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. 6.2 Postmarketing Experience The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of alprazolam tablets and/or alprazolam extended-release tablets. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. Endocrine disorders: Hyperprolactinemia General disorders and administration site conditions: Edema peripheral Hepatobiliary disorders: Hepatitis, hepatic failure, jaundice Investigations: Liver enzyme elevations Psychiatric disorders: Hypomania, mania Reproductive system and breast disorders: Gynecomastia, galactorrhea, menstruation irregular Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders: Photosensitivity reaction, angioedema, Stevens-Johnson syndrome
6.1 Clinical Trials Experience Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. The information included in the section on Adverse Reactions Observed in Short-Term, Placebo-Controlled Trials with alprazolam extended-release tablets is based on pooled data of five 6- and 8-week placebo-controlled clinical studies in panic disorder. Adverse Reactions Observed in Short-Term, Placebo-Controlled Trials of Alprazolam Extended-Release Tablets Adverse Reactions Reported as Reasons for Discontinuation of Treatment in Placebo-Controlled Trials Approximately 17% of the 531 patients who received alprazolam extended-release tablets in placebo-controlled clinical trials for panic disorder had at least 1 adverse event that led to discontinuation compared to 8% of 349 placebo-treated patients. The most common events leading to discontinuation and considered to be drug-related (i.e., leading to discontinuation in at least 1% of the patients treated with alprazolam extended-release tablets at a rate at least twice that of placebo) are shown in Table 1. Table 1: Adverse Reactions Leading to Discontinuation in ≥1% of Alprazolam Extended-Release Tablets-treated Patients and at least twice the Rate of Placebo-treated Patients in Placebo-Controlled Trials Percentage of Patients Discontinuing Due to Adverse Reactions Alprazolam Extended-Release Tablets (n=531) Placebo (n=349) Nervous system disorders Sedation 7.5 0.6 Somnolence 3.2 0.3 Dysarthria 2.1 0 Coordination abnormal 1.9 0.3 Memory impairment 1.5 0.3 General disorders/administration site conditions Fatigue 1.7 0.6 Psychiatric disorders Depression 2.5 1.2 n=number of patients Adverse Reactions Occurring at an Incidence of 1% or More Among Patients Treated with Alprazolam Extended-Release Tablets Table 2 shows the incidence of adverse reactions that occurred during 6- and 8-week placebo-controlled trials in 1% or more of patients treated with alprazolam extended-release tablets where the incidence in patients treated with alprazolam extended-release tablets was greater than the incidence in placebo-treated patients. The most commonly observed adverse reactions in panic disorder patients treated with alprazolam extended-release tablets (incidence of 5% or greater and at least twice the incidence in placebo patients) were: sedation, somnolence, memory impairment, dysarthria, coordination abnormal, ataxia, libido decreased. Table 2: Adverse Reactions Occurring in ≥ 1% in Alprazolam Extended-Release Tablets-treated Patients and Greater than Placebo-treated Patients in 6- and 8-week Placebo-Controlled Trials Panic Disorder Alprazolam Extended-Release Tablets (n=531) Placebo (n=349) Nervous system disorders Sedation 45% 23% Somnolence 23% 6% Memory impairment 15% 7% Dysarthria 11% 3% Coordination abnormal 9% 1% Mental impairment 7% 6% Ataxia 7% 3% Disturbance in attention 3% 1% Balance impaired 3% 1% Dyskinesia 2% 1% Hypoesthesia 1% <1% Hypersomnia 1% 0% General disorders/administration site conditions Fatigue 14% 9% Lethargy 2% 1% Psychiatric disorders Depression 12% 9% Libido decreased 6% 2% Disorientation 2% 0% Confusion 2% 1% Depressed mood 1% <1% Metabolism and nutrition disorders Appetite increased 7% 6% Anorexia 2% 0% Gastrointestinal disorders Constipation 8% 4% Nausea 6% 3% Investigations Weight increased 5% 4% Injury, poisoning, and procedural complications Road traffic accident 2% 0% Reproductive system and breast disorders Dysmenorrhea 4% 3% Sexual dysfunction 2% 1% Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorder Arthralgia 2% 1% Myalgia 2% 1% Pain in limb 1% 0% Respiratory, thoracic, and mediastinal disorders Dyspnea 2% 0% Other Adverse Reactions Observed During the Premarketing Evaluation of Alprazolam Extended-Release Tablets Following is a list of other adverse reaction reported by 531 patients with panic disorder treated with alprazolam extended-release tablets. Adverse reactions are further categorized by body system and listed in order of decreasing frequency according to the following definitions: those occurring in at least l/l00 patients (frequent); those occurring in less than l/100 patients but at least l/1,000 patients (infrequent); those occurring in fewer than l/1,000 patients (rare). Cardiac disorders: Frequent: palpitation; Infrequent: sinus tachycardia Ear and Labyrinth disorders: Frequent: Vertigo; Infrequent : tinnitus, ear pain Eye disorders: Frequent: blurred vision; Infrequent: mydriasis, photophobia Gastrointestinal disorders : Frequent: diarrhea, vomiting, dyspepsia, abdominal pain; Infrequent : dysphagia, salivary hypersecretion General disorders and administration site conditions : Frequent : malaise, weakness, chest pains; Infrequent: fall, pyrexia, thirst, feeling hot and cold, edema, feeling jittery, sluggishness, asthenia, feeling drunk, chest tightness, increased energy, feeling of relaxation, hangover, loss of control of legs, rigors Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders : Frequent : back pain, muscle cramps, muscle twitching Nervous system disorders : Frequent: headache, dizziness, tremor; Infrequen t: amnesia, clumsiness, syncope, hypotonia, seizures, depressed level of consciousness, sleep apnea syndrome, sleep talking, stupor Psychiatric system disorders : Frequent : irritability, insomnia, nervousness, derealization, libido increased, restlessness, agitation, depersonalization, nightmare; Infrequent: abnormal dreams, apathy, aggression, anger, bradyphrenia, euphoric mood, logorrhea, mood swings, dysphonia, hallucination, homicidal ideation, mania, hypomania, impulse control, psychomotor retardation, suicidal ideation Renal and urinary disorders : Frequent : difficulty in micturition; Infrequent : urinary frequency, urinary incontinence Respiratory, thoracic, and mediastinal disorders : Frequent : nasal congestion, hyperventilation; Infrequent: choking sensation, epistaxis, rhinorrhea Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders : Frequent: sweating increased; Infrequent: clamminess, rash, urticaria Vascular disorders : Infrequent: hypotension Discontinuation-Emergent Adverse Reactions Occurring at an Incidence of 5% or More Among Patients Treated with Alprazolam Extended-Release Tablets Table 3 shows the incidence of discontinuation-emergent adverse reactions that occurred during short-term, placebo-controlled trials in 5% or more of patients treated with alprazolam extended-release tablets where the incidence in patients treated with alprazolam extended-release tablets was 2 times greater than the incidence in placebo-treated patients. Table 3: Discontinuation-Emergent Symptom Incidence Reported in ≥5% of Alprazolam Extended-Release Tablets-treated Patients and at least twice the Rate of Placebo-treated Patients in Short-Term, Placebo-Controlled Trials Alprazolam Extended-Release Tablets n=422 (%) Placebo n=261 (%) Nervous system disorders Tremor 28.2 10.7 Headache 26.5 12.6 Hypoesthesia 7.8 2.3 Paresthesia 7.1 2.7 Psychiatric disorders Insomnia 24.2 9.6 Nervousness 21.8 8.8 Depression 10.9 5.0 Derealization 8.0 3.8 Anxiety 7.8 2.7 Depersonalization 5.7 1.9 Gastrointestinal disorders Diarrhea 12.1 3.1 Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders Hyperventilation 8.5 2.7 Metabolism and nutrition disorders Appetite decreased 9.5 3.8 Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders Muscle twitching 7.4 2.7 Vascular disorders Hot flushes 5.9 2.7 There have also been reports of withdrawal seizures upon rapid decrease or abrupt discontinuation of alprazolam [see Warning and Precautions ( 5.2 ), Drug Abuse and Dependence ( 9.3 )]. Paradoxical reactions such as stimulation, increased muscle spasticity, sleep disturbances, hallucinations, and other adverse behavioral effects such as agitation, rage, irritability, and aggressive or hostile behavior have been reported rarely. In many of the spontaneous case reports of adverse behavioral effects, patients were receiving other CNS drugs concomitantly and/or were described as having underlying psychiatric conditions. Should any of the above events occur, alprazolam should be discontinued. Isolated published reports involving small numbers of patients have suggested that patients who have borderline personality disorder, a prior history of violent or aggressive behavior, or alcohol or substance abuse may be at risk for such events. Instances of irritability, hostility, and intrusive thoughts have been reported during discontinuation of alprazolam in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder.
6.2 Postmarketing Experience The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of alprazolam tablets and/or alprazolam extended-release tablets. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. Endocrine disorders: Hyperprolactinemia General disorders and administration site conditions: Edema peripheral Hepatobiliary disorders: Hepatitis, hepatic failure, jaundice Investigations: Liver enzyme elevations Psychiatric disorders: Hypomania, mania Reproductive system and breast disorders: Gynecomastia, galactorrhea, menstruation irregular Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders: Photosensitivity reaction, angioedema, Stevens-Johnson syndrome
Alprazolam Extended Release Drug Interactions
Information about and practical guidance on preventing clinically significant drug/drug and drug/food interactions that may occur in people taking the drug.7 DRUG INTERACTIONS Use with Opioids: Increase the risk of respiratory depression. ( 7.1 ) Use with Other CNS Depressants: Produces additive CNS depressant effects. ( 7.1 ) Use with Digoxin: Increase the risk of digoxin toxicity. ( 7.1 ) Use with CYP3A Inhibitors (except ritinovir): Increase the risk of adverse reactions of alprazolam. ( 4 , 5.5 , 7.1 ) Use with CYP3A Inducers: Increase the risk of reduced efficacy of alprazolam. ( 7.1 ) 7.1 Drugs Having Clinically Important Interactions with Alprazolam Extended-Release Tablets Table 4 includes clinically significant drug interactions with alprazolam extended-release tablets [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )] . Table 4: Clinically Significant Drug Interactions with Alprazolam Extended-Release Tablets Opioids Clinical implication The concomitant use of benzodiazepines and opioids increases the risk of respiratory depression because of actions at different receptor sites in the CNS that control respiration. Benzodiazepines interact at gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA A ) sites and opioids interact primarily at mu receptors. When benzodiazepines and opioids are combined, the potential for benzodiazepines to significantly worsen opioid-related respiratory depression exists. Prevention or management Limit dosage and duration of concomitant use of alprazolam extended-release tablets and opioids, and monitor patients closely for respiratory depression and sedation [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 )]. Examples Morphine, buprenorphine, hydromorphone, oxymorphone, oxycodone, fentanyl, methadone, alfentanil, butorpenol, codeine, dihydrocodeine, meperidine, pentazocine, remifentanil, sufentanil, tapentadol, tramadol. CNS Depressants Clinical implication The benzodiazepines, including alprazolam, produce additive CNS depressant effects when coadministered with other CNS depressants. Prevention or management Limit dosage and duration of alprazolam extended-release tablets during concomitant use with CNS depressants [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3 )] . Examples Psychotropic medications, anticonvulsants, antihistaminics, ethanol, and other drugs which themselves produce CNS depression. Strong Inhibitors of CYP3A (except ritonavir) Clinical implication Concomitant use of alprazolam extended-release tablets with strong CYP3A inhibitors has a profound effect on the clearance of alprazolam, resulting in increased concentrations of alprazolam and increased risk of adverse reactions [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )]. Prevention or management Concomitant use of alprazolam extended-release tablets with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor (except ritonavir) is contraindicated [see Contraindications ( 4 ), Warnings and Precautions ( 5.5 )]. Examples Ketoconazole, itraconazole, clarithromycin Moderate or Weak Inhibitors of CYP3A Clinical implication Concomitant use of alprazolam extended-release tablets with CYP3A inhibitors may increase the concentrations of alprazolam extended-release tablets, resulting in increased risk of adverse reactions [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )]. Prevention or management Avoid use and consider appropriate dose reduction when alprazolam extended-release tablets is coadministered with a moderate or weak CYP3A inhibitor [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.5 )]. Examples Nefazodone, fluvoxamine, cimetidine, erythromycin CYP3A Inducers Clinical implication Concomitant use of CYP3A inducers can increase alprazolam metabolism and therefore can decease plasma levels of alprazolam [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )] . Prevention or management Caution is recommended during coadministration with alprazolam. Examples Carbamazepine, phenytoin Ritonavir Clinical implication Interactions involving ritonavir and alprazolam are complex and time dependent. Short term administration of ritonavir increased alprazolam exposure due to CYP3A4 inhibition. Following long term treatment of ritonavir (>10 to 14 days), CYP3A4 induction offsets this inhibition. Alprazolam exposure was not meaningfully affected in the presence of ritonavir. Prevention or management Reduce alprazolam extended-release tablets dose when a patient is initiated with ritonavir and alprazolam extended-release tablets concomitantly, or when ritonavir is added to a regimen where alprazolam extended-release tablets is stabilized. Increase alprazolam extended-release tablets dosage to the target dosage after 10 to 14 days of dosing ritonavir and alprazolam extended-release tablets concomitantly. No dosage adjustment of alprazolam extended-release tablets is necessary in patients receiving ritonavir for more than 10 to 14 days [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.5 )] . Concomitant use of alprazolam extended-release tablets with a strong CYP3A inhibitor, except ritonavir, is contraindicated [see Contraindications ( 4 ), Warnings and Precautions ( 5.5 )]. Digoxin Clinical implication Increased digoxin concentrations have been reported when alprazolam was given, especially in geriatric patients (>65 years of age). Prevention or management In patients on digoxin therapy, measure serum digoxin concentrations before initiating alprazolam extended-release tablets. Continue monitoring digoxin serum concentration and toxicity frequently. Reduce the digoxin dose if necessary. 7.2 Drug/Laboratory Test Interactions Although interactions between benzodiazepines and commonly employed clinical laboratory tests have occasionally been reported, there is no consistent pattern for a specific drug or specific test.
7.1 Drugs Having Clinically Important Interactions with Alprazolam Extended-Release Tablets Table 4 includes clinically significant drug interactions with alprazolam extended-release tablets [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )] . Table 4: Clinically Significant Drug Interactions with Alprazolam Extended-Release Tablets Opioids Clinical implication The concomitant use of benzodiazepines and opioids increases the risk of respiratory depression because of actions at different receptor sites in the CNS that control respiration. Benzodiazepines interact at gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA A ) sites and opioids interact primarily at mu receptors. When benzodiazepines and opioids are combined, the potential for benzodiazepines to significantly worsen opioid-related respiratory depression exists. Prevention or management Limit dosage and duration of concomitant use of alprazolam extended-release tablets and opioids, and monitor patients closely for respiratory depression and sedation [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 )]. Examples Morphine, buprenorphine, hydromorphone, oxymorphone, oxycodone, fentanyl, methadone, alfentanil, butorpenol, codeine, dihydrocodeine, meperidine, pentazocine, remifentanil, sufentanil, tapentadol, tramadol. CNS Depressants Clinical implication The benzodiazepines, including alprazolam, produce additive CNS depressant effects when coadministered with other CNS depressants. Prevention or management Limit dosage and duration of alprazolam extended-release tablets during concomitant use with CNS depressants [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3 )] . Examples Psychotropic medications, anticonvulsants, antihistaminics, ethanol, and other drugs which themselves produce CNS depression. Strong Inhibitors of CYP3A (except ritonavir) Clinical implication Concomitant use of alprazolam extended-release tablets with strong CYP3A inhibitors has a profound effect on the clearance of alprazolam, resulting in increased concentrations of alprazolam and increased risk of adverse reactions [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )]. Prevention or management Concomitant use of alprazolam extended-release tablets with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor (except ritonavir) is contraindicated [see Contraindications ( 4 ), Warnings and Precautions ( 5.5 )]. Examples Ketoconazole, itraconazole, clarithromycin Moderate or Weak Inhibitors of CYP3A Clinical implication Concomitant use of alprazolam extended-release tablets with CYP3A inhibitors may increase the concentrations of alprazolam extended-release tablets, resulting in increased risk of adverse reactions [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )]. Prevention or management Avoid use and consider appropriate dose reduction when alprazolam extended-release tablets is coadministered with a moderate or weak CYP3A inhibitor [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.5 )]. Examples Nefazodone, fluvoxamine, cimetidine, erythromycin CYP3A Inducers Clinical implication Concomitant use of CYP3A inducers can increase alprazolam metabolism and therefore can decease plasma levels of alprazolam [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )] . Prevention or management Caution is recommended during coadministration with alprazolam. Examples Carbamazepine, phenytoin Ritonavir Clinical implication Interactions involving ritonavir and alprazolam are complex and time dependent. Short term administration of ritonavir increased alprazolam exposure due to CYP3A4 inhibition. Following long term treatment of ritonavir (>10 to 14 days), CYP3A4 induction offsets this inhibition. Alprazolam exposure was not meaningfully affected in the presence of ritonavir. Prevention or management Reduce alprazolam extended-release tablets dose when a patient is initiated with ritonavir and alprazolam extended-release tablets concomitantly, or when ritonavir is added to a regimen where alprazolam extended-release tablets is stabilized. Increase alprazolam extended-release tablets dosage to the target dosage after 10 to 14 days of dosing ritonavir and alprazolam extended-release tablets concomitantly. No dosage adjustment of alprazolam extended-release tablets is necessary in patients receiving ritonavir for more than 10 to 14 days [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.5 )] . Concomitant use of alprazolam extended-release tablets with a strong CYP3A inhibitor, except ritonavir, is contraindicated [see Contraindications ( 4 ), Warnings and Precautions ( 5.5 )]. Digoxin Clinical implication Increased digoxin concentrations have been reported when alprazolam was given, especially in geriatric patients (>65 years of age). Prevention or management In patients on digoxin therapy, measure serum digoxin concentrations before initiating alprazolam extended-release tablets. Continue monitoring digoxin serum concentration and toxicity frequently. Reduce the digoxin dose if necessary.
7.2 Drug/Laboratory Test Interactions Although interactions between benzodiazepines and commonly employed clinical laboratory tests have occasionally been reported, there is no consistent pattern for a specific drug or specific test.
Clinical pharmacology
Information about the clinical pharmacology and actions of the drug in humans.12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 12.1 Mechanism of Action Alprazolam is a 1,4 benzodiazepine. Alprazolam exerts its effect for the treatment of panic disorder through binding to the benzodiazepine site of gamma-aminobutyric acid-A (GABA A ) receptors in the brain and enhances GABA-mediated synaptic inhibition. 12.3 Pharmacokinetics The pharmacokinetics of alprazolam and two of its major active metabolites (4-hydroxyalprazolam and α-hydroxyalprazolam) are linear, and concentrations are proportional up to 10 mg alprazolam extended-release tablets given once daily. Absorption Following oral administration of alprazolam extended-release tablets in the morning, peak plasma concentration of alprazolam (C max ) occurs in about 10 hours postdose. Compared to morning dosing, alprazolam C max increased by 30% and the T max decreased by an hour following dosing at night. The mean absolute bioavailability of alprazolam following administration of alprazolam extended-release tablets is approximately 90%, and the relative bioavailability compared to alprazolam tablets is about 100%. The bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of alprazolam following administration of alprazolam extended-release tablets are similar to that for alprazolam tablets, with the exception of a slower rate of absorption. Effect of Food A high-fat meal given up to 2 hours before dosing with alprazolam extended-release tablets increased the mean C max by about 25%. The effect of this meal on T max depended on the timing of the meal, with a reduction in T max by about 1/3 for subjects eating immediately before dosing and an increase in T max by about 1/3 for subjects eating 1 hour or more after dosing. The extent of exposure (AUC) and elimination half-life (t ½ ) were not affected by eating. Distribution The apparent volume of distribution of alprazolam is similar for alprazolam extended-release tablets and alprazolam tablets. Alprazolam is 80% bound to human serum protein, and albumin accounts for the majority of the binding. Elimination The mean plasma elimination half-life of alprazolam following administration of alprazolam extended-release tablets ranges from 10.7 to 15.8 hours in healthy adults. Metabolism Alprazolam is extensively metabolized in humans, primarily by cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), to two major active metabolites in the plasma: 4-hydroxyalprazolam and α-hydroxyalprazolam. The plasma circulation levels of the two active metabolites after both alprazolam extended-release tablets and alprazolam tablets are less than 10% and 4% of the parent, respectively. The reported relative potencies in benzodiazepine receptor binding experiments and in animal models of induced seizure inhibition are 0.20 and 0.66, respectively, for 4-hydroxyalprazolam and α-hydroxyalprazolam. The low concentrations and low potencies of 4-hydroxyalprazolam and α-hydroxyalprazolam indicate that they unlikely contribute much to the effects of alprazolam. A benzophenone derived from alprazolam is also found in humans. Their half-lives appear to be similar to that of alprazolam. The pharmacokinetic parameters at steady-state for the two hydroxylated metabolites of alprazolam (4-hydroxyalprazolam and α-hydroxyalprazolam) were similar for alprazolam tablets and alprazolam extended-release tablets, indicating that the metabolism of alprazolam is not affected by absorption rate. Excretion Alprazolam and its metabolites are excreted primarily in the urine. Specific Populations Geriatric Patients The mean T 1/2 of alprazolam was 16.3 hours (range: 9.0 to 26.9 hours) in healthy elderly subjects compared to 11.0 hours (range: 6.3 to 15.8 hours, n=16) in healthy adult subjects. Obese Patients The mean T 1/2 of alprazolam was 21.8 hours (range: 9.9 to 40.4 hours) in a group of obese subjects. Patients with Hepatic Impairment The mean T 1/2 of alprazolam was 19.7 hours (range: 5.8 to 65.3 hours) in patients with alcoholic liver disease. Racial or Ethnic Groups Maximal concentrations and T 1/2 of alprazolam are approximately 15% and 25% higher in Asians compared to Caucasians. Smoking Alprazolam concentrations may be reduced by up to 50% in smokers compared to non-smokers. Drug Interaction Studies In Vivo Studies Most of the interactions that have been documented with alprazolam are with drugs that modulate CYP3A4 activity. Compounds that are inhibitors or inducers of CYP3A would be expected to increase or decrease plasma alprazolam concentrations, respectively. Drug products that have been studied in vivo , along with their effect on increasing alprazolam AUC, are as follows: ketoconazole, 3.98 fold; itraconazole, 2.66 fold; nefazodone, 1.98 fold; fluvoxamine, 1.96 fold; and erythromycin, 1.61 fold [see Contraindications ( 4 ), Warnings and Precautions ( 5.5 ), Drug Interactions ( 7.2 )] . Other studied drugs include: Cimetidine: Coadministration of cimetidine increased the maximum plasma concentration of alprazolam by 82%, decreased clearance by 42%, and increased T 1/2 by 16%. Fluoxetine: Coadministration of fluoxetine with alprazolam increased the maximum plasma concentration of alprazolam by 46%, decreased clearance by 21%, increased T 1/2 by 17%, and decreased measured psychomotor performance. Oral Contraceptives: Coadministration of oral contraceptives increased the maximum plasma concentration of alprazolam by 18%, decreased clearance by 22%, and increased T 1/2 by 29%. Carbamazepine: The oral clearance of alprazolam (given in a 0.8 mg single dose) was increased from 0.90±0.21 mL/min/kg to 2.13±0.54 mL/min/kg and the elimination T 1/2 was shortened (from 17.1±4.9 to 7.7±1.7 hour) following administration of 300 mg per day carbamazepine for 10 days [see Drug Interactions ( 7.2 )] . However, the carbamazepine dose used in this study was fairly low compared to the recommended doses (1,000 mg to 1,200 mg per day); the effect at usual carbamazepine doses is unknown. Ritonavir: Interactions involving HIV protease inhibitors (e.g., ritonavir) and alprazolam are complex and time dependent. Short-term low doses of ritonavir (4 doses of 200 mg) increased mean AUC of alprazolam by about 2.5-fold, and did not significantly affect C max of alprazolam. The elimination T 1/2 was prolonged (30 hours versus 13 hours). However, upon extended exposure to ritonavir (500 mg, twice daily for 10 days), CYP3A induction offset this inhibition. Alprazolam AUC and C max was reduced by 12% and 16%, respectively, in the presence of ritonavir. The elimination T 1/2 of alprazolam was not significantly changed [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.5 )] . Sertraline: A single dose of alprazolam 1 mg and steady state dose of sertraline (50 mg to 150 mg per day) did not reveal any clinically significant changes in the pharmacokinetics of alprazolam. Imipramine and Desipramine: The steady state plasma concentrations of imipramine and desipramine have been reported to be increased an average of 31% and 20%, respectively, by the concomitant administration of alprazolam in doses up to 4 mg per day. Warfarin: Alprazolam did not affect the prothrombin or plasma warfarin levels in male volunteers administered sodium warfarin orally. In Vitro Studies Data from in vitro studies of alprazolam suggest a possible drug interaction of alprazolam with paroxetine. The ability of alprazolam to induce human hepatic enzyme systems has not been determined.
Mechanism of action
Information about the established mechanism(s) of the drugÕs action in humans at various levels (for example receptor, membrane, tissue, organ, whole body). If the mechanism of action is not known, this field contains a statement about the lack of information.12.1 Mechanism of Action Alprazolam is a 1,4 benzodiazepine. Alprazolam exerts its effect for the treatment of panic disorder through binding to the benzodiazepine site of gamma-aminobutyric acid-A (GABA A ) receptors in the brain and enhances GABA-mediated synaptic inhibition.
Pharmacokinetics
Information about the clinically significant pharmacokinetics of a drug or active metabolites, for instance pertinent absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion parameters.12.3 Pharmacokinetics The pharmacokinetics of alprazolam and two of its major active metabolites (4-hydroxyalprazolam and α-hydroxyalprazolam) are linear, and concentrations are proportional up to 10 mg alprazolam extended-release tablets given once daily. Absorption Following oral administration of alprazolam extended-release tablets in the morning, peak plasma concentration of alprazolam (C max ) occurs in about 10 hours postdose. Compared to morning dosing, alprazolam C max increased by 30% and the T max decreased by an hour following dosing at night. The mean absolute bioavailability of alprazolam following administration of alprazolam extended-release tablets is approximately 90%, and the relative bioavailability compared to alprazolam tablets is about 100%. The bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of alprazolam following administration of alprazolam extended-release tablets are similar to that for alprazolam tablets, with the exception of a slower rate of absorption. Effect of Food A high-fat meal given up to 2 hours before dosing with alprazolam extended-release tablets increased the mean C max by about 25%. The effect of this meal on T max depended on the timing of the meal, with a reduction in T max by about 1/3 for subjects eating immediately before dosing and an increase in T max by about 1/3 for subjects eating 1 hour or more after dosing. The extent of exposure (AUC) and elimination half-life (t ½ ) were not affected by eating. Distribution The apparent volume of distribution of alprazolam is similar for alprazolam extended-release tablets and alprazolam tablets. Alprazolam is 80% bound to human serum protein, and albumin accounts for the majority of the binding. Elimination The mean plasma elimination half-life of alprazolam following administration of alprazolam extended-release tablets ranges from 10.7 to 15.8 hours in healthy adults. Metabolism Alprazolam is extensively metabolized in humans, primarily by cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), to two major active metabolites in the plasma: 4-hydroxyalprazolam and α-hydroxyalprazolam. The plasma circulation levels of the two active metabolites after both alprazolam extended-release tablets and alprazolam tablets are less than 10% and 4% of the parent, respectively. The reported relative potencies in benzodiazepine receptor binding experiments and in animal models of induced seizure inhibition are 0.20 and 0.66, respectively, for 4-hydroxyalprazolam and α-hydroxyalprazolam. The low concentrations and low potencies of 4-hydroxyalprazolam and α-hydroxyalprazolam indicate that they unlikely contribute much to the effects of alprazolam. A benzophenone derived from alprazolam is also found in humans. Their half-lives appear to be similar to that of alprazolam. The pharmacokinetic parameters at steady-state for the two hydroxylated metabolites of alprazolam (4-hydroxyalprazolam and α-hydroxyalprazolam) were similar for alprazolam tablets and alprazolam extended-release tablets, indicating that the metabolism of alprazolam is not affected by absorption rate. Excretion Alprazolam and its metabolites are excreted primarily in the urine. Specific Populations Geriatric Patients The mean T 1/2 of alprazolam was 16.3 hours (range: 9.0 to 26.9 hours) in healthy elderly subjects compared to 11.0 hours (range: 6.3 to 15.8 hours, n=16) in healthy adult subjects. Obese Patients The mean T 1/2 of alprazolam was 21.8 hours (range: 9.9 to 40.4 hours) in a group of obese subjects. Patients with Hepatic Impairment The mean T 1/2 of alprazolam was 19.7 hours (range: 5.8 to 65.3 hours) in patients with alcoholic liver disease. Racial or Ethnic Groups Maximal concentrations and T 1/2 of alprazolam are approximately 15% and 25% higher in Asians compared to Caucasians. Smoking Alprazolam concentrations may be reduced by up to 50% in smokers compared to non-smokers. Drug Interaction Studies In Vivo Studies Most of the interactions that have been documented with alprazolam are with drugs that modulate CYP3A4 activity. Compounds that are inhibitors or inducers of CYP3A would be expected to increase or decrease plasma alprazolam concentrations, respectively. Drug products that have been studied in vivo , along with their effect on increasing alprazolam AUC, are as follows: ketoconazole, 3.98 fold; itraconazole, 2.66 fold; nefazodone, 1.98 fold; fluvoxamine, 1.96 fold; and erythromycin, 1.61 fold [see Contraindications ( 4 ), Warnings and Precautions ( 5.5 ), Drug Interactions ( 7.2 )] . Other studied drugs include: Cimetidine: Coadministration of cimetidine increased the maximum plasma concentration of alprazolam by 82%, decreased clearance by 42%, and increased T 1/2 by 16%. Fluoxetine: Coadministration of fluoxetine with alprazolam increased the maximum plasma concentration of alprazolam by 46%, decreased clearance by 21%, increased T 1/2 by 17%, and decreased measured psychomotor performance. Oral Contraceptives: Coadministration of oral contraceptives increased the maximum plasma concentration of alprazolam by 18%, decreased clearance by 22%, and increased T 1/2 by 29%. Carbamazepine: The oral clearance of alprazolam (given in a 0.8 mg single dose) was increased from 0.90±0.21 mL/min/kg to 2.13±0.54 mL/min/kg and the elimination T 1/2 was shortened (from 17.1±4.9 to 7.7±1.7 hour) following administration of 300 mg per day carbamazepine for 10 days [see Drug Interactions ( 7.2 )] . However, the carbamazepine dose used in this study was fairly low compared to the recommended doses (1,000 mg to 1,200 mg per day); the effect at usual carbamazepine doses is unknown. Ritonavir: Interactions involving HIV protease inhibitors (e.g., ritonavir) and alprazolam are complex and time dependent. Short-term low doses of ritonavir (4 doses of 200 mg) increased mean AUC of alprazolam by about 2.5-fold, and did not significantly affect C max of alprazolam. The elimination T 1/2 was prolonged (30 hours versus 13 hours). However, upon extended exposure to ritonavir (500 mg, twice daily for 10 days), CYP3A induction offset this inhibition. Alprazolam AUC and C max was reduced by 12% and 16%, respectively, in the presence of ritonavir. The elimination T 1/2 of alprazolam was not significantly changed [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.5 )] . Sertraline: A single dose of alprazolam 1 mg and steady state dose of sertraline (50 mg to 150 mg per day) did not reveal any clinically significant changes in the pharmacokinetics of alprazolam. Imipramine and Desipramine: The steady state plasma concentrations of imipramine and desipramine have been reported to be increased an average of 31% and 20%, respectively, by the concomitant administration of alprazolam in doses up to 4 mg per day. Warfarin: Alprazolam did not affect the prothrombin or plasma warfarin levels in male volunteers administered sodium warfarin orally. In Vitro Studies Data from in vitro studies of alprazolam suggest a possible drug interaction of alprazolam with paroxetine. The ability of alprazolam to induce human hepatic enzyme systems has not been determined.
Contraindications
Information about situations in which the drug product is contraindicated or should not be used because the risk of use clearly outweighs any possible benefit, including the type and nature of reactions that have been reported.4 CONTRAINDICATIONS Alprazolam extended-release tablets are contraindicated in patients: with known hypersensitivity to alprazolam or other benzodiazepines. Angioedema has been reported [see Adverse Reactions ( 6.2 )]. taking strong cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) inhibitors (e.g., ketoconazole, itraconazole), except ritonavir [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.5 ), Warnings and Precautions ( 5.5 ), Drug Interactions ( 7.1 )] . Known hypersensitivity to alprazolam or other benzodiazepines. ( 4 ) Concomitant use with strong cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) inhibitors, except ritonavir. ( 4 , 5.5 , 7.1 )
Description
General information about the drug product, including the proprietary and established name of the drug, the type of dosage form and route of administration to which the label applies, qualitative and quantitative ingredient information, the pharmacologic or therapeutic class of the drug, and the chemical name and structural formula of the drug.11 DESCRIPTION Alprazolam extended-release tablets, USP contain alprazolam, USP which is a triazolo analog of the 1,4 benzodiazepine class of central nervous system-active compounds. The chemical name of alprazolam is 8-chloro-1-methyl-6-phenyl-4 H - s -triazolo [4,3-α] [1,4] benzodiazepine. The molecular formula is C 17 H 13 ClN 4 which corresponds to a molecular weight of 308.76. The structural formula is represented below: Alprazolam, USP is a white crystalline powder, which is soluble in methanol or ethanol but which has no appreciable solubility in water at physiological pH. Each alprazolam extended-release tablet USP, for oral administration, contains 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg, or 3 mg of alprazolam, USP. The inactive ingredients are lactose monohydrate, hypromellose, and magnesium stearate. In addition, the 1 mg tablets also contain D&C yellow #10 aluminum lake. The 2 mg tablets also contain FD&C Yellow #6 aluminum lake, and the 3 mg tablets also contain D&C Yellow #10 aluminum lake, and FD&C Blue #2 aluminum lake. Product meets USP Dissolution Test 2. 1
Dosage and administration
Information about the drug product’s dosage and administration recommendations, including starting dose, dose range, titration regimens, and any other clinically sigificant information that affects dosing recommendations.2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION Recommended starting oral dosage is 0.5 mg to 1 mg once daily (preferably in the morning). Depending on the response, the dose may be increased at intervals of 3 to 4 days in increments of no more than 1 mg daily. ( 2.1 ) Recommended total daily dosage is 3 mg to 6 mg daily. ( 2.1 ) Swallow tablets whole; do not divide, crush, or chew. ( 2.1 ) When tapering, decrease dosage by no more than 0.5 mg every 3 days. Some patients may require an even slower dosage reduction. ( 2.2 , 5.2 ) See the Full Prescribing Information for the recommended dosage in geriatric patients, patients with hepatic impairment, and with use with ritonavir. ( 2.3 , 2.4 , 2.5 ) 2.1 Recommended Dosage Administer alprazolam extended-release tablets orally once daily, preferably in the morning. Swallow tablets whole; do not divide, crush, or chew. The recommended starting oral dosage for alprazolam extended-release tablets is 0.5 mg to 1 mg once daily. Depending on the response, the dosage may be adjusted at intervals of every 3 to 4 days in increments of no more than 1 mg daily. The recommended dosage range is 3 mg to 6 mg once daily. Controlled trials of alprazolam extended-release tablets for the treatment of panic disorder included dosages in the range of 1 mg to 10 mg per day. Most patients showed a response in the dosage range of 3 mg to 6 mg per day. Occasional patients required as much as 10 mg per day. The longer-term efficacy of alprazolam extended-release tablets has not been systematically evaluated. If alprazolam extended-release tablets is used for periods longer than 8 weeks, the healthcare provider should periodically reassess the usefulness of the drug for the individual patient. After a period of extended freedom from panic attacks, a carefully supervised tapered discontinuation may be attempted, but there is evidence that this may often be difficult to accomplish without recurrence of symptoms and/or the manifestation of withdrawal phenomena [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.2 ), Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2 )] . 2.2 Discontinuation or Dosage Reduction of Alprazolam Extended-Release Tablets To reduce the risk of withdrawal reactions, use a gradual taper to discontinue alprazolam extended-release tablets or reduce the dosage. If a patient develops withdrawal reactions, consider pausing the taper or increasing the dosage to the previous tapered dosage level. Subsequently decrease the dosage more slowly [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3 ), Drug Abuse and Dependence ( 9.3 )]. Reduce the dosage by no more than 0.5 mg every three days. Some patients may benefit from an even more gradual discontinuation. Some patients may prove resistant to all discontinuation regimens. In a controlled postmarketing discontinuation study of panic disorder patients which compared the recommended taper schedule with a slower taper schedule, no difference was observed between the groups in the proportion of patients who tapered to zero dose; however, the slower schedule was associated with a reduction in symptoms associated with a withdrawal syndrome. 2.3 Dosage Recommendations in Geriatric Patients In geriatric patients, the recommended starting dosage of alprazolam extended-release tablets is 0.5 mg once daily. This may be gradually increased if needed and tolerated . Geriatric patients may be sensitive to the effects of benzodiazepines [see Use in Specific Populations ( 8.5 ), Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )] . 2.4 Dosage Recommendations in Patients with Hepatic Impairment In patients with hepatic impairment, the recommended starting dosage of alprazolam extended-release tablets is 0.5 mg once daily. This may be gradually increased if needed and tolerated [see Use in Specific Populations ( 8.6 ), Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )]. 2.5 Dosage Modifications for Drug Interactions Alprazolam extended-release tablets should be reduced to half of the recommended dosage when a patient is started on ritonavir and alprazolam extended-release tablets together, or when ritonavir is added to a patient treated with alprazolam extended-release tablets. Increase alprazolam extended-release tablets dosage to the target dose after 10 to 14 days of dosing ritonavir and alprazolam extended-release tablets together. It is not necessary to reduce alprazolam extended-release tablets dosage in patients who have been taking ritonavir for more than 10 to 14 days. Alprazolam extended-release tablets are contraindicated with concomitant use of all strong CYP3A inhibitors, except ritonavir [see Contraindications ( 4 ), Warnings and Precautions ( 5.5 ), Drug Interactions ( 7.1 )] . 2.6 Switching Patients from Alprazolam Tablets to Alprazolam Extended-Release Tablets Patients who are currently being treated with divided doses of alprazolam tablets may be switched to alprazolam extended-release tablets at the same total daily dose taken once daily. If the clinical response after switching is inadequate, titrate the dosage as outlined above.
Dosage forms and strengths
Information about all available dosage forms and strengths for the drug product to which the labeling applies. This field may contain descriptions of product appearance.3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS Alprazolam extended-release tablets, USP are available as: • 0.5 mg: white to off-white, round tablet imprinted with on one side and 83 on the other side • 1 mg: yellow, round tablet imprinted with on one side and 84 on the other side • 2 mg: peach, round tablet imprinted with on one side and 87 on the other side • 3 mg: light green, round tablet imprinted with on one side and 86 on the other side Extended-Release Tablets: 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg, and 3 mg ( 3 ) 1 1 1 1
Indications and usage
A statement of each of the drug products indications for use, such as for the treatment, prevention, mitigation, cure, or diagnosis of a disease or condition, or of a manifestation of a recognized disease or condition, or for the relief of symptoms associated with a recognized disease or condition. This field may also describe any relevant limitations of use.1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE Alprazolam extended-release tablets are indicated for the treatment of panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, in adults. Alprazolam extended-release tablets are a benzodiazepine indicated for the treatment of panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, in adults. ( 1 )
2.1 Recommended Dosage Administer alprazolam extended-release tablets orally once daily, preferably in the morning. Swallow tablets whole; do not divide, crush, or chew. The recommended starting oral dosage for alprazolam extended-release tablets is 0.5 mg to 1 mg once daily. Depending on the response, the dosage may be adjusted at intervals of every 3 to 4 days in increments of no more than 1 mg daily. The recommended dosage range is 3 mg to 6 mg once daily. Controlled trials of alprazolam extended-release tablets for the treatment of panic disorder included dosages in the range of 1 mg to 10 mg per day. Most patients showed a response in the dosage range of 3 mg to 6 mg per day. Occasional patients required as much as 10 mg per day. The longer-term efficacy of alprazolam extended-release tablets has not been systematically evaluated. If alprazolam extended-release tablets is used for periods longer than 8 weeks, the healthcare provider should periodically reassess the usefulness of the drug for the individual patient. After a period of extended freedom from panic attacks, a carefully supervised tapered discontinuation may be attempted, but there is evidence that this may often be difficult to accomplish without recurrence of symptoms and/or the manifestation of withdrawal phenomena [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.2 ), Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2 )] .
2.2 Discontinuation or Dosage Reduction of Alprazolam Extended-Release Tablets To reduce the risk of withdrawal reactions, use a gradual taper to discontinue alprazolam extended-release tablets or reduce the dosage. If a patient develops withdrawal reactions, consider pausing the taper or increasing the dosage to the previous tapered dosage level. Subsequently decrease the dosage more slowly [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3 ), Drug Abuse and Dependence ( 9.3 )]. Reduce the dosage by no more than 0.5 mg every three days. Some patients may benefit from an even more gradual discontinuation. Some patients may prove resistant to all discontinuation regimens. In a controlled postmarketing discontinuation study of panic disorder patients which compared the recommended taper schedule with a slower taper schedule, no difference was observed between the groups in the proportion of patients who tapered to zero dose; however, the slower schedule was associated with a reduction in symptoms associated with a withdrawal syndrome.
2.3 Dosage Recommendations in Geriatric Patients In geriatric patients, the recommended starting dosage of alprazolam extended-release tablets is 0.5 mg once daily. This may be gradually increased if needed and tolerated . Geriatric patients may be sensitive to the effects of benzodiazepines [see Use in Specific Populations ( 8.5 ), Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )] .
2.4 Dosage Recommendations in Patients with Hepatic Impairment In patients with hepatic impairment, the recommended starting dosage of alprazolam extended-release tablets is 0.5 mg once daily. This may be gradually increased if needed and tolerated [see Use in Specific Populations ( 8.6 ), Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )].
2.5 Dosage Modifications for Drug Interactions Alprazolam extended-release tablets should be reduced to half of the recommended dosage when a patient is started on ritonavir and alprazolam extended-release tablets together, or when ritonavir is added to a patient treated with alprazolam extended-release tablets. Increase alprazolam extended-release tablets dosage to the target dose after 10 to 14 days of dosing ritonavir and alprazolam extended-release tablets together. It is not necessary to reduce alprazolam extended-release tablets dosage in patients who have been taking ritonavir for more than 10 to 14 days. Alprazolam extended-release tablets are contraindicated with concomitant use of all strong CYP3A inhibitors, except ritonavir [see Contraindications ( 4 ), Warnings and Precautions ( 5.5 ), Drug Interactions ( 7.1 )] .
2.6 Switching Patients from Alprazolam Tablets to Alprazolam Extended-Release Tablets Patients who are currently being treated with divided doses of alprazolam tablets may be switched to alprazolam extended-release tablets at the same total daily dose taken once daily. If the clinical response after switching is inadequate, titrate the dosage as outlined above.
Spl product data elements
Usually a list of ingredients in a drug product.Alprazolam Extended Release Alprazolam ALPRAZOLAM ALPRAZOLAM LACTOSE MONOHYDRATE HYPROMELLOSE, UNSPECIFIED MAGNESIUM STEARATE to off white R;83 Alprazolam Extended Release Alprazolam ALPRAZOLAM ALPRAZOLAM LACTOSE MONOHYDRATE HYPROMELLOSE, UNSPECIFIED MAGNESIUM STEARATE D&C YELLOW NO. 10 ALUMINUM LAKE R;84 Alprazolam Extended Release Alprazolam ALPRAZOLAM ALPRAZOLAM LACTOSE MONOHYDRATE HYPROMELLOSE, UNSPECIFIED MAGNESIUM STEARATE FD&C YELLOW NO. 6 PEACH R;87 Alprazolam Extended Release Alprazolam ALPRAZOLAM ALPRAZOLAM LACTOSE MONOHYDRATE HYPROMELLOSE, UNSPECIFIED MAGNESIUM STEARATE D&C YELLOW NO. 10 ALUMINUM LAKE FD&C BLUE NO. 2--ALUMINUM LAKE INDIGOTINDISULFONATE SODIUM light R;86
Animal pharmacology and or toxicology
Information from studies of the drug in animals, if the data were not relevant to nor included in other parts of the labeling. Most labels do not contain this field.13.2 Animal Toxicology and/or Pharmacology When rats were treated with alprazolam at oral doses of 3 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, and 30 mg/kg per day (3 to 29 times the maximum recommended human dose based on mg/m 2 body surface area) for 2 years, a tendency for a dose related increase in the number of cataracts was observed in females and a tendency for a dose related increase in corneal vascularization was observed in males. These lesions did not appear until after 11 months of treatment.
Carcinogenesis and mutagenesis and impairment of fertility
Information about carcinogenic, mutagenic, or fertility impairment potential revealed by studies in animals. Information from human data about such potential is part of the warnings field.13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility Carcinogenesis No evidence of carcinogenic potential was observed in rats or mice administered alprazolam for 2 years at doses up to 30 mg/kg/day and 10 mg/kg/day, respectively. These doses are 29 times and 4.8 times the maximum recommended human dose of 10 mg/day based on mg/m 2 body surface area, respectively. Mutagenesis Alprazolam was negative in the in vitro Ames bacterial reverse mutation assay and DNA Damage/Alkaline Elution Assay and in vivo rat micronucleus genetic toxicology assays. Impairment of Fertility Alprazolam produced no impairment of fertility in rats at doses up to 5 mg/kg per day, which is approximately 5 times the maximum recommended human dose of 10 mg per day based on mg/m 2 body surface area.
Nonclinical toxicology
Information about toxicology in non-human subjects.13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY 13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility Carcinogenesis No evidence of carcinogenic potential was observed in rats or mice administered alprazolam for 2 years at doses up to 30 mg/kg/day and 10 mg/kg/day, respectively. These doses are 29 times and 4.8 times the maximum recommended human dose of 10 mg/day based on mg/m 2 body surface area, respectively. Mutagenesis Alprazolam was negative in the in vitro Ames bacterial reverse mutation assay and DNA Damage/Alkaline Elution Assay and in vivo rat micronucleus genetic toxicology assays. Impairment of Fertility Alprazolam produced no impairment of fertility in rats at doses up to 5 mg/kg per day, which is approximately 5 times the maximum recommended human dose of 10 mg per day based on mg/m 2 body surface area. 13.2 Animal Toxicology and/or Pharmacology When rats were treated with alprazolam at oral doses of 3 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, and 30 mg/kg per day (3 to 29 times the maximum recommended human dose based on mg/m 2 body surface area) for 2 years, a tendency for a dose related increase in the number of cataracts was observed in females and a tendency for a dose related increase in corneal vascularization was observed in males. These lesions did not appear until after 11 months of treatment.
Package label principal display panel
The content of the principal display panel of the product package, usually including the product’s name, dosage forms, and other key information about the drug product.PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL NDC 0228-3083-06 Alprazolam Extended-Release Tablets, USP CIV 0.5 mg 60 Tablets Rx only 1
PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL NDC 0228-3084-06 Alprazolam Extended-Release Tablets, USP CIV 1 mg 60 Tablets Rx only 1
PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL NDC 0228-3087-06 Alprazolam Extended-Release Tablets, USP CIV 2 mg 60 Tablets Rx only 1
PRICIPAL DISPLAY PANEL NDC 0228-3086-06 Alprazolam Extended-Release Tablets, USP CIV 3 mg 60 Tablets Rx only 1
Recent major changes
A list of the section(s) that contain substantive changes that have been approved by FDA in the product labeling. The headings and subheadings, if appropriate, affected by the change are listed together with each section’s identifying number and the month and year on which the change was incorporated in the labeling.Warnings and Precautions ( 5.8 ) 1/2023
Alprazolam Extended Release: Information for patients
Information necessary for patients to use the drug safely and effectively, such as precautions concerning driving or the concomitant use of other substances that may have harmful additive effects.17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Medication Guide). Risks from Concomitant Use with Opioids Advise both patients and caregivers about the risks of potentially fatal respiratory depression and sedation when alprazolam extended-release tablets is used with opioids and not to use such drugs concomitantly unless supervised by a healthcare provider. Advise patients not to drive or operate heavy machinery until the effects of concomitant use with the opioid have been determined [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 ), Drug Interactions ( 7.1 )]. Abuse, Misuse, and Addiction Inform patients that the use of alprazolam extended-release tablets, even at recommended dosages, exposes users to risks of abuse, misuse, and addiction, which can lead to overdose and death, especially when used in combination with other medications (e.g., opioid analgesics), alcohol, and/or illicit substances. Inform patients about the signs and symptoms of benzodiazepine abuse, misuse, and addiction; to seek medical help if they develop these signs and/or symptoms; and on the proper disposal of unused drug [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2 ), Drug Abuse and Dependence ( 9.2 )] . Withdrawal Reactions Inform patients that the continued use of alprazolam extended-release tablets may lead to clinically significant physical dependence and that abrupt discontinuation or rapid dosage reduction of alprazolam extended-release tablets may precipitate acute withdrawal reactions, which can be life-threatening. Inform patients that in some cases, patients taking benzodiazepines have developed a protracted withdrawal syndrome with withdrawal symptoms lasting weeks to more than 12 months. Instruct patients that discontinuation or dosage reduction of alprazolam extended-release tablets may require a slow taper [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3 ), Drug Abuse and Dependence ( 9.3 )] . Effects on Driving and Operating Machinery Advise patients not to drive a motor vehicle or operate heavy machinery while taking alprazolam extended-release tablets due to its CNS depressant effects. Also advise patients to avoid use of alcohol or other CNS depressants while taking alprazolam extended-release tablets [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3 )] . Patients with Depression Advise patients, their families and caregivers to look for signs of suicidality or worsening depression, and to inform the patient’s healthcare provider immediately [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.6 ) ] . Concomitant Medications Advise patients to inform their healthcare provider of all medicines they take, including prescription and nonprescription medications, vitamins and herbal supplements [see Drug Interactions ( 7 )] . Pregnancy Advise pregnant females that use of alprazolam extended-release tablets late in pregnancy can result in sedation (respiratory depression, lethargy, hypotonia) and/or withdrawal symptoms (hyperreflexia, irritability, restlessness, tremors, inconsolable crying, and feeding difficulties) in newborns [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.8 ), Use in Specific Populations ( 8.1 )] . Instruct patients to inform their healthcare provider if they are pregnant . Advise patients that there is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to alprazolam extended-release tablets during pregnancy [see Use in Specific Populations ( 8.1 )]. Lactation Advise patients that breastfeeding is not recommended during treatment with alprazolam extended-release tablets [see Use in Specific Populations (8.2)] . Dispense with Medication Guide available at: www.tevausa.com/medguides Manufactured For: Teva Pharmaceuticals Parsippany NJ 07054 Rev. B 2/2023
Spl medguide
Information about the patient medication guide that accompanies the drug product. Certain drugs must be dispensed with an accompanying medication guide. This field may contain information about when to consult the medication guide and the contents of the medication guide.MEDICATION GUIDE Dispense with Medication Guide available at: www.tevausa.com/medguides Alprazolam (al pra' zoe lam) Extended-Release Tablets, C-IV What is the most important information I should know about alprazolam extended-release tablets? Alprazolam extended-release tablets are a benzodiazepine medicine. Taking benzodiazepines with opioid medicines, alcohol, or other central nervous system (CNS) depressants (including street drugs) can cause severe drowsiness, breathing problems (respiratory depression), coma and death. Get emergency help right away if any of the following happens: shallow or slowed breathing breathing stops (which may lead to the heart stopping) excessive sleepiness (sedation) Do not drive or operate heavy machinery until you know how taking alprazolam extended-release tablets with opioids affect you. Risk of abuse, misuse, and addiction. There is a risk of abuse, misuse, and addiction with benzodiazepines including alprazolam extended-release tablets which can lead to overdose and serious side effects including coma and death. Serious side effects including coma and death have happened in people who have abused or misused benzodiazepines, including alprazolam extended-release tablets. These serious side effects may also include delirium, paranoia, suicidal thoughts or actions, seizures, and difficulty breathing. Call your healthcare provider or go to the nearest hospital emergency room right away if you get any of these serious side effects. You can develop an addiction even if you take alprazolam extended-release tablets as prescribed by your healthcare provider. Take alprazolam extended-release tablets exactly as your healthcare provider prescribed. Do not share your alprazolam extended-release tablets with other people. Keep alprazolam extended-release tablets in a safe place and away from children. Physical dependence and withdrawal reactions . Alprazolam extended-release tablets can cause physical dependence and withdrawal reactions. Do not suddenly stop taking alprazolam extended-release tablets . Stopping alprazolam extended-release tablets suddenly can cause serious and life-threatening side effects, including, unusual movements, responses, or expressions, seizures, sudden and severe mental or nervous system changes, depression, seeing or hearing things that others do not see or hear, an extreme increase in activity or talking, losing touch with reality, and suicidal thoughts or actions. Call your healthcare provider or go to the nearest hospital emergency room right away if you get any of the following symptoms. Some people who suddenly stop benzodiazepines, have symptoms that can last for several weeks to more than 12 months , including, anxiety, trouble remembering, learning, or concentrating, depression, problems sleeping, feeling like insects are crawling under your skin, weakness, shaking, muscle twitching, burning or prickling feeling in your hands, arms, legs or feet, and ringing in your ears. Physical dependence is not the same as drug addiction. Your healthcare provider can tell you more about the differences between physical dependence and drug addiction. Do not take more alprazolam extended-release tablets than prescribed or take alprazolam extended-release tablets for longer than prescribed. What are alprazolam extended-release tablets? Alprazolam extended-release tablets are a prescription medicine used to treat panic disorder, with or without a fear of places and situations that might cause panic, helplessness, or embarrassment (agoraphobia) Alprazolam extended-release tablets are a federal controlled substance (C-IV) because they contain alprazolam that can be abused or lead to dependence. Keep alprazolam extended-release tablets in a safe place to prevent misuse and abuse. Selling or giving away alprazolam extended-release tablets may harm others and is against the law. Tell your healthcare provider if you have abused or been dependent on alcohol, prescription medicines or street drugs. It is not known if alprazolam extended-release tablets are safe and effective in children. Elderly patients are especially susceptible to dose related adverse effects when taking alprazolam extended-release tablets. It is not known if alprazolam extended-release tablets are safe and effective in the treatment of panic disorder for use longer than 8 weeks. Do not take alprazolam extended-release tablets if: you are allergic to alprazolam, other benzodiazepines, or any of the ingredients in alprazolam extended-release tablets. See the end of this Medication Guide for a complete list of ingredients in alprazolam extended-release tablets. you are taking antifungal medicines including ketoconazole and itraconazole Before you take alprazolam extended-release tablets, tell your healthcare provider about all of your medical conditions, including if you: have or have had depression, mood problems, or suicidal thoughts or behavior have liver or kidney problems have lung disease or breathing problems are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. Taking alprazolam extended-release tablets late in pregnancy may cause your baby to have symptoms of sedation (breathing problems, sluggishness, low muscle tone), and/or withdrawal symptoms (jitteriness, irritability, restlessness, shaking, excessive crying, feeding problems). Tell your healthcare provider right away if you become pregnant or think you are pregnant during treatment with alprazolam extended-release tablets. There is a pregnancy registry for women who take alprazolam extended-release tablets during pregnancy. The purpose of the registry is to collect information about the health of you and your baby. If you become pregnant during treatment with alprazolam extended-release tablets, talk to your healthcare provider about registering with the National Pregnancy Registry for Psychiatric Medications. You can register by calling 1-866-961-2388 or visiting https://womensmentalhealth.org/research/pregnancyregistry/. are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed. Alprazolam passes into your breast milk. Talk to your healthcare provider about the best way to feed your baby if you take alprazolam extended-release tablets. Breastfeeding is not recommended during treatment with alprazolam extended-release tablets. Tell your healthcare provider about all the medicines you take , including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements. Taking alprazolam extended-release tablets with certain other medicines can cause side effects or affect how well alprazolam extended-release tablets or the other medicines work. Do not start or stop other medicines without talking to your healthcare provider. How should I take alprazolam extended-release tablets? See “What is the most important information I should know about alprazolam extended-release tablets?” Take alprazolam extended-release tablets exactly as your healthcare provider tells you to take it. Your healthcare provider will tell you how many alprazolam extended-release tablets to take and when to take it. If you take too many alprazolam extended-release tablets, call your healthcare provider or go to the nearest hospital emergency room right away. Swallow alprazolam extended-release tablets whole. Do not crush, chew or break alprazolam extended-release tablets. What are the possible side effects of alprazolam extended-release tablets? Alprazolam extended-release tablets may cause serious side effects, including: See “What is the most important information I should know about alprazolam extended-release tablets?” Seizures. Stopping alprazolam extended-release tablets can cause seizures and seizures that will not stop (status epilepticus). Mania. Alprazolam extended-release tablets may cause an increase in activity and talking (hypomania and mania) in people who have depression. Alprazolam extended-release tablets can make you sleepy or dizzy and can slow your thinking and motor skills. Do not drive, operate heavy machinery, or do other dangerous activities until you know how alprazolam extended-release tablets affect you. Do not drink alcohol or take other drugs that may make you sleepy or dizzy while taking alprazolam extended-release tablets without first talking to your healthcare provider. When taken with alcohol or drugs that cause sleepiness or dizziness, alprazolam extended-release tablets may make your sleepiness or dizziness much worse. The most common side effects of alprazolam extended-release tablets include: sleepiness changes in sex drive (libido) trouble saying words clearly (dysarthria) constipation problems with memory nausea problems with coordination These are not all the possible side effects of alprazolam extended-release tablets. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088. How should I store alprazolam extended-release tablets? Store alprazolam extended-release tablets at room temperature between 68°F to 77°F (20°C to 25°C) Keep alprazolam extended-release tablets and all medicines out of the reach of children. General information about the safe and effective use of alprazolam extended-release tablets. Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Medication Guide. Do not use alprazolam extended-release tablets for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not give alprazolam extended-release tablets to other people, even if they have the same symptoms that you have. It may harm them. You can ask your pharmacist or healthcare provider for information about alprazolam extended-release tablets that is written for health professionals. What are the ingredients in alprazolam extended-release tablets? Active ingredient: alprazolam Inactive ingredients: lactose monohydrate, hypromellose, and magnesium stearate. In addition, the 1 mg tablets also contain D&C yellow #10 aluminum lake. The 2 mg tablets also contain FD&C Yellow #6 aluminum lake, and the 3 mg tablets also contain D&C Yellow #10 aluminum lake, and FD&C Blue #2 aluminum lake. Manufactured For: Teva Pharmaceuticals, Parsippany NJ 07054 For more information call Teva Pharmaceuticals at 1-888-838-2872. This Medication Guide has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Rev. B 2/2023
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Clinical studies
This field may contain references to clinical studies in place of detailed discussion in other sections of the labeling.14 CLINICAL STUDIES The efficacy of alprazolam extended-release tablets in the treatment of panic disorder in adults was established in two 6-week, flexible-dose, placebo-controlled studies in adult patients meeting DSM-III criteria for panic disorder. In these studies, patients were treated with alprazolam extended-release tablets in a dose range of 1 mg to 10 mg once per day. The effectiveness of alprazolam extended-release tablets was assessed on the basis of changes in various measures of panic attack frequency, on various measures of the Clinical Global Impression, and on the Overall Phobia Scale. In all, there were 7 primary efficacy measures in these studies, and alprazolam extended-release tablets was superior to placebo on all 7 outcomes in both studies. The mean dose of alprazolam extended-release tablets at the last treatment visit was 4.2 mg per day in the first study and 4.6 mg per day in the second. In addition, there were two 8-week, fixed-dose, placebo-controlled studies of alprazolam extended-release tablets in adult patients with panic disorder, involving fixed alprazolam extended-release tablets doses of 4 mg and 6 mg/ once per day that did not show a benefit for either dose of alprazolam extended-release tablets. Analyses of the relationship between treatment outcome and gender did not suggest any differential responsiveness on the basis of gender.
Geriatric use
Information about any limitations on any geriatric indications, needs for specific monitoring, hazards associated with use of the drug in the geriatric population.8.5 Geriatric Use Alprazolam extended-release tablets-treated geriatric patients had higher plasma concentrations of alprazolam (due to reduced clearance) compared to younger adults receiving the same doses. Therefore, dosage reduction of alprazolam extended-release tablets are recommended in geriatric patients [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.3 ) and Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )] .
Pediatric use
Information about any limitations on any pediatric indications, needs for specific monitoring, hazards associated with use of the drug in any subsets of the pediatric population (such as neonates, infants, children, or adolescents), differences between pediatric and adult responses to the drug, and other information related to the safe and effective pediatric use of the drug.8.4 Pediatric Use Safety and effectiveness of alprazolam extended-release tablets have not been established in pediatric patients.
Pregnancy
Information about effects the drug may have on pregnant women or on a fetus. This field may be ommitted if the drug is not absorbed systemically and the drug is not known to have a potential for indirect harm to the fetus. It may contain information about the established pregnancy category classification for the drug. (That information is nominally listed in the teratogenic_effects field, but may be listed here instead.)8.1 Pregnancy Pregnancy Exposure Registry There is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to psychiatric medications, including alprazolam extended-release tablets, during pregnancy. Healthcare providers are encouraged to register patients by calling the National Pregnancy Registry for Psychiatric Medications at 1-866-961-2388 or visiting online at https://womensmentalhealth.org/pregnancyregistry/. Risk Summary Neonates born to mothers using benzodiazepines late in pregnancy have been reported to experience symptoms of sedation and/or neonatal withdrawal [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5 .8 ), and Clinical Considerations)]. Available data from published observational studies of pregnant women exposed to benzodiazepines do not report a clear association with benzodiazepines and major birth defects (see Data). The background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated risk of major birth defects and of miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2% to 4% and 15% to 20%, respectively. Clinical Considerations Fetal/Neonatal adverse reactions Benzodiazepines cross the placenta and may produce respiratory depression, hypotonia, and sedation in neonates. Monitor neonates exposed to alprazolam extended-release tablets during pregnancy or labor for signs of sedation, respiratory depression, hypotonia, and feeding problems. Monitor neonates exposed to alprazolam extended-release tablets during pregnancy for signs of withdrawal. Manage these neonates accordingly [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.8 )]. Data Human Data Published data from observational studies on the use of benzodiazepines during pregnancy do not report a clear association with benzodiazepines and major birth defects. Although early studies reported an increased risk of congenital malformations with diazepam and chlordiazepoxide, there was no consistent pattern noted. In addition, the majority of recent case-control and cohort studies of benzodiazepine use during pregnancy, which were adjusted for confounding exposures to alcohol, tobacco, and other medications, have not confirmed these findings.
Use in specific populations
Information about use of the drug by patients in specific populations, including pregnant women and nursing mothers, pediatric patients, and geriatric patients.8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS Lactation: Breastfeeding not recommended. ( 8.2 ) 8.1 Pregnancy Pregnancy Exposure Registry There is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to psychiatric medications, including alprazolam extended-release tablets, during pregnancy. Healthcare providers are encouraged to register patients by calling the National Pregnancy Registry for Psychiatric Medications at 1-866-961-2388 or visiting online at https://womensmentalhealth.org/pregnancyregistry/. Risk Summary Neonates born to mothers using benzodiazepines late in pregnancy have been reported to experience symptoms of sedation and/or neonatal withdrawal [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5 .8 ), and Clinical Considerations)]. Available data from published observational studies of pregnant women exposed to benzodiazepines do not report a clear association with benzodiazepines and major birth defects (see Data). The background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated risk of major birth defects and of miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2% to 4% and 15% to 20%, respectively. Clinical Considerations Fetal/Neonatal adverse reactions Benzodiazepines cross the placenta and may produce respiratory depression, hypotonia, and sedation in neonates. Monitor neonates exposed to alprazolam extended-release tablets during pregnancy or labor for signs of sedation, respiratory depression, hypotonia, and feeding problems. Monitor neonates exposed to alprazolam extended-release tablets during pregnancy for signs of withdrawal. Manage these neonates accordingly [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.8 )]. Data Human Data Published data from observational studies on the use of benzodiazepines during pregnancy do not report a clear association with benzodiazepines and major birth defects. Although early studies reported an increased risk of congenital malformations with diazepam and chlordiazepoxide, there was no consistent pattern noted. In addition, the majority of recent case-control and cohort studies of benzodiazepine use during pregnancy, which were adjusted for confounding exposures to alcohol, tobacco, and other medications, have not confirmed these findings. 8.2 Lactation Risk Summary Limited data from published literature reports the presence of alprazolam in human breast milk. There are reports of sedation, poor feeding and poor weight gain in infants exposed to benzodiazepines through breast milk. The effects of alprazolam on lactation are unknown. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions, including sedation and withdrawal symptoms in breastfed infants, advise patients that breastfeeding is not recommended during treatment with alprazolam extended-release tablets. 8.4 Pediatric Use Safety and effectiveness of alprazolam extended-release tablets have not been established in pediatric patients. 8.5 Geriatric Use Alprazolam extended-release tablets-treated geriatric patients had higher plasma concentrations of alprazolam (due to reduced clearance) compared to younger adults receiving the same doses. Therefore, dosage reduction of alprazolam extended-release tablets are recommended in geriatric patients [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.3 ) and Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )] . 8.6 Hepatic Impairment Patients with alcoholic liver disease exhibit a longer elimination half-life (19.7 hours), compared to healthy subjects (11.4 hours). This may be caused by decreased clearance of alprazolam in patients with alcoholic liver disease. Dosage reduction of alprazolam extended-release tablets are recommended in patients with hepatic impairment [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.4 ), Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )] .
How supplied
Information about the available dosage forms to which the labeling applies, and for which the manufacturer or distributor is responsible. This field ordinarily includes the strength of the dosage form (in metric units), the units in which the dosage form is available for prescribing, appropriate information to facilitate identification of the dosage forms (such as shape, color, coating, scoring, and National Drug Code), and special handling and storage condition information.16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING Alprazolam extended-release tablets, USP are available as follows: 0.5 mg : Each white to off-white, round tablet imprinted with on one side and 83 on the other contains 0.5 mg of Alprazolam, USP. Tablets are supplied in bottles of 60 (NDC 0228-3083-06). 1 mg : Each yellow, round tablet imprinted with on one side and 84 on the other contains 1 mg of Alprazolam, USP. Tablets are supplied in bottles of 60 (NDC 0228-3084-06). 2 mg : Each peach, round tablet imprinted with on one side and 87 on the other contains 2 mg of Alprazolam, USP. Tablets are supplied in bottles of 60 (NDC 0228-3087-06). 3 mg : Each light green, round tablet imprinted with on one side and 86 on the other contains 3 mg of Alprazolam, USP. Tablets are supplied in bottles of 60 (NDC 0228-3086-06). Store at 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted to 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature]. Dispense in a tight, light-resistant container as defined in the USP. 1 1 1 1
Boxed warning
Information about contraindications or serious warnings, particularly those that may lead to death or serious injury.WARNING: RISKS FROM CONCOMITANT USE WITH OPIOIDS; ABUSE, MISUSE, AND ADDICTION; and DEPENDENCE AND WITHDRAWAL REACTIONS • Concomitant use of benzodiazepines and opioids may result in profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death. Reserve concomitant prescribing of these drugs for patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required. Follow patients for signs and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 ), Drug Interactions ( 7.1 )] . • The use of benzodiazepines, including alprazolam extended-release tablets, exposes users to risks of abuse, misuse, and addiction, which can lead to overdose or death. Abuse and misuse of benzodiazepines commonly involve concomitant use of other medications, alcohol, and/or illicit substances, which is associated with an increased frequency of serious adverse outcomes. Before prescribing alprazolam extended-release tablets and throughout treatment, assess each patient’s risk for abuse, misuse, and addiction [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2 )] . • The continued use of benzodiazepines, including alprazolam extended-release tablets, may lead to clinically significant physical dependence. The risks of dependence and withdrawal increase with longer treatment duration and higher daily dose. Abrupt discontinuation or rapid dosage reduction of alprazolam extended-release tablets after continued use may precipitate acute withdrawal reactions, which can be life-threatening. To reduce the risk of withdrawal reactions, use a gradual taper to discontinue alprazolam extended-release tablets or reduce the dosage [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.2 ), Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3 )] . WARNING: RISKS FROM CONCOMITANT USE WITH OPIOIDS; ABUSE, MISUSE, AND ADDICTION; and DEPENDENCE AND WITHDRAWAL REACTIONS See full prescribing information for complete boxed warning. Concomitant use of benzodiazepines and opioids may result in profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death. Reserve concomitant prescribing of these drugs for use in patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required. Follow patients for signs and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation. ( 5.1 , 7.1 ) The use of benzodiazepines, including alprazolam extended-release tablets, exposes users to risks of abuse, misuse, and addiction, which can lead to overdose or death. Before prescribing alprazolam extended-release tablets and throughout treatment, assess each patient’s risk for abuse, misuse, and addiction. ( 5.2 ) Abrupt discontinuation or rapid dosage reduction of alprazolam extended-release tablets after continued use may precipitate acute withdrawal reactions, which can be life-threatening. To reduce the risk of withdrawal reactions, use a gradual taper to discontinue alprazolam extended-release tablets or reduce the dosage. ( 2.2 , 5.3 )
Disclaimer: Do not rely on openFDA or Phanrmacy Near Me to make decisions regarding medical care. While we make every effort to ensure that data is accurate, you should assume all results are unvalidated. Source: OpenFDA, Healthporta Drugs API