Save up to 80% by drug discount in your pharmacy with "Pharmacy Near Me - National Drug Discount Card"
You can scan QR Code(just open camera on your phone/scan by application) from the image on prescription drug discount card to save it to your mobile phone. Or just click on image if you're on mobile phone.
| Product NDC Code | 65862-048 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Drug Name | Zidovudine |
||||
| Type | Generic | ||||
| Pharm Class | Human Immunodeficiency Virus Nucleoside Analog Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor [EPC], Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors [MoA] |
||||
| Active Ingredients |
|
||||
| Route | ORAL | ||||
| Dosage Form | SYRUP | ||||
| RxCUI drug identifier | 756209 | ||||
| Application Number | ANDA077268 | ||||
| Labeler Name | Aurobindo Pharma Limited | ||||
| Packages |
|
||||
| Check if available Online | Get Medication Prices online with Discount |
Overdosage of Zidovudine
Information about signs, symptoms, and laboratory findings of acute ovedosage and the general principles of overdose treatment.10 OVERDOSAGE Acute overdoses of zidovudine have been reported in pediatric patients and adults. These involved exposures up to 50 grams. No specific symptoms or signs have been identified following acute overdosage with zidovudine apart from those listed as adverse events such as fatigue, headache, vomiting, and occasional reports of hematological disturbances. Patients recovered without permanent sequelae. Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis appear to have a negligible effect on the removal of zidovudine while elimination of its primary metabolite, 3'-azido-3'-deoxy-5'- O -β- D -glucopyranuronosylthymidine (GZDV), is enhanced. If overdose occurs, the patient should be monitored for evidence of toxicity and given standard supportive treatment as required.
Adverse reactions
Information about undesirable effects, reasonably associated with use of the drug, that may occur as part of the pharmacological action of the drug or may be unpredictable in its occurrence. Adverse reactions include those that occur with the drug, and if applicable, with drugs in the same pharmacologically active and chemically related class. There is considerable variation in the listing of adverse reactions. They may be categorized by organ system, by severity of reaction, by frequency, by toxicological mechanism, or by a combination of these.6 ADVERSE REACTIONS The following adverse reactions are discussed in greater detail in other sections of the labeling: Hematologic toxicity, including neutropenia and anemia [see Boxed Warning, Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ]. Symptomatic myopathy [see Boxed Warning , Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ]. Lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis [see Boxed Warning, Warnings and Precautions (5.4) ]. Hepatic decompensation in patients co-infected with HIV-1 and hepatitis C [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5) ]. Most commonly reported adverse reactions (incidence greater than or equal to 15%) in adult HIV-1 clinical trials were headache, malaise, nausea, anorexia, and vomiting. (6.1) Most commonly reported adverse reactions (incidence greater than or equal to 15%) in pediatric HIV-1 clinical trials were fever and cough. (6.1) Most commonly reported adverse reactions in neonates (incidence greater than or equal to 15%) in the prevention of maternal-fetal transmission of HIV-1 clinical trial were anemia and neutropenia. (6.1) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Aurobindo Pharma USA, Inc. at 1-866-850-2876 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch. 6.1 Clinical Trials Experience Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared with rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. Adults The frequency and severity of adverse reactions associated with the use of zidovudine are greater in patients with more advanced infection at the time of initiation of therapy. Table 3 summarizes adverse reactions reported at a statistically significant greater incidence for subjects receiving oral zidovudine in a monotherapy trial. Table 3. Percentage (%) of Subjects with Adverse Reactions (Greater than or Equal to 5% Frequency) in Asymptomatic HIV-1 Infection (ACTG 019) a Not statistically significant versus placebo. Adverse Reaction Zidovudine 500 mg/day (n = 453) Placebo (n = 428) Body as a whole Asthenia 9% a 6% Headache 63% 53% Malaise 53% 45% Gastrointestinal Anorexia 20% 11% Constipation 6% a 4% Nausea 51% 30% Vomiting 17% 10% In addition to the adverse reactions listed in Table 3, adverse reactions observed at an incidence of greater than or equal to 5% in any treatment arm in clinical trials (NUCA3001, NUCA3002, NUCB3001, and NUCB3002) were abdominal cramps, abdominal pain, arthralgia, chills, dyspepsia, fatigue, insomnia, musculoskeletal pain, myalgia, and neuropathy. Additionally, in these trials hyperbilirubinemia was reported at an incidence of less than or equal to 0.8%. Selected laboratory abnormalities observed during a clinical trial of monotherapy with oral zidovudine are shown in Table 4. Table 4. Frequencies of Selected (Grade 3/4) Laboratory Abnormalities in Subjects with Asymptomatic HIV-1 Infection (ACTG 019) ULN = Upper limit of normal. Test (Abnormal Level) Zidovudine 500 mg/day (n = 453) Placebo (n = 428) Anemia (Hgb <8 g/dL) 1% <1% Granulocytopenia (<750 cells/mm 3 ) 2% 2% Thrombocytopenia (platelets <50,000/mm 3 ) 0% <1% ALT (>5 x ULN) 3% 3% AST (>5 x ULN) 1% 2% Pediatrics The clinical adverse reactions reported among adult recipients of zidovudine may also occur in pediatric patients. Trial ACTG 300: Selected clinical adverse reactions and physical findings with a greater than or equal to 5% frequency during therapy with EPIVIR (lamivudine) oral suspension 4 mg per kg twice daily plus zidovudine 160 mg per m 2 3 times daily compared with didanosine in therapy-naive (less than or equal to 56 days of antiretroviral therapy) pediatric subjects are listed in Table 5. Table 5. Selected Clinical Adverse Reactions and Physical Findings (Greater than or Equal to 5% Frequency) in Pediatric Subjects in Trial ACTG 300 a Includes pain, discharge, erythema, or swelling of an ear. Adverse Reaction EPIVIR plus Zidovudine (n = 236) Didanosine (n = 235) Body as a whole Fever 25% 32% Digestive Hepatomegaly 11% 11% Nausea & vomiting 8% 7% Diarrhea 8% 6% Stomatitis 6% 12% Splenomegaly 5% 8% Respiratory Cough 15% 18% Abnormal breath sounds/wheezing 7% 9% Ear, Nose, and Throat Signs or symptoms of ears a 7% 6% Nasal discharge or congestion 8% 11% Other Skin rashes 12% 14% Lymphadenopathy 9% 11% Selected laboratory abnormalities experienced by therapy-naive (less than or equal to 56 days of antiretroviral therapy) pediatric subjects are listed in Table 6. Table 6. Frequencies of Selected (Grade 3/4) Laboratory Abnormalities in Pediatric Subjects in Trial ACTG 300 ULN = Upper limit of normal. ANC = Absolute neutrophil count. Test (Abnormal Level) EPIVIR plus Zidovudine Didanosine Neutropenia (ANC <400 cells/mm 3 ) 8% 3% Anemia (Hgb <7 g/dL) 4% 2% Thrombocytopenia (platelets <50,000/mm 3 ) 1% 3% ALT (>10 x ULN) 1% 3% AST (>10 x ULN) 2% 4% Lipase (>2.5 x ULN) 3% 3% Total amylase (>2.5 x ULN) 3% 3% Macrocytosis was reported in the majority of pediatric subjects receiving zidovudine 180 mg per m 2 every 6 hours in open-label trials. Additionally, adverse reactions reported at an incidence of less than 6% in these trials were congestive heart failure, decreased reflexes, ECG abnormality, edema, hematuria, left ventricular dilation, nervousness/irritability, and weight loss. Use for the Prevention of Maternal-Fetal Transmission of HIV-1 In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in HIV-1-infected women and their neonates conducted to determine the utility of zidovudine for the prevention of maternal-fetal HIV-1 transmission, zidovudine oral solution at 2 mg per kg was administered every 6 hours for 6 weeks to neonates beginning within 12 hours following birth. The most commonly reported adverse reactions were anemia (hemoglobin less than 9 g per dL) and neutropenia (less than 1,000 cells per mm 3 ). Anemia occurred in 22% of the neonates who received zidovudine and in 12% of the neonates who received placebo. The mean difference in hemoglobin values was less than 1 g per dL for neonates receiving zidovudine compared with neonates receiving placebo. No neonates with anemia required transfusion and all hemoglobin values spontaneously returned to normal within 6 weeks after completion of therapy with zidovudine. Neutropenia in neonates was reported with similar frequency in the group that received zidovudine (21%) and in the group that received placebo (27%). The long-term consequences of in utero and infant exposure to zidovudine are unknown. 6.2 Postmarketing Experience The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of zidovudine. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of unknown size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. Body as a Whole Back pain, chest pain, flu-like syndrome, generalized pain, redistribution/accumulation of body fat [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7) ] . Cardiovascular Cardiomyopathy , syncope. Eye Macular edema. Gastrointestinal Constipation, dysphagia, flatulence, oral mucosa pigmentation, mouth ulcer. General Sensitization reactions including anaphylaxis and angioedema, vasculitis. Hematologic Aplastic anemia, hemolytic anemia, leukopenia, lymphadenopathy, pancytopenia with marrow hypoplasia, pure red cell aplasia. Hepatobiliary Hepatitis, hepatomegaly with steatosis, jaundice, lactic acidosis, pancreatitis. Musculoskeletal Increased CPK, increased LDH, muscle spasm, myopathy and myositis with pathological changes (similar to that produced by HIV-1 disease), rhabdomyolysis, tremor. Nervous Anxiety, confusion, depression, dizziness, loss of mental acuity, mania, paresthesia, seizures, somnolence, vertigo. Reproductive System and Breast Gynecomastia. Respiratory Dyspnea, rhinitis, sinusitis. Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Changes in skin and nail pigmentation, pruritus, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, sweating, urticaria. Special Senses Amblyopia, hearing loss, photophobia, taste perversion. Renal and Urinary Urinary frequency, urinary hesitancy.
| aNot statistically significant versus placebo. | ||
| Asthenia | 9%a | 6% |
| Headache | 63% | 53% |
| Malaise | 53% | 45% |
| Anorexia | 20% | 11% |
| Constipation | 6%a | 4% |
| Nausea | 51% | 30% |
| Vomiting | 17% | 10% |
| ULN = Upper limit of normal. | ||
| Anemia (Hgb <8 g/dL) | 1% | <1% |
| Granulocytopenia (<750 cells/mm3) | 2% | 2% |
| Thrombocytopenia (platelets <50,000/mm3) | 0% | <1% |
| ALT (>5 x ULN) | 3% | 3% |
| AST (>5 x ULN) | 1% | 2% |
| aIncludes pain, discharge, erythema, or swelling of an ear. | ||
| | ||
| Fever | 25% | 32% |
| Hepatomegaly | 11% | 11% |
| Nausea & vomiting | 8% | 7% |
| Diarrhea | 8% | 6% |
| Stomatitis | 6% | 12% |
| Splenomegaly | 5% | 8% |
| Cough | 15% | 18% |
| Abnormal breath sounds/wheezing | 7% | 9% |
| Signs or symptoms of earsa | 7% | 6% |
| Nasal discharge or congestion | 8% | 11% |
| Skin rashes | 12% | 14% |
| Lymphadenopathy | 9% | 11% |
| ULN = Upper limit of normal. ANC = Absolute neutrophil count. | ||
| Neutropenia (ANC <400 cells/mm3) | 8% | 3% |
| Anemia (Hgb <7 g/dL) | 4% | 2% |
| Thrombocytopenia (platelets <50,000/mm3) | 1% | 3% |
| ALT (>10 x ULN) | 1% | 3% |
| AST (>10 x ULN) | 2% | 4% |
| Lipase (>2.5 x ULN) | 3% | 3% |
| Total amylase (>2.5 x ULN) | 3% | 3% |
Zidovudine Drug Interactions
Information about and practical guidance on preventing clinically significant drug/drug and drug/food interactions that may occur in people taking the drug.7 DRUG INTERACTIONS • Avoid use with stavudine. (7.1) • Avoid use with doxorubicin. (7.2) • Bone marrow suppressive/cytotoxic agents: May increase the hematologic toxicity of zidovudine. (7.3) 7.1 Antiretroviral Agents Stavudine Concomitant use of zidovudine with stavudine should be avoided since an antagonistic relationship has been demonstrated in vitro . Nucleoside Analogues Affecting DNA Replication Some nucleoside analogues affecting DNA replication, such as ribavirin, antagonize the in vitro antiviral activity of zidovudine against HIV-1; concomitant use of such drugs should be avoided. 7.2 Doxorubicin Concomitant use of zidovudine with doxorubicin should be avoided since an antagonistic relationship has been demonstrated in vitro . 7.3 Hematologic/Bone Marrow Suppressive/Cytotoxic Agents Coadministration of ganciclovir, interferon alfa, ribavirin, and other bone marrow suppressive or cytotoxic agents may increase the hematologic toxicity of zidovudine.
Clinical pharmacology
Information about the clinical pharmacology and actions of the drug in humans.12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 12.1 Mechanism of Action Zidovudine is an antiretroviral agent [see Microbiology (12.4) ] . 12.3 Pharmacokinetics Absorption and Bioavailability In adults, following oral administration, zidovudine is rapidly absorbed and extensively distributed, with peak serum concentrations occurring within 0.5 to 1.5 hours. The AUC was equivalent when zidovudine was administered as zidovudine tablets or oral solution compared with zidovudine capsules. The pharmacokinetic properties of zidovudine in fasting adult subjects are summarized in Table 7. Table 7. Zidovudine Pharmacokinetic Parameters in Adult Subjects Parameter Mean ± SD (except where noted) a Median [range] for 50 paired samples drawn 1 to 8 hours after the last dose in subjects on chronic therapy with zidovudine. b Approximate range. Oral bioavailability (%) 64 ± 10 (n = 5) Apparent volume of distribution (L/kg) 1.6 ± 0.6 (n = 8) Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF):plasma ratio a 0.6 [0.04 to 2.62] (n = 39) Systemic clearance (L/h/kg) 1.6 ± 0.6 (n = 6) Renal clearance (L/h/kg) 0.34 ± 0.05 (n = 9) Elimination half-life (h) b 0.5 to 3 (n = 19) Distribution The apparent volume of distribution of zidovudine is 1.6 ± 0.6 L per kg (Table 7) and binding to plasma protein is low (less than 38%). Metabolism and Elimination Zidovudine is primarily eliminated by hepatic metabolism. The major metabolite of zidovudine is GZDV. GZDV AUC is about 3-fold greater than the zidovudine AUC. Urinary recovery of zidovudine and GZDV accounts for 14% and 74%, respectively, of the dose following oral administration. A second metabolite, 3′-amino-3′-deoxythymidine (AMT), has been identified in the plasma following single-dose IV administration of zidovudine. The AMT AUC was one-fifth of the zidovudine AUC. Pharmacokinetics of zidovudine were dose independent at oral dosing regimens ranging from 2 mg per kg every 8 hours to 10 mg per kg every 4 hours. Effect of Food on Absorption Zidovudine may be administered with or without food. The zidovudine AUC was similar when a single dose of zidovudine was administered with food. Specific Populations Patients with Renal Impairment: Zidovudine clearance was decreased resulting in increased zidovudine and GZDV half-life and AUC in subjects with impaired renal function (n = 14) following a single 200 mg oral dose (Table 8). Plasma concentrations of AMT were not determined. No dose adjustment is recommended for patients with CrCl greater than or equal to 15 mL per min. Table 8. Zidovudine Pharmacokinetic Parameters in Subjects with Severe Renal Impairment a Parameter Control Subjects (Normal Renal Function) (n = 6) Subjects with Renal Impairment (n = 14) a Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. CrCl (mL/min) 120 ± 8 18 ± 2 Zidovudine AUC (ng•h/mL) 1,400 ± 200 3,100 ± 300 Zidovudine half-life (h) 1 ± 0.2 1.4 ± 0.1 Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis: The pharmacokinetics and tolerance of zidovudine were evaluated in a multiple-dose trial in subjects undergoing hemodialysis (n = 5) or peritoneal dialysis (n = 6) receiving escalating oral doses up to 200 mg 5 times daily for 8 weeks. Daily doses of 500 mg or less were well tolerated despite significantly elevated GZDV plasma concentrations. Apparent zidovudine oral clearance was approximately 50% of that reported in subjects with normal renal function. Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis appeared to have a negligible effect on the removal of zidovudine, whereas GZDV elimination was enhanced. A dosage adjustment is recommended for patients undergoing hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis [see Dosage and Administration (2.5) ] . Patients with Hepatic Impairment: Data describing the effect of hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of zidovudine are limited. However, zidovudine is eliminated primarily by hepatic metabolism and it appears that zidovudine clearance is decreased and plasma concentrations are increased in subjects with hepatic impairment. There are insufficient data to recommend dose adjustment of zidovudine in patients with impaired hepatic function or liver cirrhosis [see Dosage and Administration (2.6) ]. Pediatric Patients: Zidovudine pharmacokinetics have been evaluated in HIV-1-infected pediatric subjects (Table 9). Patients Aged 3 Months to 12 Years: Overall, zidovudine pharmacokinetics in pediatric patients older than 3 months are similar to those in adult patients. Proportional increases in plasma zidovudine concentrations were observed following administration of oral solution from 90 to 240 mg per m 2 every 6 hours. Oral bioavailability, terminal half-life, and oral clearance were comparable to adult values. As in adult subjects, the major route of elimination was by metabolism to GZDV. After IV dosing, about 29% of the dose was excreted in the urine unchanged, and about 45% of the dose was excreted as GZDV [see Dosage and Administration (2.2) ]. Patients Aged Less than 3 Months: Zidovudine pharmacokinetics have been evaluated in pediatric subjects from birth to 3 months of life. Zidovudine elimination was determined immediately following birth in 8 neonates who were exposed to zidovudine in utero . The half-life was 13 ± 5.8 hours. In neonates less than or equal to 14 days old, bioavailability was greater, total body clearance was slower, and half-life was longer than in pediatric subjects older than 14 days. For dose recommendations for neonates [see Dosage and Administration (2.3) ] . Table 9. Zidovudine Pharmacokinetic Parameters in Pediatric Subjects a Parameter Birth to 14 Days Aged 14 Days to 3 Months Aged 3 Months to 12 Years a Data presented as mean ± standard deviation except where noted. b Median [range]. Oral bioavailability (%) 89 ± 19 (n = 15) 61 ± 19 (n = 17) 65 ± 24 (n = 18) CSF:plasma ratio no data no data 0.68 [0.03 to 3.25] b (n = 38) CL (L/h/kg) 0.65 ± 0.29 (n = 18) 1.14 ± 0.24 (n = 16) 1.85 ± 0.47 (n = 20) Elimination half-life (h) 3.1 ± 1.2 (n = 21) 1.9 ± 0.7 (n = 18) 1.5 ± 0.7 (n = 21) Pregnant Women : Zidovudine pharmacokinetics have been studied in a Phase I trial of 8 women during the last trimester of pregnancy. Zidovudine pharmacokinetics were similar to those of nonpregnant adults. Consistent with passive transmission of the drug across the placenta, zidovudine concentrations in neonatal plasma at birth were essentially equal to those in maternal plasma at delivery [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1) ]. Although data are limited, methadone maintenance therapy in 5 pregnant women did not appear to alter zidovudine pharmacokinetics. Geriatric Patients: Zidovudine pharmacokinetics have not been studied in subjects over 65 years of age. Male and Female Patients: A pharmacokinetic trial in healthy male (n = 12) and female (n = 12) subjects showed no differences in zidovudine AUC when a single dose of zidovudine was administered as a 300 mg zidovudine tablet. Drug Interaction Studies [See Drug Interactions (7) .] Table 10. Effect of Coadministered Drugs on Zidovudine AUC a ↑ = Increase; ↓ = Decrease; ↔ = No significant change; AUC = Area under the concentration versus time curve; CI = Confidence interval. a This table is not all inclusive. b Estimated range of percent difference. Note: ROUTINE DOSE MODIFICATION OF ZIDOVUDINE IS NOT WARRANTED WITH COADMINISTRATION OF THE FOLLOWING DRUGS. Coadministered Drug and Dose Zidovudine Oral Dose n Zidovudine Concentrations Concentration of Coadministered Drug AUC Variability Atovaquone 750 mg every 12 h with food 200 mg every 8 h 14 ↑31% Range: 23% to 78% b ↔ Clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily 100 mg every 4 h x 7 days 4 ↓12% Range: ↓34% to ↑14% b Not Reported Fluconazole 400 mg daily 200 mg every 8 h 12 ↑74% 95% CI: 54% to 98% Not Reported Lamivudine 300 mg every 12 h single 200 mg 12 ↑13% 90% CI: 2% to 27% ↔ Methadone 30 to 90 mg daily 200 mg every 4 h 9 ↑43% Range: 16% to 64% b ↔ Nelfinavir 750 mg every 8 h x 7 to 10 days single 200 mg 11 ↓35% Range: 28% to 41% b ↔ Probenecid 500 mg every 6 h x 2 days 2 mg/kg every 8 h x 3 days 3 ↑106% Range: 100% to 170% b Not Assessed Rifampin 600 mg daily x 14 days 200 mg every 8 h x 14 days 8 ↓47% 90% CI: 41% to 53% Not Assessed Ritonavir 300 mg every 6 h x 4 days 200 mg every 8 h x 4 days 9 ↓25% 95% CI: 15% to 34% ↔ Valproic acid 250 mg or 500 mg every 8 h x 4 days 100 mg every 8 h x 4 days 6 ↑80% Range: 64% to 130% b Not Assessed Phenytoin: Phenytoin plasma levels have been reported to be low in some patients receiving zidovudine, while in one case a high level was documented. However, in a pharmacokinetic interaction trial in which 12 HIV-1-positive volunteers received a single 300 mg phenytoin dose alone and during steady-state zidovudine conditions (200 mg every 4 hours), no change in phenytoin kinetics was observed. Although not designed to optimally assess the effect of phenytoin on zidovudine kinetics, a 30% decrease in oral zidovudine clearance was observed with phenytoin. Ribavirin: In vitro data indicate ribavirin reduces phosphorylation of lamivudine, stavudine, and zidovudine. However, no pharmacokinetic (e.g., plasma concentrations or intracellular triphosphorylated active metabolite concentrations) or pharmacodynamic (e.g., loss of HIV-1/HCV virologic suppression) interaction was observed when ribavirin and lamivudine (n = 18), stavudine (n = 10), or zidovudine (n = 6) were coadministered as part of a multi-drug regimen to HIV-1/HCV co-infected subjects [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5) ]. 12.4 Microbiology Mechanism of Action Zidovudine is a synthetic nucleoside analogue. Intracellularly, zidovudine is phosphorylated to its active 5'-triphosphate metabolite, zidovudine triphosphate (ZDV-TP). The principal mode of action of ZDV-TP is inhibition of reverse transcriptase (RT) via DNA chain termination after incorporation of the nucleotide analogue. ZDV-TP is a weak inhibitor of the cellular DNA polymerases α and γ and has been reported to be incorporated into the DNA of cells in culture. Antiviral Activity The antiviral activity of zidovudine against HIV-1 was assessed in a number of cell lines including monocytes and fresh human peripheral blood lymphocytes. The EC 50 and EC 90 values for zidovudine were 0.01 to 0.49 microM (1 microM = 0.27 mcg per mL) and 0.1 to 9 microM, respectively. HIV-1 from therapy-naive subjects with no amino acid substitutions associated with resistance gave median EC 50 values of 0.011 microM (range: 0.005 to 0.110 microM) from Virco (n = 92 baseline samples) and 0.0017 microM (range: 0.006 to 0.0340 microM) from Monogram Biosciences (n = 135 baseline samples). The EC 50 values of zidovudine against different HIV-1 clades (A-G) ranged from 0.00018 to 0.02 microM, and against HIV-2 isolates from 0.00049 to 0.004 microM. Zidovudine was not antagonistic to tested anti-HIV agents with the exception of stavudine where an antagonistic relationship with zidovudine has been demonstrated in cell culture. Ribavirin has been found to inhibit the phosphorylation of zidovudine in cell culture. Resistance HIV-1 isolates with reduced susceptibility to zidovudine have been selected in cell culture and were also recovered from subjects treated with zidovudine. Genotypic analyses of the isolates selected in cell culture and recovered from zidovudine-treated subjects showed thymidine analog mutation (TAMs) substitutions in the HIV-1 RT (M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215Y or F, and K219E/R/H/Q/N/Q) that confer zidovudine resistance. In general, higher levels of resistance were associated with greater number of substitutions. In some subjects harboring zidovudine-resistant virus at baseline, phenotypic sensitivity to zidovudine was restored by 12 weeks of treatment with lamivudine and zidovudine. Cross-Resistance Cross-resistance has been observed among NRTIs. TAM substitutions are selected by zidovudine and confer cross-resistance to abacavir, didanosine, stavudine, and tenofovir.
| Parameter | Mean ± SD (except where noted) |
|---|---|
| aMedian [range] for 50 paired samples drawn 1 to 8 hours after the last dose in subjects on chronic therapy with zidovudine. bApproximate range. | |
| Oral bioavailability (%) | 64 ± 10 (n = 5) |
| Apparent volume of distribution (L/kg) | 1.6 ± 0.6 (n = 8) |
| Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF):plasma ratioa | 0.6 [0.04 to 2.62] (n = 39) |
| Systemic clearance (L/h/kg) | 1.6 ± 0.6 (n = 6) |
| Renal clearance (L/h/kg) | 0.34 ± 0.05 (n = 9) |
| Elimination half-life (h)b | 0.5 to 3 (n = 19) |
| Parameter | Control Subjects (Normal Renal Function) (n = 6) | Subjects with Renal Impairment (n = 14) |
|---|---|---|
| a Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. | ||
| CrCl (mL/min) | 120 ± 8 | 18 ± 2 |
| Zidovudine AUC (ng•h/mL) | 1,400 ± 200 | 3,100 ± 300 |
| Zidovudine half-life (h) | 1 ± 0.2 | 1.4 ± 0.1 |
| Parameter | Birth to 14 Days | Aged 14 Days to 3 Months | Aged 3 Months to 12 Years |
|---|---|---|---|
| aData presented as mean ± standard deviation except where noted. bMedian [range]. | |||
| Oral bioavailability (%) | 89 ± 19 (n = 15) | 61 ± 19 (n = 17) | 65 ± 24 (n = 18) |
| CSF:plasma ratio | no data | no data | 0.68 [0.03 to 3.25]b (n = 38) |
| CL (L/h/kg) | 0.65 ± 0.29 (n = 18) | 1.14 ± 0.24 (n = 16) | 1.85 ± 0.47 (n = 20) |
| Elimination half-life (h) | 3.1 ± 1.2 (n = 21) | 1.9 ± 0.7 (n = 18) | 1.5 ± 0.7 (n = 21) |
| ↑ | |||||
| Atovaquone 750 mg every 12 h with food | 200 mg every 8 h | 14 | ↑31% | Range: 23% to 78%b | ↔ |
| Clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily | 100 mg every 4 h x 7 days | 4 | ↓12% | Range: ↓34% to ↑14%b | Not Reported |
| Fluconazole 400 mg daily | 200 mg every 8 h | 12 | ↑74% | 95% CI: 54% to 98% | Not Reported |
| Lamivudine 300 mg every 12 h | single 200 mg | 12 | ↑13% | 90% CI: 2% to 27% | ↔ |
| Methadone 30 to 90 mg daily | 200 mg every 4 h | 9 | ↑43% | Range: 16% to 64%b | ↔ |
| Nelfinavir 750 mg every 8 h x 7 to 10 days | single 200 mg | 11 | ↓35% | Range: 28% to 41%b | ↔ |
| Probenecid 500 mg every 6 h x 2 days | 2 mg/kg every 8 h x 3 days | 3 | ↑106% | Range: 100% to 170%b | Not Assessed |
| Rifampin 600 mg daily x 14 days | 200 mg every 8 h x 14 days | 8 | ↓47% | 90% CI: 41% to 53% | Not Assessed |
| Ritonavir 300 mg every 6 h x 4 days | 200 mg every 8 h x 4 days | 9 | ↓25% | 95% CI: 15% to 34% | ↔ |
| Valproic acid 250 mg or 500 mg every 8 h x 4 days | 100 mg every 8 h x 4 days | 6 | ↑80% | Range: 64% to 130%b | Not Assessed |
Mechanism of action
Information about the established mechanism(s) of the drugÕs action in humans at various levels (for example receptor, membrane, tissue, organ, whole body). If the mechanism of action is not known, this field contains a statement about the lack of information.12.1 Mechanism of Action Zidovudine is an antiretroviral agent [see Microbiology (12.4) ] .
Pharmacokinetics
Information about the clinically significant pharmacokinetics of a drug or active metabolites, for instance pertinent absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion parameters.12.3 Pharmacokinetics Absorption and Bioavailability In adults, following oral administration, zidovudine is rapidly absorbed and extensively distributed, with peak serum concentrations occurring within 0.5 to 1.5 hours. The AUC was equivalent when zidovudine was administered as zidovudine tablets or oral solution compared with zidovudine capsules. The pharmacokinetic properties of zidovudine in fasting adult subjects are summarized in Table 7. Table 7. Zidovudine Pharmacokinetic Parameters in Adult Subjects Parameter Mean ± SD (except where noted) a Median [range] for 50 paired samples drawn 1 to 8 hours after the last dose in subjects on chronic therapy with zidovudine. b Approximate range. Oral bioavailability (%) 64 ± 10 (n = 5) Apparent volume of distribution (L/kg) 1.6 ± 0.6 (n = 8) Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF):plasma ratio a 0.6 [0.04 to 2.62] (n = 39) Systemic clearance (L/h/kg) 1.6 ± 0.6 (n = 6) Renal clearance (L/h/kg) 0.34 ± 0.05 (n = 9) Elimination half-life (h) b 0.5 to 3 (n = 19) Distribution The apparent volume of distribution of zidovudine is 1.6 ± 0.6 L per kg (Table 7) and binding to plasma protein is low (less than 38%). Metabolism and Elimination Zidovudine is primarily eliminated by hepatic metabolism. The major metabolite of zidovudine is GZDV. GZDV AUC is about 3-fold greater than the zidovudine AUC. Urinary recovery of zidovudine and GZDV accounts for 14% and 74%, respectively, of the dose following oral administration. A second metabolite, 3′-amino-3′-deoxythymidine (AMT), has been identified in the plasma following single-dose IV administration of zidovudine. The AMT AUC was one-fifth of the zidovudine AUC. Pharmacokinetics of zidovudine were dose independent at oral dosing regimens ranging from 2 mg per kg every 8 hours to 10 mg per kg every 4 hours. Effect of Food on Absorption Zidovudine may be administered with or without food. The zidovudine AUC was similar when a single dose of zidovudine was administered with food. Specific Populations Patients with Renal Impairment: Zidovudine clearance was decreased resulting in increased zidovudine and GZDV half-life and AUC in subjects with impaired renal function (n = 14) following a single 200 mg oral dose (Table 8). Plasma concentrations of AMT were not determined. No dose adjustment is recommended for patients with CrCl greater than or equal to 15 mL per min. Table 8. Zidovudine Pharmacokinetic Parameters in Subjects with Severe Renal Impairment a Parameter Control Subjects (Normal Renal Function) (n = 6) Subjects with Renal Impairment (n = 14) a Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. CrCl (mL/min) 120 ± 8 18 ± 2 Zidovudine AUC (ng•h/mL) 1,400 ± 200 3,100 ± 300 Zidovudine half-life (h) 1 ± 0.2 1.4 ± 0.1 Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis: The pharmacokinetics and tolerance of zidovudine were evaluated in a multiple-dose trial in subjects undergoing hemodialysis (n = 5) or peritoneal dialysis (n = 6) receiving escalating oral doses up to 200 mg 5 times daily for 8 weeks. Daily doses of 500 mg or less were well tolerated despite significantly elevated GZDV plasma concentrations. Apparent zidovudine oral clearance was approximately 50% of that reported in subjects with normal renal function. Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis appeared to have a negligible effect on the removal of zidovudine, whereas GZDV elimination was enhanced. A dosage adjustment is recommended for patients undergoing hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis [see Dosage and Administration (2.5) ] . Patients with Hepatic Impairment: Data describing the effect of hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of zidovudine are limited. However, zidovudine is eliminated primarily by hepatic metabolism and it appears that zidovudine clearance is decreased and plasma concentrations are increased in subjects with hepatic impairment. There are insufficient data to recommend dose adjustment of zidovudine in patients with impaired hepatic function or liver cirrhosis [see Dosage and Administration (2.6) ]. Pediatric Patients: Zidovudine pharmacokinetics have been evaluated in HIV-1-infected pediatric subjects (Table 9). Patients Aged 3 Months to 12 Years: Overall, zidovudine pharmacokinetics in pediatric patients older than 3 months are similar to those in adult patients. Proportional increases in plasma zidovudine concentrations were observed following administration of oral solution from 90 to 240 mg per m 2 every 6 hours. Oral bioavailability, terminal half-life, and oral clearance were comparable to adult values. As in adult subjects, the major route of elimination was by metabolism to GZDV. After IV dosing, about 29% of the dose was excreted in the urine unchanged, and about 45% of the dose was excreted as GZDV [see Dosage and Administration (2.2) ]. Patients Aged Less than 3 Months: Zidovudine pharmacokinetics have been evaluated in pediatric subjects from birth to 3 months of life. Zidovudine elimination was determined immediately following birth in 8 neonates who were exposed to zidovudine in utero . The half-life was 13 ± 5.8 hours. In neonates less than or equal to 14 days old, bioavailability was greater, total body clearance was slower, and half-life was longer than in pediatric subjects older than 14 days. For dose recommendations for neonates [see Dosage and Administration (2.3) ] . Table 9. Zidovudine Pharmacokinetic Parameters in Pediatric Subjects a Parameter Birth to 14 Days Aged 14 Days to 3 Months Aged 3 Months to 12 Years a Data presented as mean ± standard deviation except where noted. b Median [range]. Oral bioavailability (%) 89 ± 19 (n = 15) 61 ± 19 (n = 17) 65 ± 24 (n = 18) CSF:plasma ratio no data no data 0.68 [0.03 to 3.25] b (n = 38) CL (L/h/kg) 0.65 ± 0.29 (n = 18) 1.14 ± 0.24 (n = 16) 1.85 ± 0.47 (n = 20) Elimination half-life (h) 3.1 ± 1.2 (n = 21) 1.9 ± 0.7 (n = 18) 1.5 ± 0.7 (n = 21) Pregnant Women : Zidovudine pharmacokinetics have been studied in a Phase I trial of 8 women during the last trimester of pregnancy. Zidovudine pharmacokinetics were similar to those of nonpregnant adults. Consistent with passive transmission of the drug across the placenta, zidovudine concentrations in neonatal plasma at birth were essentially equal to those in maternal plasma at delivery [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1) ]. Although data are limited, methadone maintenance therapy in 5 pregnant women did not appear to alter zidovudine pharmacokinetics. Geriatric Patients: Zidovudine pharmacokinetics have not been studied in subjects over 65 years of age. Male and Female Patients: A pharmacokinetic trial in healthy male (n = 12) and female (n = 12) subjects showed no differences in zidovudine AUC when a single dose of zidovudine was administered as a 300 mg zidovudine tablet. Drug Interaction Studies [See Drug Interactions (7) .] Table 10. Effect of Coadministered Drugs on Zidovudine AUC a ↑ = Increase; ↓ = Decrease; ↔ = No significant change; AUC = Area under the concentration versus time curve; CI = Confidence interval. a This table is not all inclusive. b Estimated range of percent difference. Note: ROUTINE DOSE MODIFICATION OF ZIDOVUDINE IS NOT WARRANTED WITH COADMINISTRATION OF THE FOLLOWING DRUGS. Coadministered Drug and Dose Zidovudine Oral Dose n Zidovudine Concentrations Concentration of Coadministered Drug AUC Variability Atovaquone 750 mg every 12 h with food 200 mg every 8 h 14 ↑31% Range: 23% to 78% b ↔ Clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily 100 mg every 4 h x 7 days 4 ↓12% Range: ↓34% to ↑14% b Not Reported Fluconazole 400 mg daily 200 mg every 8 h 12 ↑74% 95% CI: 54% to 98% Not Reported Lamivudine 300 mg every 12 h single 200 mg 12 ↑13% 90% CI: 2% to 27% ↔ Methadone 30 to 90 mg daily 200 mg every 4 h 9 ↑43% Range: 16% to 64% b ↔ Nelfinavir 750 mg every 8 h x 7 to 10 days single 200 mg 11 ↓35% Range: 28% to 41% b ↔ Probenecid 500 mg every 6 h x 2 days 2 mg/kg every 8 h x 3 days 3 ↑106% Range: 100% to 170% b Not Assessed Rifampin 600 mg daily x 14 days 200 mg every 8 h x 14 days 8 ↓47% 90% CI: 41% to 53% Not Assessed Ritonavir 300 mg every 6 h x 4 days 200 mg every 8 h x 4 days 9 ↓25% 95% CI: 15% to 34% ↔ Valproic acid 250 mg or 500 mg every 8 h x 4 days 100 mg every 8 h x 4 days 6 ↑80% Range: 64% to 130% b Not Assessed Phenytoin: Phenytoin plasma levels have been reported to be low in some patients receiving zidovudine, while in one case a high level was documented. However, in a pharmacokinetic interaction trial in which 12 HIV-1-positive volunteers received a single 300 mg phenytoin dose alone and during steady-state zidovudine conditions (200 mg every 4 hours), no change in phenytoin kinetics was observed. Although not designed to optimally assess the effect of phenytoin on zidovudine kinetics, a 30% decrease in oral zidovudine clearance was observed with phenytoin. Ribavirin: In vitro data indicate ribavirin reduces phosphorylation of lamivudine, stavudine, and zidovudine. However, no pharmacokinetic (e.g., plasma concentrations or intracellular triphosphorylated active metabolite concentrations) or pharmacodynamic (e.g., loss of HIV-1/HCV virologic suppression) interaction was observed when ribavirin and lamivudine (n = 18), stavudine (n = 10), or zidovudine (n = 6) were coadministered as part of a multi-drug regimen to HIV-1/HCV co-infected subjects [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5) ].
| Parameter | Mean ± SD (except where noted) |
|---|---|
| aMedian [range] for 50 paired samples drawn 1 to 8 hours after the last dose in subjects on chronic therapy with zidovudine. bApproximate range. | |
| Oral bioavailability (%) | 64 ± 10 (n = 5) |
| Apparent volume of distribution (L/kg) | 1.6 ± 0.6 (n = 8) |
| Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF):plasma ratioa | 0.6 [0.04 to 2.62] (n = 39) |
| Systemic clearance (L/h/kg) | 1.6 ± 0.6 (n = 6) |
| Renal clearance (L/h/kg) | 0.34 ± 0.05 (n = 9) |
| Elimination half-life (h)b | 0.5 to 3 (n = 19) |
| Parameter | Control Subjects (Normal Renal Function) (n = 6) | Subjects with Renal Impairment (n = 14) |
|---|---|---|
| a Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. | ||
| CrCl (mL/min) | 120 ± 8 | 18 ± 2 |
| Zidovudine AUC (ng•h/mL) | 1,400 ± 200 | 3,100 ± 300 |
| Zidovudine half-life (h) | 1 ± 0.2 | 1.4 ± 0.1 |
| Parameter | Birth to 14 Days | Aged 14 Days to 3 Months | Aged 3 Months to 12 Years |
|---|---|---|---|
| aData presented as mean ± standard deviation except where noted. bMedian [range]. | |||
| Oral bioavailability (%) | 89 ± 19 (n = 15) | 61 ± 19 (n = 17) | 65 ± 24 (n = 18) |
| CSF:plasma ratio | no data | no data | 0.68 [0.03 to 3.25]b (n = 38) |
| CL (L/h/kg) | 0.65 ± 0.29 (n = 18) | 1.14 ± 0.24 (n = 16) | 1.85 ± 0.47 (n = 20) |
| Elimination half-life (h) | 3.1 ± 1.2 (n = 21) | 1.9 ± 0.7 (n = 18) | 1.5 ± 0.7 (n = 21) |
| ↑ | |||||
| Atovaquone 750 mg every 12 h with food | 200 mg every 8 h | 14 | ↑31% | Range: 23% to 78%b | ↔ |
| Clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily | 100 mg every 4 h x 7 days | 4 | ↓12% | Range: ↓34% to ↑14%b | Not Reported |
| Fluconazole 400 mg daily | 200 mg every 8 h | 12 | ↑74% | 95% CI: 54% to 98% | Not Reported |
| Lamivudine 300 mg every 12 h | single 200 mg | 12 | ↑13% | 90% CI: 2% to 27% | ↔ |
| Methadone 30 to 90 mg daily | 200 mg every 4 h | 9 | ↑43% | Range: 16% to 64%b | ↔ |
| Nelfinavir 750 mg every 8 h x 7 to 10 days | single 200 mg | 11 | ↓35% | Range: 28% to 41%b | ↔ |
| Probenecid 500 mg every 6 h x 2 days | 2 mg/kg every 8 h x 3 days | 3 | ↑106% | Range: 100% to 170%b | Not Assessed |
| Rifampin 600 mg daily x 14 days | 200 mg every 8 h x 14 days | 8 | ↓47% | 90% CI: 41% to 53% | Not Assessed |
| Ritonavir 300 mg every 6 h x 4 days | 200 mg every 8 h x 4 days | 9 | ↓25% | 95% CI: 15% to 34% | ↔ |
| Valproic acid 250 mg or 500 mg every 8 h x 4 days | 100 mg every 8 h x 4 days | 6 | ↑80% | Range: 64% to 130%b | Not Assessed |
Contraindications
Information about situations in which the drug product is contraindicated or should not be used because the risk of use clearly outweighs any possible benefit, including the type and nature of reactions that have been reported.4 CONTRAINDICATIONS Zidovudine oral solution is contraindicated in patients who have had a potentially life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction (e.g., anaphylaxis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome) to any of the components of the formulation. Hypersensitivity to zidovudine or any of the components (e.g., anaphylaxis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome). (4)
Description
General information about the drug product, including the proprietary and established name of the drug, the type of dosage form and route of administration to which the label applies, qualitative and quantitative ingredient information, the pharmacologic or therapeutic class of the drug, and the chemical name and structural formula of the drug.11 DESCRIPTION Zidovudine (formerly called azidothymidine [AZT]), a pyrimidine nucleoside analogue active against HIV-1. The chemical name of zidovudine is 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine; it has the following structural formula: Zidovudine USP is a white to beige, odorless, crystalline solid with a molecular weight of 267.24 and a solubility of 20.1 mg per mL in water at 25°C. The molecular formula is C 10 H 13 N 5 O 4 . Zidovudine Oral Solution, USP is for oral administration. Each (mL) of zidovudine oral solution contains 10 mg of zidovudine and the inactive ingredients sodium benzoate 0.2% (added as a preservative), citric acid anhydrous, strawberry cream flavor, glycerin, and sucrose. Meets USP Organic Impurities Procedure 2 Chemical Structure
Dosage and administration
Information about the drug product’s dosage and administration recommendations, including starting dose, dose range, titration regimens, and any other clinically sigificant information that affects dosing recommendations.2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION Treatment of HIV-1 infection: Adults: Recommended oral dosage is 300 mg twice a day with other antiretroviral agents. ( 2.1 ) Pediatric patients (aged 4 weeks to less than 18 years): Dosage should be calculated based on body weight not to exceed adult dose. ( 2.2 ) Prevention of maternal-fetal HIV-1 transmission: Specific dosage instructions for mother and infant. ( 2.3 ) Patients with severe anemia and/or neutropenia: Dosage interruption may be necessary. ( 2.4 ) Renal impairment: Recommended oral dosage in hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis or in patients with creatinine clearance (CrCl) less than 15 mL per minute is 100 mg every 6 to 8 hours. ( 2.5 ) 2.1 Adults - Treatment of HIV-1 Infection Oral Dosing The recommended oral dose of zidovudine oral solution is 300 mg twice daily in combination with other antiretroviral agents. 2.2 Pediatric Patients (Aged 4 Weeks to Less than 18 Years) Healthcare professionals should pay special attention to accurate calculation of the dose of zidovudine oral solution, transcription of the medication order, dispensing information, and dosing instructions to minimize risk for medication dosing errors. Prescribers should calculate the appropriate dose of zidovudine oral solution for each child based on body weight (kg) and should not exceed the recommended adult dose. Before prescribing zidovudine capsules, children should be assessed for the ability to swallow capsules. If a child is unable to reliably swallow a zidovudine capsule, the zidovudine oral solution formulation should be prescribed. The recommended oral dosage in pediatric patients aged 4 weeks to less than 18 years and weighing greater than or equal to 4 kg is provided in Table 1. Zidovudine oral solution should be used to provide accurate dosage when capsules are not appropriate. Table 1. Recommended Pediatric Oral Dosage of Zidovudine Oral Solution Body Weight (kg) Total Daily Dose Dosage Regimen and Dose Twice Daily Three Times Daily 4 to <9 24 mg/kg/day 12 mg/kg 8 mg/kg ≥9 to <30 18 mg/kg/day 9 mg/kg 6 mg/kg ≥30 600 mg/day 300 mg 200 mg Alternatively, dosing for zidovudine oral solution can be based on body surface area (BSA) for each child. The recommended oral dose of zidovudine oral solution is 480 mg per m 2 per day in divided doses (240 mg per m 2 twice daily or 160 mg per m 2 three times daily). In some cases the dose calculated by mg per kg will not be the same as that calculated by BSA. 2.3 Prevention of Maternal-Fetal HIV-1 Transmission The recommended dosage regimen for administration to pregnant women (greater than 14 weeks of pregnancy) and their neonates is: Maternal Dosing 100 mg orally 5 times per day until the start of labor [see Clinical Studies (14.3) ]. During labor and delivery, intravenous zidovudine should be administered at 2 mg per kg (total body weight) over 1 hour followed by a continuous intravenous infusion of 1 mg per kg per hour (total body weight) until clamping of the umbilical cord. Neonatal Dosing Start neonatal dosing within 12 hours after birth and continue through 6 weeks of age. Neonates unable to receive oral dosing may be administered zidovudine intravenously. See Table 2 for dosing recommendations. Table 2. Recommended Neonatal Dosages of Zidovudine Route Total Daily Dose Dose and Dosage Regimen Oral 8 mg/kg/day 2 mg/kg every 6 hours Intravenous 6 mg/kg/day 1.5 mg/kg infused over 30 minutes, every 6 hours Use an appropriate-sized syringe with 0.1 mL graduation to ensure accurate dosing of the oral solution formulation in neonates. 2.4 Patients with Severe Anemia and/or Neutropenia Significant anemia (hemoglobin less than 7.5 g per dL or reduction greater than 25% of baseline) and/or significant neutropenia (granulocyte count less than 750 cells per mm 3 or reduction greater than 50% from baseline) may require a dose interruption until evidence of marrow recovery is observed [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ] . In patients who develop significant anemia, dose interruption does not necessarily eliminate the need for transfusion. If marrow recovery occurs following dose interruption, resumption in dose may be appropriate using adjunctive measures such as epoetin alfa at recommended doses, depending on hematologic indices such as serum erythropoietin level and patient tolerance. 2.5 Patients with Renal Impairment In patients maintained on hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis or with creatinine clearance (CrCl) by Cockcroft-Gault less than 15 mL per min, the recommended oral dosage is 100 mg every 6 to 8 hours [see Use in Specific Populations (8.6), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ] . 2.6 Patients with Hepatic Impairment There are insufficient data to recommend dose adjustment of zidovudine oral solution in patients with impaired hepatic function or liver cirrhosis. Frequent monitoring of hematologic toxicities is advised [see Use in Specific Populations (8.7) ] .
| Body Weight (kg) | Total Daily Dose | Dosage Regimen and Dose | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Twice Daily | Three Times Daily | ||
| 4 to <9 | 24 mg/kg/day | 12 mg/kg | 8 mg/kg |
| ≥9 to <30 | 18 mg/kg/day | 9 mg/kg | 6 mg/kg |
| ≥30 | 600 mg/day | 300 mg | 200 mg |
| Oral | 8 mg/kg/day | 2 mg/kg every 6 hours |
| Intravenous | 6 mg/kg/day | 1.5 mg/kg infused over 30 minutes, every 6 hours |
Dosage forms and strengths
Information about all available dosage forms and strengths for the drug product to which the labeling applies. This field may contain descriptions of product appearance.3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS Zidovudine Oral Solution USP, 10 mg/mL is (colorless to pale yellow, strawberry-flavored) containing 10 mg zidovudine in each (mL). Oral Solution: 10 mg per mL (3)
Indications and usage
A statement of each of the drug products indications for use, such as for the treatment, prevention, mitigation, cure, or diagnosis of a disease or condition, or of a manifestation of a recognized disease or condition, or for the relief of symptoms associated with a recognized disease or condition. This field may also describe any relevant limitations of use.1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE Zidovudine oral solution is a nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor indicated for: Treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) infection in combination with other antiretroviral agents. (1.1) Prevention of maternal-fetal HIV-1 transmission. (1.2) 1.1 Treatment of HIV-1 Zidovudine oral solution, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, is indicated in combination with other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. 1.2 Prevention of Maternal-Fetal HIV-1 Transmission Zidovudine oral solution is indicated for the prevention of maternal-fetal HIV-1 transmission [see Dosage and Administration (2.3) ]. The indication is based on a dosing regimen that included 3 components: antepartum therapy of HIV-1-infected mothers intrapartum therapy of HIV-1-infected mothers post-partum therapy of HIV-1-exposed neonate Points to consider prior to initiating zidovudine oral solution in pregnant women for the prevention of maternal-fetal HIV-1 transmission include: In most cases, zidovudine oral solution for prevention of maternal-fetal HIV-1 transmission should be given in combination with other antiretroviral drugs. Prevention of HIV-1 transmission in women who have received zidovudine oral solution for a prolonged period before pregnancy has not been evaluated. Because the fetus is most susceptible to the potential teratogenic effects of drugs during the first 10 weeks of gestation and the risks of therapy with zidovudine oral solution during that period are not fully known, women in the first trimester of pregnancy who do not require immediate initiation of antiretroviral therapy for their own health may consider delaying use; this indication is based on use after 14 weeks' gestation.
Spl product data elements
Usually a list of ingredients in a drug product.Zidovudine Zidovudine ZIDOVUDINE ZIDOVUDINE SODIUM BENZOATE ANHYDROUS CITRIC ACID GLYCERIN SUCROSE Colourless to Pale Yellow Strawberry Cream
Carcinogenesis and mutagenesis and impairment of fertility
Information about carcinogenic, mutagenic, or fertility impairment potential revealed by studies in animals. Information from human data about such potential is part of the warnings field.13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility Carcinogenesis Zidovudine was administered orally at 3 dosage levels to separate groups of mice and rats (60 females and 60 males in each group). Initial single daily doses were 30, 60, and 120 mg per kg per day in mice and 80, 220, and 600 mg per kg per day in rats. The doses in mice were reduced to 20, 30, and 40 mg per kg per day after Day 90 because of treatment-related anemia, whereas in rats only the high dose was reduced to 450 mg per kg per day on Day 91 and then to 300 mg per kg per day on Day 279. In mice, 7 late-appearing (after 19 months) vaginal neoplasms (5 non-metastasizing squamous cell carcinomas, 1 squamous cell papilloma, and 1 squamous polyp) occurred in animals given the highest dose. One late-appearing squamous cell papilloma occurred in the vagina of a middle-dose animal. No vaginal tumors were found at the lowest dose. In rats, 2 late-appearing (after 20 months), non-metastasizing vaginal squamous cell carcinomas occurred in animals given the highest dose. No vaginal tumors occurred at the low or middle dose in rats. No other drug-related tumors were observed in either sex of either species. At doses that produced tumors in mice and rats, the estimated drug exposure (as measured by AUC) was approximately 3 times (mouse) and 24 times (rat) the estimated human exposure at the recommended therapeutic dose of 100 mg every 4 hours. It is not known how predictive the results of rodent carcinogenicity studies may be for humans. Two transplacental carcinogenicity studies were conducted in mice. One study administered zidovudine at doses of 20 mg per kg per day or 40 mg per kg per day from Gestation Day 10 through parturition and lactation with dosing continuing in offspring for 24 months postnatally. The doses of zidovudine administered in this study produced zidovudine exposures approximately 3 times the estimated human exposure at recommended doses. After 24 months, an increase in incidence of vaginal tumors was noted with no increase in tumors in the liver or lung or any other organ in either gender. These findings are consistent with results of the standard oral carcinogenicity study in mice, as described earlier. A second study administered zidovudine at maximum tolerated doses of 12.5 mg per day or 25 mg per day (approximately 1,000 mg per kg nonpregnant body weight or approximately 450 mg per kg of term body weight) to pregnant mice from Days 12 through 18 of gestation. There was an increase in the number of tumors in the lung, liver, and female reproductive tracts in the offspring of mice receiving the higher dose level of zidovudine. Mutagenesis Zidovudine was mutagenic in a 5178Y/TK +/- mouse lymphoma assay, positive in an in vitro cell transformation assay, clastogenic in a cytogenetic assay using cultured human lymphocytes, and positive in mouse and rat micronucleus tests after repeated doses. It was negative in a cytogenetic study in rats given a single dose. Impairment of Fertility Zidovudine, administered to male and female rats at doses up to 450 mg per kg per day, which is 7 times the recommended adult dose (300 mg twice daily) based on body surface area, had no effect on fertility based on conception rates.
Nonclinical toxicology
Information about toxicology in non-human subjects.13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY 13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility Carcinogenesis Zidovudine was administered orally at 3 dosage levels to separate groups of mice and rats (60 females and 60 males in each group). Initial single daily doses were 30, 60, and 120 mg per kg per day in mice and 80, 220, and 600 mg per kg per day in rats. The doses in mice were reduced to 20, 30, and 40 mg per kg per day after Day 90 because of treatment-related anemia, whereas in rats only the high dose was reduced to 450 mg per kg per day on Day 91 and then to 300 mg per kg per day on Day 279. In mice, 7 late-appearing (after 19 months) vaginal neoplasms (5 non-metastasizing squamous cell carcinomas, 1 squamous cell papilloma, and 1 squamous polyp) occurred in animals given the highest dose. One late-appearing squamous cell papilloma occurred in the vagina of a middle-dose animal. No vaginal tumors were found at the lowest dose. In rats, 2 late-appearing (after 20 months), non-metastasizing vaginal squamous cell carcinomas occurred in animals given the highest dose. No vaginal tumors occurred at the low or middle dose in rats. No other drug-related tumors were observed in either sex of either species. At doses that produced tumors in mice and rats, the estimated drug exposure (as measured by AUC) was approximately 3 times (mouse) and 24 times (rat) the estimated human exposure at the recommended therapeutic dose of 100 mg every 4 hours. It is not known how predictive the results of rodent carcinogenicity studies may be for humans. Two transplacental carcinogenicity studies were conducted in mice. One study administered zidovudine at doses of 20 mg per kg per day or 40 mg per kg per day from Gestation Day 10 through parturition and lactation with dosing continuing in offspring for 24 months postnatally. The doses of zidovudine administered in this study produced zidovudine exposures approximately 3 times the estimated human exposure at recommended doses. After 24 months, an increase in incidence of vaginal tumors was noted with no increase in tumors in the liver or lung or any other organ in either gender. These findings are consistent with results of the standard oral carcinogenicity study in mice, as described earlier. A second study administered zidovudine at maximum tolerated doses of 12.5 mg per day or 25 mg per day (approximately 1,000 mg per kg nonpregnant body weight or approximately 450 mg per kg of term body weight) to pregnant mice from Days 12 through 18 of gestation. There was an increase in the number of tumors in the lung, liver, and female reproductive tracts in the offspring of mice receiving the higher dose level of zidovudine. Mutagenesis Zidovudine was mutagenic in a 5178Y/TK +/- mouse lymphoma assay, positive in an in vitro cell transformation assay, clastogenic in a cytogenetic assay using cultured human lymphocytes, and positive in mouse and rat micronucleus tests after repeated doses. It was negative in a cytogenetic study in rats given a single dose. Impairment of Fertility Zidovudine, administered to male and female rats at doses up to 450 mg per kg per day, which is 7 times the recommended adult dose (300 mg twice daily) based on body surface area, had no effect on fertility based on conception rates.
Package label principal display panel
The content of the principal display panel of the product package, usually including the product’s name, dosage forms, and other key information about the drug product.PACKAGE LABEL-PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 10 mg/mL (240 mL Bottle) NDC 65862-048-24 Rx only Zidovudine Oral Solution, USP 10 mg/mL Note to Pharmacist: Please ensure the caregiver has an appropriate syringe with 0.1 mL graduation to accurately measure the oral dose of zidovudine oral solution in neonates. AUROBINDO 240 mL PACKAGE LABEL-PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 10 mg/mL (240 mL Bottle)
Zidovudine: Information for patients
Information necessary for patients to use the drug safely and effectively, such as precautions concerning driving or the concomitant use of other substances that may have harmful additive effects.17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION Hypersensitivity Reactions Inform patients that potentially life-threatening hypersensitivity reactions (e.g., anaphylaxis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome) can occur while receiving zidovudine. Instruct patients to immediately contact their healthcare provider if they develop rash, as it may be a sign of a more serious reaction. Advise patients that it is very important that they remain under a healthcare provider’s care during treatment with zidovudine [see Contraindications (4) ] . Neutropenia and Anemia Inform patients that the major toxicities of zidovudine are neutropenia and/or anemia. The frequency and severity of these toxicities are greater in patients with more advanced disease and in those who initiate therapy later in the course of their infection. Advise patients that if toxicity develops, they may require transfusions or drug discontinuation. Advise patients of the extreme importance of having their blood counts followed closely while on therapy, especially for patients with advanced symptomatic HIV-1 disease [see Boxed Warning , Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ] . Myopathy Inform patients that myopathy and myositis with pathological changes, similar to that produced by HIV-1 disease, have been associated with prolonged use of zidovudine [see Boxed Warning , Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ] . Lactic Acidosis/Hepatomegaly with Steatosis Advise patients that lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis have been reported with use of nucleoside analogues and other antiretrovirals. Advise patients to stop taking zidovudine if they develop clinical symptoms suggestive of lactic acidosis or pronounced hepatotoxicity [see Boxed Warning , Warnings and Precautions (5.4) ] . HIV-1/HCV Co-infection Inform patients with HIV-1/HCV co-infection that hepatic decompensation (some fatal) has occurred in HIV-1/HCV co-infected patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1 and interferon alfa with or without ribavirin [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5) ] . Immune Reconstitution Syndrome Advise patients to inform their healthcare provider immediately of any signs and symptoms of infection as inflammation from previous infection may occur soon after combination antiretroviral therapy, including when zidovudine is started [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6) ] . Lipoatrophy Advise patients that loss of subcutaneous fat may occur in patients receiving zidovudine and that they will be regularly assessed during therapy [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7) ] . Common Adverse Reactions Inform patients that the most commonly reported adverse reactions in adult patients being treated with zidovudine were headache, malaise, nausea, anorexia, and vomiting. The most commonly reported adverse reactions in pediatric patients receiving zidovudine were fever, cough, and digestive disorders. Patients also should be encouraged to contact their physician if they experience muscle weakness, shortness of breath, symptoms of hepatitis or pancreatitis, or any other unexpected adverse events while being treated with zidovudine [see Adverse Reactions (6) ] . Drug Interactions Advise patients that other medications may interact with zidovudine and certain medications, including ganciclovir, interferon alfa, and ribavirin, may exacerbate the toxicity of zidovudine [see Drug Interactions (7) ] . Dosage and Administration in Neonates Due to the small volume of zidovudine oral solution administered to neonates, advise caregivers to use an appropriate-sized syringe with 0.1 mL graduation to ensure accurate dosing of the oral solution formulation [see Dosage and Administration (2.3) ] . Pregnancy Inform pregnant women considering the use of zidovudine during pregnancy for prevention of HIV-1 transmission to their infants that transmission may still occur in some cases despite therapy. Pregnancy Registry Advise patients that there is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to zidovudine during pregnancy [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1) ] . Lactation Instruct women with HIV-1 infection not to breastfeed because HIV-1 can be passed to the baby in the breast milk [see Use in Specific Populations (8.2) ] . Missed Dose Instruct patients that if they miss a dose of zidovudine, to take it as soon as they remember. Advise patients not to double their next dose or take more than the prescribed dose [see Dosage and Administration (2) ] . EPIVIR is a trademark owned by or licensed to the ViiV Healthcare group of companies. Distributed by: Aurobindo Pharma USA, Inc. 279 Princeton-Hightstown Road East Windsor, NJ 08520 Manufactured by: Aurobindo Pharma Limited Hyderabad–500 032, India Revised: 07/2022
Clinical studies
This field may contain references to clinical studies in place of detailed discussion in other sections of the labeling.14 CLINICAL STUDIES Therapy with zidovudine has been shown to prolong survival and decrease the incidence of opportunistic infections in patients with advanced HIV-1 disease and to delay disease progression in asymptomatic HIV-1-infected patients. 14.1 Adults Combination Therapy Zidovudine in combination with other antiretroviral agents has been shown to be superior to monotherapy for one or more of the following endpoints: delaying death, delaying development of AIDS, increasing CD4+ cell counts, and decreasing plasma HIV-1 RNA. The clinical efficacy of a combination regimen that includes zidovudine was demonstrated in trial ACTG 320. This trial was a multi-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial that compared zidovudine 600 mg per day plus EPIVIR 300 mg per day with zidovudine plus EPIVIR plus indinavir 800 mg three times daily. The incidence of AIDS-defining events or death was lower in the triple-drug–containing arm compared with the 2-drug–containing arm (6.1% versus 10.9%, respectively). Monotherapy In controlled trials of treatment-naive subjects conducted between 1986 and 1989, monotherapy with zidovudine, as compared with placebo, reduced the risk of HIV-1 disease progression, as assessed using endpoints that included the occurrence of HIV-1-related illnesses, AIDS-defining events, or death. These trials enrolled subjects with advanced disease (BW 002), and asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic disease in subjects with CD4+ cell counts between 200 and 500 cells per mm 3 (ACTG 016 and ACTG 019). A survival benefit for monotherapy with zidovudine was not demonstrated in the latter 2 trials. Subsequent trials showed that the clinical benefit of monotherapy with zidovudine was time limited. 14.2 Pediatric Patients ACTG 300 was a multi-center, randomized, double-blind trial that provided for comparison of EPIVIR plus zidovudine to didanosine monotherapy. A total of 471 symptomatic, HIV-1-infected therapy-naive pediatric subjects were enrolled in these 2 treatment arms. The median age was 2.7 years (range: 6 weeks to 14 years), the mean baseline CD4+ cell count was 868 cells per mm 3 , and the mean baseline plasma HIV-1 RNA was 5 log 10 copies per mL. The median duration that subjects remained on trial was approximately 10 months. Results are summarized in Table 11. Table 11. Number of Subjects (%) Reaching a Primary Clinical Endpoint (Disease Progression or Death) Endpoint EPIVIR plus Zidovudine (n = 236) Didanosine (n = 235 ) HIV disease progression or death (total) 15 (6.4%) 37 (15.7%) Physical growth failure 7 (3%) 6 (2.6%) Central nervous system deterioration 4 (1.7%) 12 (5.1%) CDC Clinical Category C 2 (0.8%) 8 (3.4%) Death 2 (0.8%) 11 (4.7%) 14.3 Prevention of Maternal-Fetal HIV-1 Transmission The utility of zidovudine for the prevention of maternal-fetal HIV-1 transmission was demonstrated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (ACTG 076) conducted in HIV-1-infected pregnant women with CD4+ cell counts of 200 to 1,818 cells per mm 3 (median in the treated group: 560 cells per mm 3 ) who had little or no previous exposure to zidovudine. Oral zidovudine was initiated between 14 and 34 weeks of gestation (median 11 weeks of therapy) followed by IV administration of zidovudine during labor and delivery. Following birth, neonates received zidovudine oral solution for 6 weeks. The trial showed a statistically significant difference in the incidence of HIV-1 infection in the neonates (based on viral culture from peripheral blood) between the group receiving zidovudine and the group receiving placebo. Of 363 neonates evaluated in the trial, the estimated risk of HIV-1 infection was 7.8% in the group receiving zidovudine and 24.9% in the placebo group, a relative reduction in transmission risk of 68.7%. Zidovudine was well tolerated by mothers and infants. There was no difference in pregnancy-related adverse events between the treatment groups.
| | | |
| HIV disease progression or death (total) | 15 (6.4%) | 37 (15.7%) |
| Physical growth failure | 7 (3%) | 6 (2.6%) |
| Central nervous system deterioration | 4 (1.7%) | 12 (5.1%) |
| CDC Clinical Category C | 2 (0.8%) | 8 (3.4%) |
| Death | 2 (0.8%) | 11 (4.7%) |
Geriatric use
Information about any limitations on any geriatric indications, needs for specific monitoring, hazards associated with use of the drug in the geriatric population.8.5 Geriatric Use Clinical studies of zidovudine did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.
Labor and delivery
Information about the drug’s use during labor or delivery, whether or not the use is stated in the indications section of the labeling, including the effect of the drug on the mother and fetus, on the duration of labor or delivery, on the possibility of delivery-related interventions, and the effect of the drug on the later growth, development, and functional maturation of the child.8.2 Lactation Risk Summary The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that HIV-1-infected mothers in the United States not breastfeed their infants to avoid risking postnatal transmission of HIV-1 infection. Zidovudine is present in human milk. There is no information on the effects of zidovudine on the breastfed infant or the effects of the drug on milk production. Because of the potential for (1) HIV-1 transmission (in HIV-negative infants), (2) developing viral resistance (in HIV-positive infants), and (3) adverse reactions in a breastfed infant instruct mothers not to breastfeed if they are receiving zidovudine.
Pediatric use
Information about any limitations on any pediatric indications, needs for specific monitoring, hazards associated with use of the drug in any subsets of the pediatric population (such as neonates, infants, children, or adolescents), differences between pediatric and adult responses to the drug, and other information related to the safe and effective pediatric use of the drug.8.4 Pediatric Use Zidovudine has been studied in HIV-1-infected pediatric subjects aged at least 6 weeks who had HIV-1-related symptoms or who were asymptomatic with abnormal laboratory values indicating significant HIV-1-related immunosuppression. Zidovudine has also been studied in neonates perinatally exposed to HIV-1 [see Dosage and Administration (2.2) , Adverse Reactions (6.1) , Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) , Clinical Studies (14.2 , 14.3) ] .
Pregnancy
Information about effects the drug may have on pregnant women or on a fetus. This field may be ommitted if the drug is not absorbed systemically and the drug is not known to have a potential for indirect harm to the fetus. It may contain information about the established pregnancy category classification for the drug. (That information is nominally listed in the teratogenic_effects field, but may be listed here instead.)8.1 Pregnancy Pregnancy Exposure Registry There is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to zidovudine during pregnancy. Healthcare providers are encouraged to register patients by calling the Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry (APR) at 1-800-258-4263. Risk Summary Available data from the APR show no difference in the overall risk of birth defects for zidovudine compared with the background rate for birth defects of 2.7% in the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program (MACDP) reference population (see Data) . The APR uses the MACDP as the U.S. reference population for birth defects in the general population. The MACDP evaluates women and infants from a limited geographic area and does not include outcomes for births that occurred at less than 20 weeks’ gestation. The rate of miscarriage is not reported in the APR. The estimated background rate of miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies in the U.S. general population is 15% to 20%. The background risk for major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. Hyperlactatemia, which may be due to mitochondrial dysfunction, has been reported in infants with in utero exposure to zidovudine-containing products. These events were transient and asymptomatic in most cases. There have been few reports of developmental delay, seizures, and other neurological disease. However, a causal relationship between these events and exposure to zidovudine-containing products in utero or peri-partum has not been established ( see Data) . In an animal reproduction study, administration of oral zidovudine to female rats prior to mating and throughout gestation resulted in embryotoxicity at doses that produced systemic exposure (AUC) approximately 33 times higher than exposure at the recommended clinical dose. However, no embryotoxicity was observed after oral administration of zidovudine to pregnant rats during organogenesis at doses that produced systemic exposure (AUC) approximately 117 times higher than exposures at the recommended clinical dose. Administration of oral zidovudine to pregnant rabbits during organogenesis resulted in embryotoxicity at doses that produced systemic exposure (AUC) approximately 108 times higher than exposure at the recommended clinical dose. However, no embryotoxicity was observed at doses that produced systemic exposure (AUC) approximately 23 times higher than exposures at the recommended clinical dose (see Data) . Data Human Data: Based on prospective reports to the APR of over 13,000 exposures to zidovudine during pregnancy resulting in live births (including over 4,000 exposed in the first trimester), there was no difference between the overall risk of birth defects for zidovudine compared with the background birth defect rate of 2.7% in a U.S. reference population of the MACDP. The prevalence of birth defects in live births was 3.2% (95% CI: 2.7% to 3.8%) following first trimester exposure to zidovudine-containing regimens and 2.8% (95% CI: 2.5% to 3.2%) following second/third trimester exposure to zidovudine-containing regimens. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in HIV-1-infected pregnant women to determine the utility of zidovudine for the prevention of maternal-fetal HIV-1-transmission [see Clinical Studies (14.3)] . Zidovudine treatment during pregnancy reduced the rate of maternal-fetal HIV-1 transmission from 24.9% for infants born to placebo-treated mothers to 7.8% for infants born to mothers treated with zidovudine. There were no differences in pregnancy-related adverse events between the treatment groups. Of the 363 neonates that were evaluated, congenital abnormalities occurred with similar frequency between neonates born to mothers who received zidovudine and neonates born to mothers who received placebo. The observed abnormalities included problems in embryogenesis (prior to 14 weeks) or were recognized on ultrasound before or immediately after initiation of study drug. Zidovudine has been shown to cross the placenta and concentrations in neonatal plasma at birth were essentially equal to those in maternal plasma at delivery [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ] . There have been reports of mild, transient elevations in serum lactate levels, which may be due to mitochondrial dysfunction, in neonates and infants exposed in utero or peri-partum to zidovudine-containing products. There have been few reports of developmental delay, seizures, and other neurological disease. However, a causal relationship between these events and exposure to zidovudine-containing products in utero or peri-partum has not been established. The clinical relevance of transient elevations in serum lactate is unknown. Animal Data: A study in pregnant rats (at 50, 150, or 450 mg per kg per day starting 26 days prior to mating through gestation to postnatal Day 21) showed increased fetal resorptions at doses that produced systemic exposures (AUC) approximately 33 times higher than exposure at the recommended daily human dose (300 mg twice daily). However, in an oral embryo-fetal development study in rats (at 125, 250, or 500 mg per kg per day on Gestation Days 6 through 15), no fetal resorptions were observed at doses that produced systemic exposure (AUC) approximately 117 times higher than exposures at the recommended daily human dose. An oral embryo-fetal development study in rabbits (at 75, 150, or 500 mg per kg per day on Gestation Day 6 through 18) showed increased fetal resorptions at the 500 mg per kg per day dose, which produced systemic exposures (AUC) approximately 108 times higher than exposure at the recommended daily human dose; however, no fetal resorptions were noted at doses up to 150 mg per kg per day, which produced systemic exposure (AUC) approximately 23 times higher than exposures at the recommended daily human dose. These oral embryo-fetal development studies in the rat and rabbit revealed no evidence of fetal malformations with zidovudine. In another developmental toxicity study, pregnant rats (dosed at 3,000 mg per kg per day from Days 6 through 15 of gestation) showed marked maternal toxicity and an increased incidence of fetal malformations at exposures greater than 300 times the recommended daily human dose based on AUC. However, there were no signs of fetal malformations at doses up to 600 mg per kg per day.
Use in specific populations
Information about use of the drug by patients in specific populations, including pregnant women and nursing mothers, pediatric patients, and geriatric patients.8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS Lactation: Women infected with HIV should be instructed not to breastfeed due to potential for HIV transmission. ( 8.2 ) 8.1 Pregnancy Pregnancy Exposure Registry There is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to zidovudine during pregnancy. Healthcare providers are encouraged to register patients by calling the Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry (APR) at 1-800-258-4263. Risk Summary Available data from the APR show no difference in the overall risk of birth defects for zidovudine compared with the background rate for birth defects of 2.7% in the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program (MACDP) reference population (see Data) . The APR uses the MACDP as the U.S. reference population for birth defects in the general population. The MACDP evaluates women and infants from a limited geographic area and does not include outcomes for births that occurred at less than 20 weeks’ gestation. The rate of miscarriage is not reported in the APR. The estimated background rate of miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies in the U.S. general population is 15% to 20%. The background risk for major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. Hyperlactatemia, which may be due to mitochondrial dysfunction, has been reported in infants with in utero exposure to zidovudine-containing products. These events were transient and asymptomatic in most cases. There have been few reports of developmental delay, seizures, and other neurological disease. However, a causal relationship between these events and exposure to zidovudine-containing products in utero or peri-partum has not been established ( see Data) . In an animal reproduction study, administration of oral zidovudine to female rats prior to mating and throughout gestation resulted in embryotoxicity at doses that produced systemic exposure (AUC) approximately 33 times higher than exposure at the recommended clinical dose. However, no embryotoxicity was observed after oral administration of zidovudine to pregnant rats during organogenesis at doses that produced systemic exposure (AUC) approximately 117 times higher than exposures at the recommended clinical dose. Administration of oral zidovudine to pregnant rabbits during organogenesis resulted in embryotoxicity at doses that produced systemic exposure (AUC) approximately 108 times higher than exposure at the recommended clinical dose. However, no embryotoxicity was observed at doses that produced systemic exposure (AUC) approximately 23 times higher than exposures at the recommended clinical dose (see Data) . Data Human Data: Based on prospective reports to the APR of over 13,000 exposures to zidovudine during pregnancy resulting in live births (including over 4,000 exposed in the first trimester), there was no difference between the overall risk of birth defects for zidovudine compared with the background birth defect rate of 2.7% in a U.S. reference population of the MACDP. The prevalence of birth defects in live births was 3.2% (95% CI: 2.7% to 3.8%) following first trimester exposure to zidovudine-containing regimens and 2.8% (95% CI: 2.5% to 3.2%) following second/third trimester exposure to zidovudine-containing regimens. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in HIV-1-infected pregnant women to determine the utility of zidovudine for the prevention of maternal-fetal HIV-1-transmission [see Clinical Studies (14.3)] . Zidovudine treatment during pregnancy reduced the rate of maternal-fetal HIV-1 transmission from 24.9% for infants born to placebo-treated mothers to 7.8% for infants born to mothers treated with zidovudine. There were no differences in pregnancy-related adverse events between the treatment groups. Of the 363 neonates that were evaluated, congenital abnormalities occurred with similar frequency between neonates born to mothers who received zidovudine and neonates born to mothers who received placebo. The observed abnormalities included problems in embryogenesis (prior to 14 weeks) or were recognized on ultrasound before or immediately after initiation of study drug. Zidovudine has been shown to cross the placenta and concentrations in neonatal plasma at birth were essentially equal to those in maternal plasma at delivery [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ] . There have been reports of mild, transient elevations in serum lactate levels, which may be due to mitochondrial dysfunction, in neonates and infants exposed in utero or peri-partum to zidovudine-containing products. There have been few reports of developmental delay, seizures, and other neurological disease. However, a causal relationship between these events and exposure to zidovudine-containing products in utero or peri-partum has not been established. The clinical relevance of transient elevations in serum lactate is unknown. Animal Data: A study in pregnant rats (at 50, 150, or 450 mg per kg per day starting 26 days prior to mating through gestation to postnatal Day 21) showed increased fetal resorptions at doses that produced systemic exposures (AUC) approximately 33 times higher than exposure at the recommended daily human dose (300 mg twice daily). However, in an oral embryo-fetal development study in rats (at 125, 250, or 500 mg per kg per day on Gestation Days 6 through 15), no fetal resorptions were observed at doses that produced systemic exposure (AUC) approximately 117 times higher than exposures at the recommended daily human dose. An oral embryo-fetal development study in rabbits (at 75, 150, or 500 mg per kg per day on Gestation Day 6 through 18) showed increased fetal resorptions at the 500 mg per kg per day dose, which produced systemic exposures (AUC) approximately 108 times higher than exposure at the recommended daily human dose; however, no fetal resorptions were noted at doses up to 150 mg per kg per day, which produced systemic exposure (AUC) approximately 23 times higher than exposures at the recommended daily human dose. These oral embryo-fetal development studies in the rat and rabbit revealed no evidence of fetal malformations with zidovudine. In another developmental toxicity study, pregnant rats (dosed at 3,000 mg per kg per day from Days 6 through 15 of gestation) showed marked maternal toxicity and an increased incidence of fetal malformations at exposures greater than 300 times the recommended daily human dose based on AUC. However, there were no signs of fetal malformations at doses up to 600 mg per kg per day. 8.2 Lactation Risk Summary The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that HIV-1-infected mothers in the United States not breastfeed their infants to avoid risking postnatal transmission of HIV-1 infection. Zidovudine is present in human milk. There is no information on the effects of zidovudine on the breastfed infant or the effects of the drug on milk production. Because of the potential for (1) HIV-1 transmission (in HIV-negative infants), (2) developing viral resistance (in HIV-positive infants), and (3) adverse reactions in a breastfed infant instruct mothers not to breastfeed if they are receiving zidovudine. 8.4 Pediatric Use Zidovudine has been studied in HIV-1-infected pediatric subjects aged at least 6 weeks who had HIV-1-related symptoms or who were asymptomatic with abnormal laboratory values indicating significant HIV-1-related immunosuppression. Zidovudine has also been studied in neonates perinatally exposed to HIV-1 [see Dosage and Administration (2.2) , Adverse Reactions (6.1) , Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) , Clinical Studies (14.2 , 14.3) ] . 8.5 Geriatric Use Clinical studies of zidovudine did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy. 8.6 Renal Impairment Unchanged zidovudine and its glucuronide metabolite (formed in the liver) are primarily eliminated from the body by renal excretion. In patients with severely impaired renal function (CrCl less than 15 mL per min), dosage reduction is recommended [see Dosage and Administration (2.5) , Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ] . 8.7 Hepatic Impairment Zidovudine is primarily eliminated by hepatic metabolism and zidovudine concentrations appear to be increased in patients with impaired hepatic function, which may increase the risk of hematologic toxicity. Frequent monitoring of hematologic toxicities is advised. There are insufficient data to recommend dose adjustment of zidovudine in patients with impaired hepatic function or liver cirrhosis [see Dosage and Administration (2.6) , Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ] .
How supplied
Information about the available dosage forms to which the labeling applies, and for which the manufacturer or distributor is responsible. This field ordinarily includes the strength of the dosage form (in metric units), the units in which the dosage form is available for prescribing, appropriate information to facilitate identification of the dosage forms (such as shape, color, coating, scoring, and National Drug Code), and special handling and storage condition information.16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING Zidovudine Oral Solution USP, 10 mg/mL is (colorless to pale yellow, strawberry-flavored) containing 10 mg zidovudine in each (mL). Bottle of 240 mL NDC 65862-048-24 Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F); excursions permitted to 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature].
Boxed warning
Information about contraindications or serious warnings, particularly those that may lead to death or serious injury.WARNING: RISK OF HEMATOLOGICAL TOXICITY, MYOPATHY, LACTIC ACIDOSIS AND SEVERE HEPATOMEGALY WITH STEATOSIS Zidovudine oral solution has been associated with hematologic toxicity including neutropenia and severe anemia, particularly in patients with advanced HIV-1 disease [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ] . Prolonged use of zidovudine has been associated with symptomatic myopathy [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ] . Lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis, including fatal cases, have been reported with the use of nucleoside analogues alone or in combination, including zidovudine and other antiretrovirals. Suspend treatment if clinical or laboratory findings suggestive of lactic acidosis or pronounced hepatotoxicity occur [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4) ] . WARNING: RISK OF HEMATOLOGICAL TOXICITY, MYOPATHY, LACTIC ACIDOSIS AND SEVERE HEPATOMEGALY WITH STEATOSIS See full prescribing information for complete boxed warning. Hematologic toxicity including neutropenia and severe anemia have been associated with the use of zidovudine. (5.1) Symptomatic myopathy associated with prolonged use of zidovudine. (5.3) Lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis, including fatal cases, have been reported with the use of nucleoside analogues including zidovudine. Suspend treatment if clinical or laboratory findings suggestive of lactic acidosis or pronounced hepatotoxicity occur. (5.4)
Disclaimer: Do not rely on openFDA or Phanrmacy Near Me to make decisions regarding medical care. While we make every effort to ensure that data is accurate, you should assume all results are unvalidated. Source: OpenFDA, Healthporta Drugs API