Overdosage of Levofloxacin
Information about signs, symptoms, and laboratory findings of acute ovedosage and the general principles of overdose treatment.
10 OVERDOSAGE In the event of an acute overdosage, the stomach should be emptied. The patient should be observed and appropriate hydration maintained. Levofloxacin is not efficiently removed by hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. Levofloxacin exhibits a low potential for acute toxicity. Mice, rats, dogs and monkeys exhibited the following clinical signs after receiving a single high dose of levofloxacin: ataxia, ptosis, decreased locomotor activity, dyspnea, prostration, tremors, and convulsions. Doses in excess of 1500 mg/kg orally and 250 mg/kg IV produced significant mortality in rodents.
Adverse reactions
Information about undesirable effects, reasonably associated with use of the drug, that may occur as part of the pharmacological action of the drug or may be unpredictable in its occurrence. Adverse reactions include those that occur with the drug, and if applicable, with drugs in the same pharmacologically active and chemically related class. There is considerable variation in the listing of adverse reactions. They may be categorized by organ system, by severity of reaction, by frequency, by toxicological mechanism, or by a combination of these.
6 ADVERSE REACTIONS The most common reactions (≥3%) were nausea, headache, diarrhea, insomnia, constipation and dizziness ( 6.2 ). To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Cipla Ltd, at 1-866-604-3268 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch 6.1 Serious and Otherwise Important Adverse Reactions The following serious and otherwise important adverse drug reactions are discussed in greater detail in other sections of labeling: • Disabling and Potentially Irreversible Serious Adverse Reactions [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)] • Tendinitis and Tendon Rupture [ see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)] • Peripheral Neuropathy [ see Warnings and Precautions (5.3 )] • Central Nervous System Effects [ see Warnings and Precautions (5.4 )] • Exacerbation of Myasthenia Gravis [seeWarningsandPrecautions( 5.5 )] • Other Serious and Sometimes Fatal Reactions [seeWarningsandPrecautions( 5.6 )] • Hypersensitivity Reactions [seeWarningsandPrecautions( 5.7 )] • Hepatotoxicity [seeWarningsandPrecautions( 5.8 )] • Clostridiumdifficile -Associated Diarrhea [seeWarningsandPrecautions( 5.9 )] • Prolongation of the QT Interval [seeWarningsandPrecautions( 5.10 )] • Musculoskeletal Disorders in Pediatric Patients [seeWarningsandPrecautions( 5.11 )] • Blood Glucose Disturbances [seeWarningsandPrecautions( 5.12 )] • Photosensitivity/Phototoxicity [seeWarningsandPrecautions( 5.13 )] • Development of Drug Resistant Bacteria [seeWarningsandPrecautions( 5.14 )] Crystalluria and cylindruria have been reported with quinolones, including levofloxacin. Therefore, adequate hydration of patients receiving levofloxacin should be maintained to prevent the formation of a highly concentrated urine [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.5 )]. 6.2 Clinical Trial Experience Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. The data described below reflect exposure to levofloxacin in 7537 patients in 29 pooled Phase 3 clinical trials. The population studied had a mean age of 50 years (approximately 74% of the population was < 65 years of age), 50% were male, 71% were Caucasian, 19% were Black. Patients were treated with levofloxacin for a wide variety of infectious diseases [see Indications and Usage ( 1 )] . Patients received levofloxacin doses of 750 mg once daily, 250 mg once daily, or 500 mg once or twice daily. Treatment duration was usually 3–14 days, and the mean number of days on therapy was 10 days. The overall incidence, type and distribution of adverse reactions was similar in patients receiving levofloxacin doses of 750 mg once daily, 250 mg once daily, and 500 mg once or twice daily. Discontinuation of levofloxacin due to adverse drug reactions occurred in 4.3% of patients overall, 3.8% of patients treated with the 250 mg and 500 mg doses and 5.4% of patients treated with the 750 mg dose. The most common adverse drug reactions leading to discontinuation with the 250 and 500 mg doses were gastrointestinal (1.4%), primarily nausea (0.6%); vomiting (0.4%); dizziness (0.3%); and headache (0.2%). The most common adverse drug reactions leading to discontinuation with the 750 mg dose were gastrointestinal (1.2%), primarily nausea (0.6%), vomiting (0.5%); dizziness (0.3%); and headache (0.3%). Adverse reactions occurring in ≥1% of levofloxacin-treated patients and less common adverse reactions, occurring in 0.1 to <1% of levofloxacin-treated patients, are shown in Table 4 and Table 5, respectively. The most common adverse drug reactions (≥3%) are nausea, headache, diarrhea, insomnia, constipation, and dizziness. Table4:Common(≥1%)AdverseReactionsReportedinClinicalTrialswithLevofloxacin * N=7274 † N=3758 (women) System/Organ Class Adverse Reaction %(N=7537) Infections and Infestations moniliasis 1 Psychiatric Disorders insomnia * [seeWarningsand Precautions ( 5.4 )] 4 Nervous System Disorders headache, dizziness [seeWarningsand Precautions ( 5.4 )] 6 3 Respiratory , Thoracic and Mediastinal Disorders dyspnea [seeWarningsandPrecautions ( 5.7 )] 1 Gastrointestinal Disorders nausea 7 diarrhea 5 constipation 3 abdominal pain 2 vomiting 2 dyspepsia 2 Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders rash [seeWarningsandPrecautions( 5.7 )] pruritus 2 1 Reproductive System and Breast Disorders vaginitis 1 † General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions edema 1 injection site reaction 1 chest pain 1 Table5:LessCommon(0.1to1%)AdverseReactionsReportedinClinicalTrialswithLevofloxacin(N=7537) * N=7274 System/Organ Class Adverse Reaction Infections and Infestations genital moniliasis Blood and Lymphatic System Disorders anemia, thrombocytopenia, granulocytopenia [seeWarningsandPrecautions( 5.6 )] Immune System Disorders allergic reaction [seeWarningsandPrecautions( 5.6, 5.7 ) ] Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia [seeWarningsandPrecautions( 5.12 )] hyperkalemia Psychiatric Disorders Anxiety, agitation, confusion, depression, hallucination, nightmare * [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.4 ) ] sleep disorder * ,anorexia, abnormal dreaming * Nervous System Disorders Tremor, convulsions [seeWarningsandPrecautions( 5.4 )], paresthesia [seeWarningsandPrecautions( 5.3 )] , Vertigo, hypertonia, hyperkinesias, abnormal gait, somnolence * , syncope Respiratory , Thoracic and Mediastinal Disorders epistaxis Cardiac Disorders cardiac arrest, palpitation, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular arrhythmia Vascular Disorders phlebitis Gastrointestinal Disorders Gastritis, stomatitis, pancreatitis, esophagitis, gastroenteritis, glossitis, pseudomembraneous/ C.difficile colitis [seeWarningsandPrecautions( 5.9 )] Hepatobiliary Disorders abnormal hepatic function, increased hepatic enzymes, increased alkaline phosphatase, Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders urticaria [seeWarningsandPrecautions( 5.7 )] Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders arthralgia, tendinitis [seeWarningsandPrecautions( 5.2 )], Myalgia, skeletal pain Renal and Urinary Disorders abnormal renal function, acute renal failure [seeWarningsandPrecautions( 5.6 )] In clinical trials using multiple-dose therapy, ophthalmologic abnormalities, including cataracts and multiple punctate lenticular opacities, have been noted in patients undergoing treatment with quinolones, including levofloxacin. The relationship of the drugs to these events is not presently established. 6.3 Postmarketing Experience Table 6 lists adverse reactions that have been identified during post-approval use of levofloxacin. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimating their frequency or establishing a causal relationship to drug exposure. Table6:PostmarketingReportsofAdverseDrugReactions System/Organ Class Adverse Reaction Blood and Lymphatic System Disorders Pancytopenia, aplastic anemia, leukopenia, hemolytic anemia [seeWarningsandPrecautions( 5.6 )] , eosinophilia Immune System Disorders hypersensitivity reactions, sometimes fatal including: anaphylactic/anaphylactoid reactions, anaphylactic shock, angioneurotic edema, serum sickness [seeWarningsandPrecautions( 5.6, 5.7 )> ] Psychiatric Disorders Psychosis, Paranoia, isolated reports of suicidal ideation, suicide attempt and completed suicide [seeWarningsandPrecautions( 5.4 )] Nervous System Disorders exacerbation of myasthenia gravis [seeWarningsandPrecautions( 5.5 )], anosmia, ageusia, parosmia, dysgeusia, peripheral neuropathy (may be irreversible) [seeWarningsandPrecautions( 5.3 )], isolated reports of encephalopathy abnormal electroencephalogram (EEG), dysphonia, pseudotumor cerebri [ See Warning and Precautions ( 5.4 ) ] Eye Disorders Uveitis, vision disturbance, including diplopia, visual acuity reduced, vision blurred, scotoma Ear and Labyrinth Disorders Hypoacusis, tinnitus Cardiac Disorders isolated reports of torsade de pointes, electrocardiogram QT prolonged [seeWarnings andPrecautions( 5.10 )], tachycardia Vascular Disorders vasodilatation Respiratory , Thoracic and Mediastinal Disorders isolated reports of allergic pneumonitis [seeWarningsandPrecautions( 5.6 ), Hepatobiliary Disorders hepatic failure (including fatal cases), hepatitis, jaundice, [seeWarningsand Precautions( 5.6 ) , ( 5.8 ) ] Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders bullous eruptions to include: Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis Acute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis (AGEP) fixed drug eruptions, erythema multiforme [seeWarningsandPrecautions( 5.6) ], photosensitivity/phototoxicity reaction [seeWarningsand Precautions( 5.13) ] , leukocytoclastic vasculitis Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders tendon rupture, [seeWarningsandPrecautions( 5.2 )], muscle injury, including rupture, rhabdomyolysis Renal and Urinary Disorders interstitial nephritis [seeWarningsandPrecautions( 5.6 )] General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions multi-organ failure, pyrexia Investigations prothrombin time prolonged, international normalized ratio prolonged, muscle enzymes increased
Table4:Common(≥1%)AdverseReactionsReportedinClinicalTrialswithLevofloxacin | *N=7274 |
| †N=3758 (women) |
| System/Organ Class | Adverse Reaction | %(N=7537) |
| Infections and Infestations | moniliasis | 1 |
| Psychiatric Disorders | insomnia* [seeWarningsand Precautions (5.4)] | 4 |
| Nervous System Disorders | headache, dizziness [seeWarningsand Precautions (5.4)] | 6 3 |
| Respiratory , Thoracic and Mediastinal Disorders | dyspnea [seeWarningsandPrecautions (5.7)] | 1 |
| Gastrointestinal Disorders | nausea | 7 |
| diarrhea | 5 |
| constipation | 3 |
| abdominal pain | 2 |
| vomiting | 2 |
| dyspepsia | 2 |
| Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders | rash [seeWarningsandPrecautions(5.7)] pruritus | 2 1 |
| Reproductive System and Breast Disorders | vaginitis | 1† |
| General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions | edema | 1 |
| injection site reaction | 1 |
| chest pain | 1 |
Table5:LessCommon(0.1to1%)AdverseReactionsReportedinClinicalTrialswithLevofloxacin(N=7537) | *N=7274 |
| System/Organ Class | Adverse Reaction |
| Infections and Infestations | genital moniliasis |
| Blood and Lymphatic System Disorders | anemia, thrombocytopenia, granulocytopenia [seeWarningsandPrecautions(5.6)] |
| Immune System Disorders | allergic reaction [seeWarningsandPrecautions(5.6, 5.7)] |
| Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders | hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia [seeWarningsandPrecautions(5.12)] hyperkalemia |
| Psychiatric Disorders | Anxiety, agitation, confusion, depression, hallucination, nightmare* [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)] sleep disorder* ,anorexia, abnormal dreaming* |
| Nervous System Disorders | Tremor, convulsions [seeWarningsandPrecautions(5.4)], paresthesia [seeWarningsandPrecautions(5.3)] , Vertigo, hypertonia, hyperkinesias, abnormal gait, somnolence*, syncope |
| Respiratory , Thoracic and Mediastinal Disorders | epistaxis |
| Cardiac Disorders | cardiac arrest, palpitation, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular arrhythmia |
| Vascular Disorders | phlebitis |
| Gastrointestinal Disorders | Gastritis, stomatitis, pancreatitis, esophagitis, gastroenteritis, glossitis, pseudomembraneous/ C.difficile colitis [seeWarningsandPrecautions(5.9)] |
| Hepatobiliary Disorders | abnormal hepatic function, increased hepatic enzymes, increased alkaline phosphatase, |
| Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders | urticaria [seeWarningsandPrecautions(5.7)] |
| Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders | arthralgia, tendinitis [seeWarningsandPrecautions(5.2)], Myalgia, skeletal pain |
| Renal and Urinary Disorders | abnormal renal function, acute renal failure [seeWarningsandPrecautions(5.6)] |
Table6:PostmarketingReportsofAdverseDrugReactions | System/Organ Class | Adverse Reaction |
| Blood and Lymphatic System Disorders | Pancytopenia, aplastic anemia, leukopenia, hemolytic anemia [seeWarningsandPrecautions(5.6)] , eosinophilia |
| Immune System Disorders | hypersensitivity reactions, sometimes fatal including: anaphylactic/anaphylactoid reactions, anaphylactic shock, angioneurotic edema, serum sickness [seeWarningsandPrecautions(5.6, 5.7)>] |
| Psychiatric Disorders | Psychosis, Paranoia, isolated reports of suicidal ideation, suicide attempt and completed suicide [seeWarningsandPrecautions(5.4)] |
| Nervous System Disorders | exacerbation of myasthenia gravis [seeWarningsandPrecautions(5.5)], anosmia, ageusia, parosmia, dysgeusia, peripheral neuropathy (may be irreversible) [seeWarningsandPrecautions(5.3)], isolated reports of encephalopathy abnormal electroencephalogram (EEG), dysphonia, pseudotumor cerebri [See Warning and Precautions (5.4) ] |
| Eye Disorders | Uveitis, vision disturbance, including diplopia, visual acuity reduced, vision blurred, scotoma |
| Ear and Labyrinth Disorders | Hypoacusis, tinnitus |
| Cardiac Disorders | isolated reports of torsade de pointes, electrocardiogram QT prolonged [seeWarnings andPrecautions(5.10)], tachycardia |
| Vascular Disorders | vasodilatation |
| Respiratory , Thoracic and Mediastinal Disorders | isolated reports of allergic pneumonitis [seeWarningsandPrecautions(5.6), |
| Hepatobiliary Disorders | hepatic failure (including fatal cases), hepatitis, jaundice, [seeWarningsand Precautions(5.6) , (5.8)] |
| Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders | bullous eruptions to include: Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis Acute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis (AGEP) fixed drug eruptions, erythema multiforme [seeWarningsandPrecautions(5.6)], photosensitivity/phototoxicity reaction [seeWarningsand Precautions(5.13)] , leukocytoclastic vasculitis |
| Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders | tendon rupture, [seeWarningsandPrecautions(5.2)], muscle injury, including rupture, rhabdomyolysis |
| Renal and Urinary Disorders | interstitial nephritis [seeWarningsandPrecautions(5.6)] |
| General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions | multi-organ failure, pyrexia |
| Investigations | prothrombin time prolonged, international normalized ratio prolonged, muscle enzymes increased |
Levofloxacin Drug Interactions
Information about and practical guidance on preventing clinically significant drug/drug and drug/food interactions that may occur in people taking the drug.
7 DRUG INTERACTIONS Interacting Drug Interaction Multivalent cation-containing products including antacids, metal cations or didanosine Absorption of levofloxacin is decreased when the tablet formulation is taken within 2 hours of these products. ( 2.4 , 7.1 ) Warfarin Effect may be enhanced. Monitor prothrombin time, INR, watch for bleeding ( 7.2 ) Antidibetic agents Carefully monitor blood glucose ( 5.12 , 7.3 ) 7.1 Chelation Agents: Antacids, Sucralfate, Metal Cations, Multivitamins While the chelation by divalent cations is less marked than with other fluoroquinolones, concurrent administration of levofloxacin Tablets with antacids containing magnesium, or aluminum, as well as sucralfate, metal cations such as iron, and multivitamin preparations with zinc may interfere with the gastrointestinal absorption of levofloxacin, resulting in systemic levels considerably lower than desired. Tablets with antacids containing magnesium, aluminum, as well as sucralfate, metal cations such as iron, and multivitamins preparations with zinc or didanosine may substantially interfere with the gastrointestinal absorption of levofloxacin, resulting in systemic levels considerably lower than desired. These agents should be taken at least two hours before or two hours after oral levofloxacin administration. 7.2 Warfarin No significant effect of levofloxacin on the peak plasma concentrations, AUC, and other disposition parameters for R- and S- warfarin was detected in a clinical study involving healthy volunteers. Similarly, no apparent effect of warfarin on levofloxacin absorption and disposition was observed. However, there have been reports during the postmarketing experience in patients that levofloxacin enhances the effects of warfarin. Elevations of the prothrombin time in the setting of concurrent warfarin and levofloxacin use have been associated with episodes of bleeding. Prothrombin time, International Normalized Ratio (INR), or other suitable anticoagulation tests should be closely monitored if levofloxacin is administered concomitantly with warfarin. Patients should also be monitored for evidence of bleeding [see Adverse Reactions ( 6.3 ); Patient Counseling Information ( 17.4 )]. 7.3 Antidiabetic Agents Disturbances of blood glucose, including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, have been reported in patients treated concomitantly with fluoroquinolones and an antidiabetic agent. Therefore, careful monitoring of blood glucose is recommended when these agents are co-administered [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.12 ); Adverse Reactions ( 6.2 ) , Patient Counseling Information ( 17.4 )]. 7.4 Non-Steriodal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs The concomitant administration of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with a fluoroquinolone, including levofloxacin, may increase the risk of CNS stimulation and convulsive seizures [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.4 )]. 7.5 Theophylline No significant effect of levofloxacin on the plasma concentrations, AUC, and other disposition parameters for theophylline was detected in a clinical study involving healthy volunteers. Similarly, no apparent effect of theophylline on levofloxacin absorption and disposition was observed. However, concomitant administration of other fluoroquinolones with theophylline has resulted in prolonged elimination half-life, elevated serum theophylline levels, and a subsequent increase in the risk of theophylline-related adverse reactions in the patient population. Therefore, theophylline levels should be closely monitored and appropriate dosage adjustments made when levofloxacin is co-administered. Adverse reactions, including seizures, may occur with or without an elevation in serum theophylline levels [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.4 )]. 7.6 Cyclosporine No significant effect of levofloxacin on the peak plasma concentrations, AUC, and other disposition parameters for cyclosporine was detected in a clinical study involving healthy volunteers. However, elevated serum levels of cyclosporine have been reported in the patient population when co-administered with some other fluoroquinolones. Levofloxacin C max and k e were slightly lower while T max and t½ were slightly longer in the presence of cyclosporine than those observed in other studies without concomitant medication. The differences, however, are not considered to be clinically significant. Therefore, no dosage adjustment is required for levofloxacin or cyclosporine when administered concomitantly. 7.7 Digoxin No significant effect of levofloxacin on the peak plasma concentrations, AUC, and other disposition parameters for digoxin was detected in a clinical study involving healthy volunteers. Levofloxacin absorption and disposition kinetics were similar in the presence or absence of digoxin. Therefore, no dosage adjustment for levofloxacin or digoxin is required when administered concomitantly. 7.8 Probenecid and Cimetidine No significant effect of probenecid or cimetidine on the C max of levofloxacin was observed in a clinical study involving healthy volunteers. The AUC and t½ of levofloxacin were higher while CL/F and CL R were lower during concomitant treatment of levofloxacin with probenecid or cimetidine compared to levofloxacin alone. However, these changes do not warrant dosage adjustment for levofloxacin when probenecid or cimetidine is co-administered. 7.9 Interactions with Laboratory or Diagnostic Testing Some fluoroquinolones, including levofloxacin, may produce false-positive urine screening results for opiates using commercially available immunoassay kits. Confirmation of positive opiate screens by more specific methods may be necessary.
| Interacting Drug | Interaction |
| Multivalent cation-containing products including antacids, metal cations or didanosine | Absorption of levofloxacin is decreased when the tablet formulation is taken within 2 hours of these products. (2.4, 7.1) |
| Warfarin | Effect may be enhanced. Monitor prothrombin time, INR, watch for bleeding (7.2) |
| Antidibetic agents | Carefully monitor blood glucose (5.12, 7.3) |
Clinical pharmacology
Information about the clinical pharmacology and actions of the drug in humans.
12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 12.1 Mechanism of Action Levofloxacin is a member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents [see Microbiology ( 12.4 )] . 12.3 Pharmacokinetics The mean ± SD pharmacokinetic parameters of levofloxacin determined under single and steady-state conditions following oral tablet, oral solution, or intravenous (IV) doses of Levofloxacin are summarized in Table 8. Table8:Mean±SDLevofloxacinPKParameters 1 clearance/bioavailability 2 volume of distribution/bioavailability 3 healthy males 18-53 years of age 4 60 min infusion for 250 mg and 500 mg doses, 90 min infusion for 750 mg dose 5 healthy male and female subjects 18-54 years of age 6 500 mg every 48h for patients with moderate renal impairment (CLCR 20-50 mL/min) and infections of the respiratory tract or skin 7 dose-normalized values (to 500 mg dose), estimated by population pharmacokinetic modeling 8 healthy males 22-75 years of age 9 healthy females 18-80 years of age 10 young healthy male and female subjects 18-36 years of age 11 healthy elderly male and female subjects 66-80 years of age 12 healthy males and females 19-55 years of age. *Absolute bioavailability; F=0.99 ± 0.08 from a 500 mg tablet and F=0.99 ± 0.06 from a 750 mg tablet; ND=not determined Regimen C max T max AUC CL/F * Vd/F † t1/2 CLR (mcg/mL) (h) (mcg∙h/mL) (mL/min) (L) (h) (mL/min) Single dose 250 mg oral tablet 3 2.8 ± 0.4 1.6 ± 1.0 27.2 ± 3.9 156 ± 20 ND 7.3 ± 0.9 142 ± 21 500 mg oral tablet 3* 5.1 ± 0.8 1.3 ± 0.6 47.9 ± 6.8 178 ± 28 ND 6.3 ± 0.6 103 ± 30 500 mg oral solution 12 5.8 ± 1.8 0.8 ± 0.7 47.8 ± 10.8 183 ± 40 112 ± 37.2 7.0 ± 1.4 ND 500 mg IV 3 6.2 ± 1.0 1.0 ± 0.1 48.3 ± 5.4 175 ± 20 90 ± 11 6.4 ± 0.7 112 ± 25 750 mg oral tablet 5* 9.3 ± 1.6 1.6 ± 0.8 101 ± 20 129 ± 24 83 ± 17 7.5 ± 0.9 ND 750 mg IV 5 11.5 ± 4.0 4 ND 110 ± 40 126 ± 39 75 ± 13 7.5 ± 1.6 ND Multiple dose 500 mg every 24h oral tablet 3 5.7 ± 1.4 1.1 ± 0.4 47.5 ± 6.7 175 ± 25 102 ± 22 7.6 ± 1.6 116 ± 31 500 mg every 24h IV 3 6.4 ± 0.8 ND 54.6 ± 11.1 158 ± 29 91 ± 12 7.0 ± 0.8 99 ± 28 500 mg or 250 mg every 24h IV, patients with bacterial infection 6 8.7± 4.0 7 ND 72.5 ± 51.2 7 154 ± 72 111 ± 58 ND ND 750 mg every 24h oral tablet 5 8.6 ± 1.9 1.4 ± 0.5 90.7 ± 17.6 143 ± 29 100 ± 16 8.8 ± 1.5 116 ± 28 750 mg every 24h IV 5 12.1 ± 4.1 4 ND 108 ± 34 126 ± 37 80 ± 27 7.9 ± 1.9 ND 500 mg oral tablet single dose, effects of gender and age: Male 8 5.5 ± 1.1 1.2 ± 0.4 54.4 ± 18.9 166 ± 44 89 ± 13 7.5 ± 2.1 126 ± 38 Female 9 7.0 ± 1.6 1.7 ± 0.5 67.7 ± 24.2 136 ± 44 62 ± 16 6.1 ± 0.8 106 ± 40 Young 10 5.5 ± 1.0 1.5 ± 0.6 47.5 ± 9.8 182 ± 35 83 ± 18 6.0 ± 0.9 140 ± 33 Elderly 11 7.0 ± 1.6 1.4 ± 0.5 74.7 ± 23.3 121 ± 33 67 ± 19 7.6 ± 2.0 91 ± 29 500 mg oral single dose tablet, patients with renal insufficiency: CLCR 50–80 mL/min 7.5 ± 1.8 1.5 ± 0.5 95.6 ± 11.8 88 ± 10 ND 9.1 ± 0.9 57 ± 8 CLCR 20–49 mL/min 7.1 ± 3.1 2.1 ± 1.3 182.1 ± 62.6 51 ± 19 ND 27 ± 10 26 ± 13 CLCR <20 mL/min 8.2 ± 2.6 1.1 ± 1.0 263.5 ± 72.5 33 ± 8 ND 35 ± 5 13 ± 3 Hemodialysis 5.7 ± 1.0 2.8 ± 2.2 ND ND ND 76 ± 42 ND CAPD 6.9 ± 2.3 1.4 ± 1.1 ND ND ND 51 ± 24 ND Absorption Levofloxacin is rapidly and essentially completely absorbed after oral administration. Peak plasma concentrations are usually attained one to two hours after oral dosing. The absolute bioavailability of levofloxacin from a 500 mg tablet and a 750 mg tablet of levofloxacin are both approximately 99%, demonstrating complete oral absorption of levofloxacin. Following a single intravenous dose of levofloxacin to healthy volunteers, the mean ± SD peak plasma concentration attained was 6.2 ± 1.0 mcg/mL after a 500 mg dose infused over 60 minutes and 11.5 ± 4.0 mcg/mL after a 750 mg dose infused over 90 minutes. Levofloxacin Oral Solution and Tablet formulations are bioequivalent. Levofloxacin pharmacokinetics are linear and predictable after single and multiple oral or IV dosing regimens. Steady-state conditions are reached within 48 hours following a 500 mg or 750 mg once-daily dosage regimen. The mean ± SD peak and trough plasma concentrations attained following multiple once-daily oral dosage regimens were approximately 5.7 ± 1.4 and 0.5 ± 0.2 mcg/mL after the 500 mg doses, and 8.6 ± 1.9 and 1.1 ± 0.4 mcg/mL after the 750 mg doses, respectively. The mean ± SD peak and trough plasma concentrations attained following multiple once-daily IV regimens were approximately 6.4 ± 0.8 and 0.6 ± 0.2 mcg/mL after the 500 mg doses, and 12.1 ± 4.1 and 1.3 ± 0.71 mcg/mL after the 750 mg doses, respectively. Oral administration of a 500 mg dose of levofloxacin with food prolongs the time to peak concentration by approximately 1 hour and decreases the peak concentration by approximately 14% following tablet and approximately 25% following oral solution administration. Therefore, levofloxacin Tablets can be administered without regard to food. It is recommended that levofloxacin oral solution be taken 1 hour before or 2 hours after eating. The plasma concentration profile of levofloxacin after IV administration is similar and comparable in extent of exposure (AUC) to that observed for levofloxacin tablets when equal doses (mg/mg) are administered. Therefore, the oral and IV routes of administration can be considered interchangeable (see Figure 2 and Figure 3 ). Figure 2: Mean Levofloxacin Plasma Concentration vs. Time Profile: 750mg Figure 3: Mean Levofloxacin Plasma Concentration vs. Time Profile: 500mg Distribution The mean volume of distribution of levofloxacin generally ranges from 74 to 112 L after single and multiple 500 mg or 750 mg doses, indicating widespread distribution into body tissues. Levofloxacin reaches its peak levels in skin tissues and in blister fluid of healthy subjects at approximately 3 hours after dosing. The skin tissue biopsy to plasma AUC ratio is approximately 2 and the blister fluid to plasma AUC ratio is approximately 1 following multiple once-daily oral administration of 750 mg and 500 mg doses of levofloxacin, respectively, to healthy subjects. Levofloxacin also penetrates well into lung tissues. Lung tissue concentrations were generally 2- to 5-fold higher than plasma concentrations and ranged from approximately 2.4 to 11.3 mcg/g over a 24-hour period after a single 500 mg oral dose. In vitro , over a clinically relevant range (1 to 10 mcg/mL) of serum/plasma levofloxacin concentrations, levofloxacin is approximately 24 to 38% bound to serum proteins across all species studied, as determined by the equilibrium dialysis method. Levofloxacin is mainly bound to serum albumin in humans. Levofloxacin binding to serum proteins is independent of the drug concentration. Metabolism Levofloxacin is stereochemically stable in plasma and urine and does not invert metabolically to its enantiomer, D-ofloxacin. Levofloxacin undergoes limited metabolism in humans and is primarily excreted as unchanged drug in the urine. Following oral administration, approximately 87% of an administered dose was recovered as unchanged drug in urine within 48 hours, whereas less than 4% of the dose was recovered in feces in 72 hours. Less than 5% of an administered dose was recovered in the urine as the desmethyl and N-oxide metabolites, the only metabolites identified in humans. These metabolites have little relevant pharmacological activity. Excretion Levofloxacin is excreted largely as unchanged drug in the urine. The mean terminal plasma elimination half-life of levofloxacin ranges from approximately 6 to 8 hours following single or multiple doses of levofloxacin given orally or intravenously. The mean apparent total body clearance and renal clearance range from approximately 144 to 226 mL/min and 96 to 142 mL/min, respectively. Renal clearance in excess of the glomerular filtration rate suggests that tubular secretion of levofloxacin occurs in addition to its glomerular filtration. Concomitant administration of either cimetidine or probenecid results in approximately 24% and 35% reduction in the levofloxacin renal clearance, respectively, indicating that secretion of levofloxacin occurs in the renal proximal tubule. No levofloxacin crystals were found in any of the urine samples freshly collected from subjects receiving levofloxacin. Geriatric There are no significant differences in levofloxacin pharmacokinetics between young and elderly subjects when the subjects' differences in creatinine clearance are taken into consideration. Following a 500 mg oral dose of levofloxacin to healthy elderly subjects (66 – 80 years of age), the mean terminal plasma elimination half-life of levofloxacin was about 7.6 hours, as compared to approximately 6 hours in younger adults. The difference was attributable to the variation in renal function status of the subjects and was not believed to be clinically significant. Drug absorption appears to be unaffected by age. Levofloxacin dose adjustment based on age alone is not necessary [see Use in Specific Populations ( 8.5 ) ] . Pediatrics The pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin following a single 7 mg/kg intravenous dose were investigated in pediatric patients ranging in age from 6 months to 16 years. Pediatric patients cleared levofloxacin faster than adult patients, resulting in lower plasma exposures than adults for a given mg/kg dose. Subsequent pharmacokinetic analyses predicted that a dosage regimen of 8 mg/kg every 12 hours (not to exceed 250 mg per dose) for pediatric patients 6 months to 17 years of age would achieve comparable steady state plasma exposures (AUC 0–24 and C max ) to those observed in adult patients administered 500 mg of levofloxacin once every 24 hours. Gender There are no significant differences in levofloxacin pharmacokinetics between male and female subjects when subjects' differences in creatinine clearance are taken into consideration. Following a 500 mg oral dose of levofloxacin to healthy male subjects, the mean terminal plasma elimination half-life of levofloxacin was about 7.5 hours, as compared to approximately 6.1 hours in female subjects. This difference was attributable to the variation in renal function status of the male and female subjects and was not believed to be clinically significant. Drug absorption appears to be unaffected by the gender of the subjects. Dose adjustment based on gender alone is not necessary. Race The effect of race on levofloxacin pharmacokinetics was examined through a covariate analysis performed on data from 72 subjects: 48 white and 24 non-white. The apparent total body clearance and apparent volume of distribution were not affected by the race of the subjects. Renal Impairment Clearance of levofloxacin is substantially reduced and plasma elimination half-life is substantially prolonged in adult patients with impaired renal function (creatinine clearance < 50 mL/min), requiring dosage adjustment in such patients to avoid accumulation. Neither hemodialysis nor continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) is effective in removal of levofloxacin from the body, indicating that supplemental doses of levofloxacin are not required following hemodialysis or CAPD [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.3 ) , Use in Specific Populations ( 8.6 ) ]. Hepatic Impairment Pharmacokinetic studies in hepatically impaired patients have not been conducted. Due to the limited extent of levofloxacin metabolism, the pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin is not expected to be affected by hepatic impairment [see Use in Specific Populations ( 8.7 ) ] . Bacterial Infection The pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin in patients with serious community-acquired bacterial infections are comparable to those observed in healthy subjects. Drug-Drug Interactions The potential for pharmacokinetic drug interactions between levofloxacin and antacids, warfarin, theophylline, cyclosporine, digoxin, probenecid, and cimetidine has been evaluated [see Drug Interactions ( 7 ) ]. Figure01 Figure 02 12.4 Microbiology Mechanism of Action Levofloxacin is the L-isomer of the racemate, ofloxacin, a quinolone antimicrobial agent. The antibacterial activity of ofloxacin resides primarily in the L-isomer. The mechanism of action of levofloxacin and other fluoroquinolone antimicrobials involves inhibition of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase (both of which are type II topoisomerases), enzymes required for DNA replication, transcription, repair and recombination. Mechanism of Resistance Fluoroquinolone resistance can arise through mutations in defined regions of DNA gyrase or topoisomerase IV, termed the Quinolone-Resistance Determining Regions (QRDRs), or through altered efflux. Fluoroquinolones, including levofloxacin, differ in chemical structure and mode of action from aminoglycosides, macrolides and β-lactam antibiotics, including penicillins. Fluoroquinolones may, therefore, be active against bacteria resistant to these antimicrobials. Resistance to levofloxacin due to spontaneous mutation in vitro is a rare occurrence (range: 10 -9 to 10 -10 ). Cross-resistance has been observed between levofloxacin and some other fluoroquinolones, some microorganisms resistant to other fluoroquinolones may be susceptible to levofloxacin. Activity in vitro and in vivo Levofloxacin has in vitro activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Levofloxacin has been shown to be active against most isolates of the following bacteria both in vitro and in clinical infections as described in Indications and Usage ( 1 ): Gram-Positive Bacteria Enterococcus faecalis Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-susceptible isolates) Staphylococcus epidermidis (methicillin-susceptible isolates) Staphylococcus saprophyticus Streptococcus pneumoniae (including multi-drug resistant strains [MDRSP] 1) Streptococcus pyogenes 1 MDRSP (Multi-drug resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae ) isolates are isolates resistant to two or more of the following antibiotics: penicillin (MIC ≥2 mcg/mL), 2nd generation cephalosporins, e.g., cefuroxime; macrolides, tetracyclines and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Gram-Negative Bacteria Enterobacter cloacae Escherichia coli Haemophilus influenzae Haemophilus parainfluenzae Klebsiella pneumoniae Legionella pneumophila Moraxella catarrhalis Proteus mirabilis Pseudomonas aeruginosa Serratia marcescens Other Bacteria Chlamydophila pneumoniae Mycoplasma pneumoniae The following in vitro data are available, but their clinical significance is unknown : Levofloxacin exhibits in vitro minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC values) of 2 mcg/mL or less against most (≥90%) isolates of the following microorganisms; however, the safety and effectiveness of levofloxacin in treating clinical infections due to these bacteria have not been established in adequate and well-controlled trials. Gram-Positive Bacteria Staphylococcus haemolyticus β-hemolytic Streptococcus (Group C/F) β-hemolytic Streptococcus (Group G) Streptococcus agalactiae Streptococcus milleri Viridans group streptococci Bacillus anthracis Gram-Negative Bacteria Acinetobacter baumannii Acinetobacter lwoffii Bordetella pertussis Citrobacter koseri Citrobacter freundii Enterobacter aerogenes Enterobacter sakazakii Klebsiella oxytoca Morganella morganii Pantoea agglomerans Proteus vulgaris Providencia rettgeri Providencia stuartii Pseudomonas fluorescens Yersinia pestis Anaerobic Gram-Positive Bacteria Clostridium perfringens Susceptibility Tests When available, the clinical microbiology laboratory should provide the results of in vitro susceptibility test results for antimicrobial drug products used in the resident hospitals to the physician as periodic reports that describe the susceptibility profile of nosocomial and community-acquired pathogens. These reports should aid the physician in selecting an antibacterial drug product for treatment. Dilution techniques: Quantitative methods are used to determine antimicrobial minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs). These MICs provide estimates of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. The MIC values should be determined using a standardized procedure. Standardized procedures are based on a dilution method 1, 2, 4 (broth or agar) or equivalent with standardized inoculum concentrations and standardized concentrations of levofloxacin powder. The MIC values should be interpreted according to the criteria outlined in Table 9. Diffusion techniques: Quantitative methods that require measurement of zone diameters also provide reproducible estimates of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. One such standardized procedure 2, 3 requires the use of standardized inoculum concentrations. This procedure uses paper disks impregnated with 5 mcg levofloxacin to test the susceptibility of bacteria to levofloxacin. Reports from the laboratory providing results of the standard single-disk susceptibility test with a 5 mcg levofloxacin disk should be interpreted according to the criteria outlined in Table 9. Table9:Susceptibility TestInterpretiveCriteriaforLevofloxacin † The current absence of data on resistant isolates precludes defining any categories other than "Susceptible." Isolates yielding MIC /zone diameter results suggestive of a "nonsusceptible" category should be submitted to a reference laboratory for further testing. Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (mcg/mL) Disk Diffusion (zone diameter in mm) Pathogen S I R S I R Enterobacteriaceae ≤2 4 ≥8 ≥17 14–16 ≤13 Enterococcus faecalis ≤2 4 ≥8 ≥17 14–16 ≤13 Staphylococcus species ≤2 4 ≥8 ≥17 14–16 ≤13 Pseudomonas aeruginosa ≤2 4 ≥8 ≥17 14–16 ≤13 Haemophilus influenzae ≤2 -- † -- ≥17 -- -- Haemophilus parainfluenzae ≤2 -- -- ≥17 -- -- Streptococcus pneumoniae ≤2 4 ≥8 ≥17 14–16 ≤13 Streptococcus pyogenes ≤2 4 ≥8 ≥17 14–16 ≤13 Yersinia pestis 4 ≤0.25 -- -- -- -- -- Bacillus anthracis 4 ≤0.25 -- -- -- -- -- S = Susceptible, I = Intermediate, R = Resistant A report of Susceptible indicates that the pathogen is likely to be inhibited if the antimicrobial compound in the blood reaches the concentrations usually achievable. A report of Intermediate indicates that the result should be considered equivocal, and, if the microorganism is not fully susceptible to alternative, clinically feasible drugs, the test should be repeated. This category implies possible clinical applicability in body sites where the drug is physiologically concentrated or in situations where a high dosage of drug can be used. This category also provides a buffer zone which prevents small uncontrolled technical factors from causing major discrepancies in interpretation. A report of Resistant indicates that the pathogen is not likely to be inhibited if the antimicrobial compound in the blood reaches the concentrations usually achievable; other therapy should be selected. Quality Control: Standardized susceptibility test procedures require the use of laboratory controls to monitor and ensure the accuracy and precision of supplies and reagents used in the assay, and the techniques of the individuals performing the test. 1, 2, 3, 4 Standard levofloxacin powder should provide the range of MIC values noted in Table 10. For the diffusion technique using the 5 mcg disk, the criteria in Table 10 should be achieved. Table10:QualityControlforSusceptibilityTesting Microorganism Microorganism QC Number MIC (mcg/mL) Disk Diffusion (zone diameter in mm) Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 0.25 – 2 -- Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 0.008 – 0.06 29 – 37 Escherichia coli ATCC 35218 0.015 – 0.06 -- Haemophilus influenzae ATCC 49247 0.008 – 0.03 32 – 40 Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 0.5 – 4 19 – 26 Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 0.06 – 0.5 -- Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 -- 25 – 30 Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC 49619 0.5 – 2 20 – 25
Table8:Mean±SDLevofloxacinPKParameters | 1clearance/bioavailability |
| 2volume of distribution/bioavailability |
| 3healthy males 18-53 years of age |
| 460 min infusion for 250 mg and 500 mg doses, 90 min infusion for 750 mg dose |
| 5healthy male and female subjects 18-54 years of age |
| 6500 mg every 48h for patients with moderate renal impairment (CLCR 20-50 mL/min) and infections of the respiratory tract or skin |
| 7dose-normalized values (to 500 mg dose), estimated by population pharmacokinetic modeling |
| 8healthy males 22-75 years of age |
| 9healthy females 18-80 years of age |
| 10young healthy male and female subjects 18-36 years of age |
| 11healthy elderly male and female subjects 66-80 years of age |
| 12healthy males and females 19-55 years of age. |
| *Absolute bioavailability; F=0.99 ± 0.08 from a 500 mg tablet and F=0.99 ± 0.06 from a 750 mg tablet; |
| ND=not determined |
| Regimen | Cmax | Tmax | AUC | CL/F* | Vd/F† | t1/2 | CLR |
| (mcg/mL) | (h) | (mcg∙h/mL) | (mL/min) | (L) | (h) | (mL/min) |
| Single dose | | | | | | | |
| 250 mg oral tablet3 | 2.8 ± 0.4 | 1.6 ± 1.0 | 27.2 ± 3.9 | 156 ± 20 | ND | 7.3 ± 0.9 | 142 ± 21 |
| 500 mg oral tablet3* | 5.1 ± 0.8 | 1.3 ± 0.6 | 47.9 ± 6.8 | 178 ± 28 | ND | 6.3 ± 0.6 | 103 ± 30 |
| 500 mg oral solution12 | 5.8 ± 1.8 | 0.8 ± 0.7 | 47.8 ± 10.8 | 183 ± 40 | 112 ± 37.2 | 7.0 ± 1.4 | ND |
| 500 mg IV3 | 6.2 ± 1.0 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 48.3 ± 5.4 | 175 ± 20 | 90 ± 11 | 6.4 ± 0.7 | 112 ± 25 |
| 750 mg oral tablet5* | 9.3 ± 1.6 | 1.6 ± 0.8 | 101 ± 20 | 129 ± 24 | 83 ± 17 | 7.5 ± 0.9 | ND |
| 750 mg IV5 | 11.5 ± 4.04 | ND | 110 ± 40 | 126 ± 39 | 75 ± 13 | 7.5 ± 1.6 | ND |
| Multiple dose | | | | | | | |
| 500 mg every 24h oral tablet3 | 5.7 ± 1.4 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 47.5 ± 6.7 | 175 ± 25 | 102 ± 22 | 7.6 ± 1.6 | 116 ± 31 |
| 500 mg every 24h IV3 | 6.4 ± 0.8 | ND | 54.6 ± 11.1 | 158 ± 29 | 91 ± 12 | 7.0 ± 0.8 | 99 ± 28 |
| 500 mg or 250 mg every 24h IV, patients with bacterial infection 6 | 8.7± 4.07 | ND | 72.5 ± 51.27 | 154 ± 72 | 111 ± 58 | ND | ND |
| 750 mg every 24h oral tablet5 | 8.6 ± 1.9 | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 90.7 ± 17.6 | 143 ± 29 | 100 ± 16 | 8.8 ± 1.5 | 116 ± 28 |
| 750 mg every 24h IV5 | 12.1 ± 4.14 | ND | 108 ± 34 | 126 ± 37 | 80 ± 27 | 7.9 ± 1.9 | ND |
| 500 mg oral tablet single dose, effects of gender and age: |
| Male 8 | 5.5 ± 1.1 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 54.4 ± 18.9 | 166 ± 44 | 89 ± 13 | 7.5 ± 2.1 | 126 ± 38 |
| Female9 | 7.0 ± 1.6 | 1.7 ± 0.5 | 67.7 ± 24.2 | 136 ± 44 | 62 ± 16 | 6.1 ± 0.8 | 106 ± 40 |
| Young 10 | 5.5 ± 1.0 | 1.5 ± 0.6 | 47.5 ± 9.8 | 182 ± 35 | 83 ± 18 | 6.0 ± 0.9 | 140 ± 33 |
| Elderly 11 | 7.0 ± 1.6 | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 74.7 ± 23.3 | 121 ± 33 | 67 ± 19 | 7.6 ± 2.0 | 91 ± 29 |
| 500 mg oral single dose tablet, patients with renal insufficiency: |
| CLCR 50–80 mL/min | 7.5 ± 1.8 | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 95.6 ± 11.8 | 88 ± 10 | ND | 9.1 ± 0.9 | 57 ± 8 |
| CLCR 20–49 mL/min | 7.1 ± 3.1 | 2.1 ± 1.3 | 182.1 ± 62.6 | 51 ± 19 | ND | 27 ± 10 | 26 ± 13 |
| CLCR <20 mL/min | 8.2 ± 2.6 | 1.1 ± 1.0 | 263.5 ± 72.5 | 33 ± 8 | ND | 35 ± 5 | 13 ± 3 |
| Hemodialysis | 5.7 ± 1.0 | 2.8 ± 2.2 | ND | ND | ND | 76 ± 42 | ND |
| CAPD | 6.9 ± 2.3 | 1.4 ± 1.1 | ND | ND | ND | 51 ± 24 | ND |
Table9:Susceptibility TestInterpretiveCriteriaforLevofloxacin | †The current absence of data on resistant isolates precludes defining any categories other than "Susceptible." Isolates yielding MIC /zone diameter results suggestive of a "nonsusceptible" category should be submitted to a reference laboratory for further testing. |
| Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (mcg/mL) | Disk Diffusion (zone diameter in mm) |
| Pathogen | S | I | R | S | I | R |
| Enterobacteriaceae | ≤2 | 4 | ≥8 | ≥17 | 14–16 | ≤13 |
| Enterococcus faecalis | ≤2 | 4 | ≥8 | ≥17 | 14–16 | ≤13 |
| Staphylococcus species | ≤2 | 4 | ≥8 | ≥17 | 14–16 | ≤13 |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | ≤2 | 4 | ≥8 | ≥17 | 14–16 | ≤13 |
| Haemophilus influenzae | ≤2 | --† | -- | ≥17 | -- | -- |
| Haemophilus parainfluenzae | ≤2 | -- | -- | ≥17 | -- | -- |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | ≤2 | 4 | ≥8 | ≥17 | 14–16 | ≤13 |
| Streptococcus pyogenes | ≤2 | 4 | ≥8 | ≥17 | 14–16 | ≤13 |
| Yersinia pestis4 | ≤0.25 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Bacillus anthracis4 | ≤0.25 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| S = Susceptible, I = Intermediate, R = Resistant |
Table10:QualityControlforSusceptibilityTesting | Microorganism | Microorganism QC Number | MIC (mcg/mL) | Disk Diffusion (zone diameter in mm) |
| Enterococcus faecalis | ATCC 29212 | 0.25 – 2 | -- |
| Escherichia coli | ATCC 25922 | 0.008 – 0.06 | 29 – 37 |
| Escherichia coli | ATCC 35218 | 0.015 – 0.06 | -- |
| Haemophilus influenzae | ATCC 49247 | 0.008 – 0.03 | 32 – 40 |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | ATCC 27853 | 0.5 – 4 | 19 – 26 |
| Staphylococcus aureus | ATCC 29213 | 0.06 – 0.5 | -- |
| Staphylococcus aureus | ATCC 25923 | -- | 25 – 30 |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | ATCC 49619 | 0.5 – 2 | 20 – 25 |
Mechanism of action
Information about the established mechanism(s) of the drugÕs action in humans at various levels (for example receptor, membrane, tissue, organ, whole body). If the mechanism of action is not known, this field contains a statement about the lack of information.
12.1 Mechanism of Action Levofloxacin is a member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents [see Microbiology ( 12.4 )] .
Pharmacokinetics
Information about the clinically significant pharmacokinetics of a drug or active metabolites, for instance pertinent absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion parameters.
12.3 Pharmacokinetics The mean ± SD pharmacokinetic parameters of levofloxacin determined under single and steady-state conditions following oral tablet, oral solution, or intravenous (IV) doses of Levofloxacin are summarized in Table 8. Table8:Mean±SDLevofloxacinPKParameters 1 clearance/bioavailability 2 volume of distribution/bioavailability 3 healthy males 18-53 years of age 4 60 min infusion for 250 mg and 500 mg doses, 90 min infusion for 750 mg dose 5 healthy male and female subjects 18-54 years of age 6 500 mg every 48h for patients with moderate renal impairment (CLCR 20-50 mL/min) and infections of the respiratory tract or skin 7 dose-normalized values (to 500 mg dose), estimated by population pharmacokinetic modeling 8 healthy males 22-75 years of age 9 healthy females 18-80 years of age 10 young healthy male and female subjects 18-36 years of age 11 healthy elderly male and female subjects 66-80 years of age 12 healthy males and females 19-55 years of age. *Absolute bioavailability; F=0.99 ± 0.08 from a 500 mg tablet and F=0.99 ± 0.06 from a 750 mg tablet; ND=not determined Regimen C max T max AUC CL/F * Vd/F † t1/2 CLR (mcg/mL) (h) (mcg∙h/mL) (mL/min) (L) (h) (mL/min) Single dose 250 mg oral tablet 3 2.8 ± 0.4 1.6 ± 1.0 27.2 ± 3.9 156 ± 20 ND 7.3 ± 0.9 142 ± 21 500 mg oral tablet 3* 5.1 ± 0.8 1.3 ± 0.6 47.9 ± 6.8 178 ± 28 ND 6.3 ± 0.6 103 ± 30 500 mg oral solution 12 5.8 ± 1.8 0.8 ± 0.7 47.8 ± 10.8 183 ± 40 112 ± 37.2 7.0 ± 1.4 ND 500 mg IV 3 6.2 ± 1.0 1.0 ± 0.1 48.3 ± 5.4 175 ± 20 90 ± 11 6.4 ± 0.7 112 ± 25 750 mg oral tablet 5* 9.3 ± 1.6 1.6 ± 0.8 101 ± 20 129 ± 24 83 ± 17 7.5 ± 0.9 ND 750 mg IV 5 11.5 ± 4.0 4 ND 110 ± 40 126 ± 39 75 ± 13 7.5 ± 1.6 ND Multiple dose 500 mg every 24h oral tablet 3 5.7 ± 1.4 1.1 ± 0.4 47.5 ± 6.7 175 ± 25 102 ± 22 7.6 ± 1.6 116 ± 31 500 mg every 24h IV 3 6.4 ± 0.8 ND 54.6 ± 11.1 158 ± 29 91 ± 12 7.0 ± 0.8 99 ± 28 500 mg or 250 mg every 24h IV, patients with bacterial infection 6 8.7± 4.0 7 ND 72.5 ± 51.2 7 154 ± 72 111 ± 58 ND ND 750 mg every 24h oral tablet 5 8.6 ± 1.9 1.4 ± 0.5 90.7 ± 17.6 143 ± 29 100 ± 16 8.8 ± 1.5 116 ± 28 750 mg every 24h IV 5 12.1 ± 4.1 4 ND 108 ± 34 126 ± 37 80 ± 27 7.9 ± 1.9 ND 500 mg oral tablet single dose, effects of gender and age: Male 8 5.5 ± 1.1 1.2 ± 0.4 54.4 ± 18.9 166 ± 44 89 ± 13 7.5 ± 2.1 126 ± 38 Female 9 7.0 ± 1.6 1.7 ± 0.5 67.7 ± 24.2 136 ± 44 62 ± 16 6.1 ± 0.8 106 ± 40 Young 10 5.5 ± 1.0 1.5 ± 0.6 47.5 ± 9.8 182 ± 35 83 ± 18 6.0 ± 0.9 140 ± 33 Elderly 11 7.0 ± 1.6 1.4 ± 0.5 74.7 ± 23.3 121 ± 33 67 ± 19 7.6 ± 2.0 91 ± 29 500 mg oral single dose tablet, patients with renal insufficiency: CLCR 50–80 mL/min 7.5 ± 1.8 1.5 ± 0.5 95.6 ± 11.8 88 ± 10 ND 9.1 ± 0.9 57 ± 8 CLCR 20–49 mL/min 7.1 ± 3.1 2.1 ± 1.3 182.1 ± 62.6 51 ± 19 ND 27 ± 10 26 ± 13 CLCR <20 mL/min 8.2 ± 2.6 1.1 ± 1.0 263.5 ± 72.5 33 ± 8 ND 35 ± 5 13 ± 3 Hemodialysis 5.7 ± 1.0 2.8 ± 2.2 ND ND ND 76 ± 42 ND CAPD 6.9 ± 2.3 1.4 ± 1.1 ND ND ND 51 ± 24 ND Absorption Levofloxacin is rapidly and essentially completely absorbed after oral administration. Peak plasma concentrations are usually attained one to two hours after oral dosing. The absolute bioavailability of levofloxacin from a 500 mg tablet and a 750 mg tablet of levofloxacin are both approximately 99%, demonstrating complete oral absorption of levofloxacin. Following a single intravenous dose of levofloxacin to healthy volunteers, the mean ± SD peak plasma concentration attained was 6.2 ± 1.0 mcg/mL after a 500 mg dose infused over 60 minutes and 11.5 ± 4.0 mcg/mL after a 750 mg dose infused over 90 minutes. Levofloxacin Oral Solution and Tablet formulations are bioequivalent. Levofloxacin pharmacokinetics are linear and predictable after single and multiple oral or IV dosing regimens. Steady-state conditions are reached within 48 hours following a 500 mg or 750 mg once-daily dosage regimen. The mean ± SD peak and trough plasma concentrations attained following multiple once-daily oral dosage regimens were approximately 5.7 ± 1.4 and 0.5 ± 0.2 mcg/mL after the 500 mg doses, and 8.6 ± 1.9 and 1.1 ± 0.4 mcg/mL after the 750 mg doses, respectively. The mean ± SD peak and trough plasma concentrations attained following multiple once-daily IV regimens were approximately 6.4 ± 0.8 and 0.6 ± 0.2 mcg/mL after the 500 mg doses, and 12.1 ± 4.1 and 1.3 ± 0.71 mcg/mL after the 750 mg doses, respectively. Oral administration of a 500 mg dose of levofloxacin with food prolongs the time to peak concentration by approximately 1 hour and decreases the peak concentration by approximately 14% following tablet and approximately 25% following oral solution administration. Therefore, levofloxacin Tablets can be administered without regard to food. It is recommended that levofloxacin oral solution be taken 1 hour before or 2 hours after eating. The plasma concentration profile of levofloxacin after IV administration is similar and comparable in extent of exposure (AUC) to that observed for levofloxacin tablets when equal doses (mg/mg) are administered. Therefore, the oral and IV routes of administration can be considered interchangeable (see Figure 2 and Figure 3 ). Figure 2: Mean Levofloxacin Plasma Concentration vs. Time Profile: 750mg Figure 3: Mean Levofloxacin Plasma Concentration vs. Time Profile: 500mg Distribution The mean volume of distribution of levofloxacin generally ranges from 74 to 112 L after single and multiple 500 mg or 750 mg doses, indicating widespread distribution into body tissues. Levofloxacin reaches its peak levels in skin tissues and in blister fluid of healthy subjects at approximately 3 hours after dosing. The skin tissue biopsy to plasma AUC ratio is approximately 2 and the blister fluid to plasma AUC ratio is approximately 1 following multiple once-daily oral administration of 750 mg and 500 mg doses of levofloxacin, respectively, to healthy subjects. Levofloxacin also penetrates well into lung tissues. Lung tissue concentrations were generally 2- to 5-fold higher than plasma concentrations and ranged from approximately 2.4 to 11.3 mcg/g over a 24-hour period after a single 500 mg oral dose. In vitro , over a clinically relevant range (1 to 10 mcg/mL) of serum/plasma levofloxacin concentrations, levofloxacin is approximately 24 to 38% bound to serum proteins across all species studied, as determined by the equilibrium dialysis method. Levofloxacin is mainly bound to serum albumin in humans. Levofloxacin binding to serum proteins is independent of the drug concentration. Metabolism Levofloxacin is stereochemically stable in plasma and urine and does not invert metabolically to its enantiomer, D-ofloxacin. Levofloxacin undergoes limited metabolism in humans and is primarily excreted as unchanged drug in the urine. Following oral administration, approximately 87% of an administered dose was recovered as unchanged drug in urine within 48 hours, whereas less than 4% of the dose was recovered in feces in 72 hours. Less than 5% of an administered dose was recovered in the urine as the desmethyl and N-oxide metabolites, the only metabolites identified in humans. These metabolites have little relevant pharmacological activity. Excretion Levofloxacin is excreted largely as unchanged drug in the urine. The mean terminal plasma elimination half-life of levofloxacin ranges from approximately 6 to 8 hours following single or multiple doses of levofloxacin given orally or intravenously. The mean apparent total body clearance and renal clearance range from approximately 144 to 226 mL/min and 96 to 142 mL/min, respectively. Renal clearance in excess of the glomerular filtration rate suggests that tubular secretion of levofloxacin occurs in addition to its glomerular filtration. Concomitant administration of either cimetidine or probenecid results in approximately 24% and 35% reduction in the levofloxacin renal clearance, respectively, indicating that secretion of levofloxacin occurs in the renal proximal tubule. No levofloxacin crystals were found in any of the urine samples freshly collected from subjects receiving levofloxacin. Geriatric There are no significant differences in levofloxacin pharmacokinetics between young and elderly subjects when the subjects' differences in creatinine clearance are taken into consideration. Following a 500 mg oral dose of levofloxacin to healthy elderly subjects (66 – 80 years of age), the mean terminal plasma elimination half-life of levofloxacin was about 7.6 hours, as compared to approximately 6 hours in younger adults. The difference was attributable to the variation in renal function status of the subjects and was not believed to be clinically significant. Drug absorption appears to be unaffected by age. Levofloxacin dose adjustment based on age alone is not necessary [see Use in Specific Populations ( 8.5 ) ] . Pediatrics The pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin following a single 7 mg/kg intravenous dose were investigated in pediatric patients ranging in age from 6 months to 16 years. Pediatric patients cleared levofloxacin faster than adult patients, resulting in lower plasma exposures than adults for a given mg/kg dose. Subsequent pharmacokinetic analyses predicted that a dosage regimen of 8 mg/kg every 12 hours (not to exceed 250 mg per dose) for pediatric patients 6 months to 17 years of age would achieve comparable steady state plasma exposures (AUC 0–24 and C max ) to those observed in adult patients administered 500 mg of levofloxacin once every 24 hours. Gender There are no significant differences in levofloxacin pharmacokinetics between male and female subjects when subjects' differences in creatinine clearance are taken into consideration. Following a 500 mg oral dose of levofloxacin to healthy male subjects, the mean terminal plasma elimination half-life of levofloxacin was about 7.5 hours, as compared to approximately 6.1 hours in female subjects. This difference was attributable to the variation in renal function status of the male and female subjects and was not believed to be clinically significant. Drug absorption appears to be unaffected by the gender of the subjects. Dose adjustment based on gender alone is not necessary. Race The effect of race on levofloxacin pharmacokinetics was examined through a covariate analysis performed on data from 72 subjects: 48 white and 24 non-white. The apparent total body clearance and apparent volume of distribution were not affected by the race of the subjects. Renal Impairment Clearance of levofloxacin is substantially reduced and plasma elimination half-life is substantially prolonged in adult patients with impaired renal function (creatinine clearance < 50 mL/min), requiring dosage adjustment in such patients to avoid accumulation. Neither hemodialysis nor continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) is effective in removal of levofloxacin from the body, indicating that supplemental doses of levofloxacin are not required following hemodialysis or CAPD [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.3 ) , Use in Specific Populations ( 8.6 ) ]. Hepatic Impairment Pharmacokinetic studies in hepatically impaired patients have not been conducted. Due to the limited extent of levofloxacin metabolism, the pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin is not expected to be affected by hepatic impairment [see Use in Specific Populations ( 8.7 ) ] . Bacterial Infection The pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin in patients with serious community-acquired bacterial infections are comparable to those observed in healthy subjects. Drug-Drug Interactions The potential for pharmacokinetic drug interactions between levofloxacin and antacids, warfarin, theophylline, cyclosporine, digoxin, probenecid, and cimetidine has been evaluated [see Drug Interactions ( 7 ) ]. Figure01 Figure 02
Table8:Mean±SDLevofloxacinPKParameters | 1clearance/bioavailability |
| 2volume of distribution/bioavailability |
| 3healthy males 18-53 years of age |
| 460 min infusion for 250 mg and 500 mg doses, 90 min infusion for 750 mg dose |
| 5healthy male and female subjects 18-54 years of age |
| 6500 mg every 48h for patients with moderate renal impairment (CLCR 20-50 mL/min) and infections of the respiratory tract or skin |
| 7dose-normalized values (to 500 mg dose), estimated by population pharmacokinetic modeling |
| 8healthy males 22-75 years of age |
| 9healthy females 18-80 years of age |
| 10young healthy male and female subjects 18-36 years of age |
| 11healthy elderly male and female subjects 66-80 years of age |
| 12healthy males and females 19-55 years of age. |
| *Absolute bioavailability; F=0.99 ± 0.08 from a 500 mg tablet and F=0.99 ± 0.06 from a 750 mg tablet; |
| ND=not determined |
| Regimen | Cmax | Tmax | AUC | CL/F* | Vd/F† | t1/2 | CLR |
| (mcg/mL) | (h) | (mcg∙h/mL) | (mL/min) | (L) | (h) | (mL/min) |
| Single dose | | | | | | | |
| 250 mg oral tablet3 | 2.8 ± 0.4 | 1.6 ± 1.0 | 27.2 ± 3.9 | 156 ± 20 | ND | 7.3 ± 0.9 | 142 ± 21 |
| 500 mg oral tablet3* | 5.1 ± 0.8 | 1.3 ± 0.6 | 47.9 ± 6.8 | 178 ± 28 | ND | 6.3 ± 0.6 | 103 ± 30 |
| 500 mg oral solution12 | 5.8 ± 1.8 | 0.8 ± 0.7 | 47.8 ± 10.8 | 183 ± 40 | 112 ± 37.2 | 7.0 ± 1.4 | ND |
| 500 mg IV3 | 6.2 ± 1.0 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 48.3 ± 5.4 | 175 ± 20 | 90 ± 11 | 6.4 ± 0.7 | 112 ± 25 |
| 750 mg oral tablet5* | 9.3 ± 1.6 | 1.6 ± 0.8 | 101 ± 20 | 129 ± 24 | 83 ± 17 | 7.5 ± 0.9 | ND |
| 750 mg IV5 | 11.5 ± 4.04 | ND | 110 ± 40 | 126 ± 39 | 75 ± 13 | 7.5 ± 1.6 | ND |
| Multiple dose | | | | | | | |
| 500 mg every 24h oral tablet3 | 5.7 ± 1.4 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 47.5 ± 6.7 | 175 ± 25 | 102 ± 22 | 7.6 ± 1.6 | 116 ± 31 |
| 500 mg every 24h IV3 | 6.4 ± 0.8 | ND | 54.6 ± 11.1 | 158 ± 29 | 91 ± 12 | 7.0 ± 0.8 | 99 ± 28 |
| 500 mg or 250 mg every 24h IV, patients with bacterial infection 6 | 8.7± 4.07 | ND | 72.5 ± 51.27 | 154 ± 72 | 111 ± 58 | ND | ND |
| 750 mg every 24h oral tablet5 | 8.6 ± 1.9 | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 90.7 ± 17.6 | 143 ± 29 | 100 ± 16 | 8.8 ± 1.5 | 116 ± 28 |
| 750 mg every 24h IV5 | 12.1 ± 4.14 | ND | 108 ± 34 | 126 ± 37 | 80 ± 27 | 7.9 ± 1.9 | ND |
| 500 mg oral tablet single dose, effects of gender and age: |
| Male 8 | 5.5 ± 1.1 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 54.4 ± 18.9 | 166 ± 44 | 89 ± 13 | 7.5 ± 2.1 | 126 ± 38 |
| Female9 | 7.0 ± 1.6 | 1.7 ± 0.5 | 67.7 ± 24.2 | 136 ± 44 | 62 ± 16 | 6.1 ± 0.8 | 106 ± 40 |
| Young 10 | 5.5 ± 1.0 | 1.5 ± 0.6 | 47.5 ± 9.8 | 182 ± 35 | 83 ± 18 | 6.0 ± 0.9 | 140 ± 33 |
| Elderly 11 | 7.0 ± 1.6 | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 74.7 ± 23.3 | 121 ± 33 | 67 ± 19 | 7.6 ± 2.0 | 91 ± 29 |
| 500 mg oral single dose tablet, patients with renal insufficiency: |
| CLCR 50–80 mL/min | 7.5 ± 1.8 | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 95.6 ± 11.8 | 88 ± 10 | ND | 9.1 ± 0.9 | 57 ± 8 |
| CLCR 20–49 mL/min | 7.1 ± 3.1 | 2.1 ± 1.3 | 182.1 ± 62.6 | 51 ± 19 | ND | 27 ± 10 | 26 ± 13 |
| CLCR <20 mL/min | 8.2 ± 2.6 | 1.1 ± 1.0 | 263.5 ± 72.5 | 33 ± 8 | ND | 35 ± 5 | 13 ± 3 |
| Hemodialysis | 5.7 ± 1.0 | 2.8 ± 2.2 | ND | ND | ND | 76 ± 42 | ND |
| CAPD | 6.9 ± 2.3 | 1.4 ± 1.1 | ND | ND | ND | 51 ± 24 | ND |
Contraindications
Information about situations in which the drug product is contraindicated or should not be used because the risk of use clearly outweighs any possible benefit, including the type and nature of reactions that have been reported.
4 CONTRAINDICATIONS Known hypersensitivity to levofloxacin or other quinolones ( 4 , 5.7 ) Levofloxacin is contraindicated in persons with known hypersensitivity to levofloxacin, or other quinolone antibacterials [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3 )].
Description
General information about the drug product, including the proprietary and established name of the drug, the type of dosage form and route of administration to which the label applies, qualitative and quantitative ingredient information, the pharmacologic or therapeutic class of the drug, and the chemical name and structural formula of the drug.
11 DESCRIPTION Levofloxacin tablets, USP is a synthetic broad-spectrum antibacterial agent for oral and intravenous administration. Chemically, levofloxacin, USP, a chiral fluorinated carboxyquinolone, is the pure (-)-(S)-enantiomer of the racemic drug substance ofloxacin. The chemical name is (-)-(S)-9-fluoro-2,3-dihydro-3-methyl-10-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-7-oxo-7H-pyrido[1,2,3-de]-1,4-benzoxazine-6-carboxylic acid hemihydrate. Figure 1: The Chemical Structure of Levofloxacin The empirical formula is C 18 H 20 FN 3 O 4 • ½ H 2 O and the molecular weight is 370.38. Levofloxacin, USP is a light yellowish-white to yellow-white crystal or crystalline powder. The molecule exists as a zwitterion at the pH conditions in the small intestine. The data demonstrate that from pH 0.6 to 5.8, the solubility of levofloxacin, USP is essentially constant (approximately 100 mg/mL). Levofloxacin, USP is considered soluble to freely soluble in this pH range, as defined by USP nomenclature. Above pH 5.8, the solubility increases rapidly to its maximum at pH 6.7 (272 mg/mL) and is considered freely soluble in this range. Above pH 6.7, the solubility decreases and reaches a minimum value (about 50 mg/mL) at a pH of approximately 6.9. Levofloxacin, USP has the potential to form stable coordination compounds with many metal ions. This in vitro chelation potential has the following formation order: Al+3>Cu+2>Zn+2>Mg+2>Ca+2. Excipients and Description of Dosage Forms Levofloxacin tablets are available as film-coated tablets and contain the following inactive ingredients: • 250 mg (as expressed in the anhydrous form): corn starch, croscarmellose sodium, hypromellose, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, povidone, titanium dioxide and Red iron oxide. • 500 mg (as expressed in the anhydrous form): corn starch, croscarmellose sodium, hypromellose, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, povidone, titanium dioxide and Yellow iron oxide. • 750 mg (as expressed in the anhydrous form): corn starch, croscarmellose sodium, hypromellose, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, Povidone and titanium dioxide. Structure
Dosage and administration
Information about the drug product’s dosage and administration recommendations, including starting dose, dose range, titration regimens, and any other clinically sigificant information that affects dosing recommendations.
2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION • Dosage in patients with normal renal function ( 2.1 ) Type of Infection Dose Every 24 hours Duration (days) Nosocomial Pneumonia ( 1.1 ) 750mg 7-14 Community Acquired Pneumonia ( 1.2 ) 500mg 7-14 Community Acquired Pneumonia ( 1.3 ) 750mg 5 Complicated Skin and Skin Structure Infections (SSSI) ( 1.4 ) 750mg 7-14 Uncomplicated SSSI ( 1.5 ) 500mg 7-10 Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis ( 1.6 ) 500mg 28 Inhalation Anthrax (Post Exposure) ( 1.7 ) Adults and Pediatric Patients > 50kg 500mg 60 Pediatric Patients < 50 kg and ≥ 6 months of age 8 mg/kg BID (not to exceed 250 mg/dose) 60 Plague (1.8) Adults and Pediatric Patients > 50kg 500mg 10 to 14 Pediatric Patients < 50 kg and ≥ 6 months of age 8 mg/kg BID (not to exceed 250 mg/dose) 10 to 14 Complicated Urinary Tract Infection ( 1.9 ) or Acute Pyelonephritis ( 1.11 ) 750mg 5 Complicated Urinary Tract Infection ( 1.10 ) or Acute Pyelonephritis ( 1.11 ) 250mg 10 Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infection ( 1.12 ) 250mg 3 Acute Bacterial Exacerbation of Chronic Bronchitis ( 1.13 ) 500mg 7 Acute Bacterial Sinusitis ( 1.14 ) 750mg 5 500mg 10-14 • Adjust dose for creatinine clearance < 50 mL/min ( 2.3 , 8.6 and 12.3 ) 2.1 Dosage in Adult Patients with Normal Renal Function The usual dose of levofloxacin tablets is 250 mg, 500 mg, or 750 mg administered orally every 24 hours, as indicated by infection and described in Table 1. These recommendations apply to patients with creatinine clearance ≥ 50 mL/min. For patients with creatinine clearance <50 mL/min, adjustments to the dosing regimen are required [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.3 )] . Table 1: Dosage in Adult Patients with Normal Renal Function (creatinine clearance ≥ 50 mL/min) * Due to the designated pathogens [see Indications and Usage (1)] . † Sequential therapy (intravenous to oral) may be instituted at the discretion of the physician. ‡ Due to methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae (including multi-drug-resistant isolates [MDRSP]), Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, or Mycoplasma pneumoniae [see Indications and Usage (1.2)] . § Due to Streptococcus pneumoniae (excluding multi-drug-resistant isolates [MDRSP]), Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, or Chlamydophila pneumoniae [see Indications and Usage (1.3)] . ¶ This regimen is indicated for cUTI due to Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis and AP due to E. coli , including cases with concurrent bacteremia. # This regimen is indicated for cUTI due to Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus cloacae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa; and for AP due to E. coli . Þ Drug administration should begin as soon as possible after suspected or confirmed exposure to aerosolized B. anthracis. This indication is based on a surrogate endpoint. Levofloxacin plasma concentrations achieved in humans are reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit [see Clinical Studies (14.9)]. ß The safety of levofloxacin in adults for durations of therapy beyond 28 days or in pediatric patients for durations beyond 14 days has not been studied. An increased incidence of musculoskeletal adverse events compared to controls has been observed in pediatric patients [see Warnings and Precautions (5.10), Use in Specific Populations (8.4), and Clinical Studies (14.9)]. Prolonged levofloxacin therapy should only be used when the benefit outweighs the risk. à Drug administration should begin as soon as possible after suspected or confirmed exposure to Yersinia pestis . Higher doses of levofloxacin typically used for treatment of pneumonia can be used for treatment of plague, if clinically indicated. Type of Infection* Dosed Every 24 hours Duration (days) † Nosocomial Pneumonia 750 mg 7-14 Community Acquired Pneumonia ‡ 500 mg 7-14 Community Acquired Pneumonia § 750 mg 5 Complicated Skin and Skin Structure Infections (SSSI) 750 mg 7–14 Uncomplicated SSSI 500 mg 7–10 Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis 500 mg 28 Inhalational Anthrax (Post-Exposure), adult and pediatric patients > 50 kg Þ,ß 500 mg see 60 ß Pediatric patients < 50 kg and ≥ 6 months of age Þ,ß Table 2 below (2.2) 60 ß Plague, adult and pediatric patients > 50 kg à 500 mg see 10 to 14 Pediatric patients < 50 kg and ≥ 6 months of age Table 2 below (2.2) 10 to 14 750 mg 5 Complicated Urinary Tract Infection (cUTI) or Acute Pyelonephritis (AP) # 250 mg 10 Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infection 250 mg 3 Acute Bacterial Exacerbation of Chronic Bronchitis (ABECB) 500 mg 7 Acute Bacterial Sinusitis (ABS) 750 mg 5 500 mg 10–14 2.2 Dosage in Pediatric Patients The dosage in pediatric patients ≥ 6 months of age is described below in Table 2. Table 2: Dosage in Pediatric Patients ≥ 6 months of age * Due to Bacillus anthracis [see Indications and Usage (1.13)] and Yersinia pestis [see Indications and Usage (1.14)]. † Sequential therapy (intravenous to oral) may be instituted at the discretion of the physician. ‡ Drug administration should begin as soon as possible after suspected or confirmed exposure to aerosolized B. anthracis. This indication is based on a surrogate endpoint. Levofloxacin plasma concentrations achieved in humans are reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit [see Clinical Studies (14.9)] § The safety of levofloxacin in pediatric patients for durations of therapy beyond 14 days has not been studied. An increased incidence of musculoskeletal adverse events compared to controls has been observed in pediatric patients [see Warnings and Precautions (5.10), Use in Specific Populations (8.4), and Clinical Studies (14.9)]. Prolonged levofloxacin therapy should only be used when the benefit outweighs the risk. ¶ Drug administration should begin as soon as possible after suspected or confirmed exposure to Yersinia pestis. Type of Infection* Dose Freq. Once every Duration † Inhalational Anthrax (post-exposure) ‡, § Pediatric patients > 50 kg 500 mg 24 hr 60 days § Pediatric patients < 50 kg and ≥ 6 months of age 8 mg/kg (not to exceed 250 mg per dose) 12 hr 60 days § Plague¶ Pediatric patients > 50 kg 500 mg 24 hr 10 to 14 days Pediatric patients < 50 kg and ≥ 6 months of age 8 mg/kg (not to exceed 250 mg per dose) 12 hr 10 to 14 days 2.3 Dosage Adjustment in Adults with Renal Impairment Administer levofloxacin with caution in the presence of renal insufficiency. Careful clinical observation and appropriate laboratory studies should be performed prior to and during therapy since elimination of levofloxacin may be reduced. No adjustment is necessary for patients with a creatinine clearance ≥ 50 mL/min. In patients with impaired renal function (creatinine clearance <50 mL/min), adjustment of the dosage regimen is necessary to avoid the accumulation of levofloxacin due to decreased clearance [see Use in Specific Populations ( 8.6 )] . Table 3 shows how to adjust dose based on creatinine clearance. DosageAdjustmentinAdultPatientswithRenalImpairment(creatinineclearance<50mL/min) Dosage in Normal Renal Function Every 24 hours Creatinine Clearance 20 to 49 mL/min Creatinine Clearance 10 to 19 mL/min Hemodialysis or Chronic Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD) 750 mg 750 mg every 48 hours 750 mg initial dose, then 500 mg every 48 hours 750 mg initial dose, then 500 mg every 48 hours 500 mg 500 mg initial dose, then 250 mg every 24 hours 500 mg initial dose, then 250 mg every 48 hours 500 mg initial dose, then 250 mg every 48 hours 250 mg No dosage adjustment required 250 mg every 48 hours. If treating uncomplicated UTI, then no dosage adjustment is required No information on dosing adjustment is available 2.4 Drug Interaction With Chelation Agents: Antacids, Sucralfate, Metal Cations, Multivitamins Levofloxacin tablets should be administered at least two hours before or two hours after antacids containing magnesium, aluminum, as well as sucralfate, metal cations such as iron, and multivitamin preparations with zinc or didanosine chewable/buffered tablets or the pediatric powder for oral solution [see Drug Interactions ( 7.1 ) and Patient Counseling Information ( 17.2 )] . 2.5 Administration Instructions Food and Levofloxacin Tablets Levofloxacin Tablets can be administered without regard to food. Hydration for Patients Receiving Levofloxacin Tablets Adequate hydration of patients receiving oral levofloxacin should be maintained to prevent the formation of highly concentrated urine. Crystalluria and cylindruria have been reported with quinolones [see Adverse Reactions ( 6.1 ) and Patient Counseling Information ( 17.2 )].
| Type of Infection | Dose Every 24 hours | Duration (days) |
| Nosocomial Pneumonia (1.1) | 750mg | 7-14 |
| Community Acquired Pneumonia (1.2) | 500mg | 7-14 |
| Community Acquired Pneumonia (1.3) | 750mg | 5 |
| Complicated Skin and Skin Structure Infections (SSSI) (1.4) | 750mg | 7-14 |
| Uncomplicated SSSI (1.5) | 500mg | 7-10 |
| Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis (1.6) | 500mg | 28 |
| Inhalation Anthrax (Post Exposure) (1.7) | | |
| Adults and Pediatric Patients > 50kg | 500mg | 60 |
| Pediatric Patients < 50 kg and ≥ 6 months of age | 8 mg/kg BID (not to exceed 250 mg/dose) | 60 |
| Plague (1.8) | | |
| Adults and Pediatric Patients > 50kg | 500mg | 10 to 14 |
| Pediatric Patients < 50 kg and ≥ 6 months of age | 8 mg/kg BID (not to exceed 250 mg/dose) | 10 to 14 |
| Complicated Urinary Tract Infection (1.9) or Acute Pyelonephritis (1.11) | 750mg | 5 |
| Complicated Urinary Tract Infection (1.10) or Acute Pyelonephritis (1.11) | 250mg | 10 |
| Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infection (1.12) | 250mg | 3 |
| Acute Bacterial Exacerbation of Chronic Bronchitis (1.13) | 500mg | 7 |
| Acute Bacterial Sinusitis (1.14) | 750mg | 5 |
| 500mg | 10-14 |
Table 1: Dosage in Adult Patients with Normal Renal Function (creatinine clearance ≥ 50 mL/min) | * Due to the designated pathogens [see Indications and Usage (1)] . |
| † Sequential therapy (intravenous to oral) may be instituted at the discretion of the physician. |
| ‡ Due to methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae (including multi-drug-resistant isolates [MDRSP]), Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, or Mycoplasma pneumoniae [see Indications and Usage (1.2)] . |
| § Due to Streptococcus pneumoniae (excluding multi-drug-resistant isolates [MDRSP]), Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, or Chlamydophila pneumoniae [see Indications and Usage (1.3)] . |
| ¶ This regimen is indicated for cUTI due to Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis and AP due to E. coli , including cases with concurrent bacteremia. |
| # This regimen is indicated for cUTI due to Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus cloacae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa; and for AP due to E. coli . |
| Þ Drug administration should begin as soon as possible after suspected or confirmed exposure to aerosolized B. anthracis. This indication is based on a surrogate endpoint. Levofloxacin plasma concentrations achieved in humans are reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit [see Clinical Studies (14.9)]. |
| |
| ß The safety of levofloxacin in adults for durations of therapy beyond 28 days or in pediatric patients for durations beyond 14 days has not been studied. An increased incidence of musculoskeletal adverse events compared to controls has been observed in pediatric patients [see Warnings and Precautions (5.10), Use in Specific Populations (8.4), and Clinical Studies (14.9)]. Prolonged levofloxacin therapy should only be used when the benefit outweighs the risk. |
| à Drug administration should begin as soon as possible after suspected or confirmed exposure to Yersinia pestis . Higher doses of levofloxacin typically used for treatment of pneumonia can be used for treatment of plague, if clinically indicated. |
| Type of Infection* | Dosed Every 24 hours | Duration (days)† |
| Nosocomial Pneumonia | 750 mg | 7-14 |
| Community Acquired Pneumonia‡ | 500 mg | 7-14 |
| Community Acquired Pneumonia§ | 750 mg | 5 |
| Complicated Skin and Skin Structure Infections (SSSI) | 750 mg | 7–14 |
| Uncomplicated SSSI | 500 mg | 7–10 |
| Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis | 500 mg | 28 |
| Inhalational Anthrax (Post-Exposure), adult and pediatric patients > 50 kg Þ,ß | 500 mg see | 60ß |
| Pediatric patients < 50 kg and ≥ 6 months of ageÞ,ß | Table 2 below (2.2) | 60ß |
| Plague, adult and pediatric patients > 50 kg à | 500 mg see | 10 to 14 |
| Pediatric patients < 50 kg and ≥ 6 months of age | Table 2 below (2.2) | 10 to 14 |
| 750 mg | 5 |
| Complicated Urinary Tract Infection (cUTI) or Acute Pyelonephritis (AP)# | 250 mg | 10 |
| Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infection | 250 mg | 3 |
| Acute Bacterial Exacerbation of Chronic Bronchitis (ABECB) | 500 mg | 7 |
| Acute Bacterial Sinusitis (ABS) | 750 mg | 5 |
| 500 mg | 10–14 |
Table 2: Dosage in Pediatric Patients ≥ 6 months of age | * Due to Bacillus anthracis [see Indications and Usage (1.13)] and Yersinia pestis [see Indications and Usage (1.14)]. |
| † Sequential therapy (intravenous to oral) may be instituted at the discretion of the physician. |
| ‡ Drug administration should begin as soon as possible after suspected or confirmed exposure to aerosolized B. anthracis. This indication is based on a surrogate endpoint. Levofloxacin plasma concentrations achieved in humans are reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit [see Clinical Studies (14.9)] |
| § The safety of levofloxacin in pediatric patients for durations of therapy beyond 14 days has not been studied. An increased incidence of musculoskeletal adverse events compared to controls has been observed in pediatric patients [see Warnings and Precautions (5.10), Use in Specific Populations (8.4), and Clinical Studies (14.9)]. Prolonged levofloxacin therapy should only be used when the benefit outweighs the risk. |
| ¶ Drug administration should begin as soon as possible after suspected or confirmed exposure to Yersinia pestis. |
| Type of Infection* | Dose | Freq. Once every | Duration† |
| Inhalational Anthrax (post-exposure) ‡, § | | | |
| Pediatric patients > 50 kg | 500 mg | 24 hr | 60 days§ |
| Pediatric patients < 50 kg and ≥ 6 months of age | 8 mg/kg (not to exceed 250 mg per dose) | 12 hr | 60 days§ |
| Plague¶ | | | |
| Pediatric patients > 50 kg | 500 mg | 24 hr | 10 to 14 days |
| Pediatric patients < 50 kg and ≥ 6 months of age | 8 mg/kg (not to exceed 250 mg per dose) | 12 hr | 10 to 14 days |
DosageAdjustmentinAdultPatientswithRenalImpairment(creatinineclearance<50mL/min) | Dosage in Normal Renal Function Every 24 hours | Creatinine Clearance 20 to 49 mL/min | Creatinine Clearance 10 to 19 mL/min | Hemodialysis or Chronic Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD) |
| 750 mg | 750 mg every 48 hours | 750 mg initial dose, then 500 mg every 48 hours | 750 mg initial dose, then 500 mg every 48 hours |
| 500 mg | 500 mg initial dose, then 250 mg every 24 hours | 500 mg initial dose, then 250 mg every 48 hours | 500 mg initial dose, then 250 mg every 48 hours |
| 250 mg | No dosage adjustment required | 250 mg every 48 hours. If treating uncomplicated UTI, then no dosage adjustment is required | No information on dosing adjustment is available |
Information about all available dosage forms and strengths for the drug product to which the labeling applies. This field may contain descriptions of product appearance.
3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS Formulation ( 3 ) Strength Tablets 250 mg, 500 mg, and 750 mg TABLETS, Film-coated, capsule-shaped • 250 mg Brownish pink tablets, debossed with "250" on one side and "C282" on the other side • 500 mg Yellow tablets, debossed with "500" on one side and "C289" on the other side • 750 mg White tablets, debossed with "750" on one side and "C287" on the other side
| Formulation ( 3 ) | Strength |
| Tablets | 250 mg, 500 mg, and 750 mg |
Indications and usage
A statement of each of the drug products indications for use, such as for the treatment, prevention, mitigation, cure, or diagnosis of a disease or condition, or of a manifestation of a recognized disease or condition, or for the relief of symptoms associated with a recognized disease or condition. This field may also describe any relevant limitations of use.
1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE Levofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibacterial indicated in adults (≥18 years of age) with infections caused by designated, susceptible bacteria ( 1 , 12.4 ). • Pneumonia: Nosocomial (1.1) and Community Acquired (1.2, 1.3) • Skin and Skin Structure Infections: Complicated (1.4) and Uncomplicated (1.5) • Chronic bacterial prostatitis (1.6) • Inhalational Anthrax, Post-Exposure (1.7) • Plague (1.8) • Urinary Tract Infections: Complicated (1.9, 1.10) and Uncomplicated (1.12) • Acute Pyelonephritis (1.11) • Acute Bacterial Exacerbation of Chronic Bronchitis (1.13) • Acute Bacterial Sinusitis (1.14) Usage To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of levofloxacin tablets and other antibacterial drugs, levofloxacin tablets should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by bacteria (1.15). Levofloxacin are indicated for the treatment of adults (≥18 years of age) with mild, moderate, and severe infections caused by susceptible isolates of the designated microorganisms in the conditions listed in this section. 1.1 Nosocomial Pneumonia Levofloxacin is indicated for the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia due to methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Serratia marcescens , Escherichia coli , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Haemophilus influenzae , or Streptococcus pneumoniae . Adjunctive therapy should be used as clinically indicated. Where Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a documented or presumptive pathogen, combination therapy with an anti-pseudomonal β-lactam is recommended [see Clinical Studies ( 14.1 )] . 1.2 Community-Acquired Pneumonia: 7–14 day Treatment Regimen Levofloxacin is indicated for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia due to methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus , Streptococcus pneumoniae (including multi-drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae [MDRSP]), Haemophilus influenzae , Haemophilus parainfluenzae , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Moraxella catarrhalis , Chlamydophila pneumoniae , Legionella pneumophila , or Mycoplasma pneumoniae [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.1 ) and Clinical Studies ( 14.2 )] . MDRSP isolates are strains resistant to two or more of the following antibacterials: penicillin (MIC ≥2 mcg/mL), 2nd generation cephalosporins, e.g., cefuroxime, macrolides, tetracyclines and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. 1.3 Community-Acquired Pneumonia: 5-day Treatment Regimen Levofloxacin is indicated for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia due to Streptococcus pneumoniae (excluding multi-drug-resistant isolates [MDRSP]), Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae , or Chlamydophila pneumoniae [ see Dosage and Administration ( 2.1 ) and Clinical Studies ( 14.3 ) ] 1.4 Complicated Skin and Skin Structure Infections Levofloxacin s indicated for the treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections due to methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus , Enterococcus faecalis , Streptococcus pyogenes , or Proteus mirabilis [see Clinical Studies ( 14.5 ) ]. 1.5 Uncomplicated Skin and Skin Structure Infections Levofloxacin is indicated for the treatment of uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections (mild to moderate) including abscesses, cellulitis, furuncles, impetigo, pyoderma, wound infections, due to methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus , or Streptococcus pyogenes . 1.6 Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis Levofloxacin is indicated for the treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis due to Escherichia coli , Enterococcus faecalis , or methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus epidermidis [see Clinical Studies ( 14.6 )]. 1.7 Inhalational Anthrax (Post-Exposure) Levofloxacin is indicated for inhalational anthrax (post-exposure) to reduce the incidence or progression of disease following exposure to aerosolized Bacillus anthracis. The effectiveness of levofloxacin is based on plasma concentrations achieved in humans, a surrogate endpoint reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit. Levofloxacin has not been tested in humans for the post-exposure prevention of inhalation anthrax. The safety of levofloxacin in adults for durations of therapy beyond 28 days or in pediatric patients for durations of therapy beyond 14 days has not been studied. Prolonged levofloxacin therapy should only be used when the benefit outweighs the risk [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.1 , 2.2 ) and Clinical Studies ( 14.9 )]. 1.8 Plague Levofloxacin is indicated for treatment of plague, including pneumonic and septicemic plague, due to Yersinia pestis (Y. pestis) and prophylaxis for plague in adults and pediatric patients, 6 months of age and older. Efficacy studies of levofloxacin could not be conducted in humans with plague for ethical and feasibility reasons. Therefore, approval of this indication was based on an efficacy study conducted in animals [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.1 , 2.2 ) and Clinical Studies ( 14.10 )] . 1.9 Complicated Urinary Tract Infections: 5-day Treatment Regimen Levofloxacin is indicated for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections due to Escherichia coli , Klebsiella pneumoniae , or Proteus mirabilis [see Clinical Studies ( 14.7 )]. 1.10 Complicated Urinary Tract Infections: 10-day Treatment Regimen Levofloxacin is indicated for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections (mild to moderate) due to Enterococcus faecalis , Enterobacter cloacae , Escherichia coli , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Proteus mirabilis , or Pseudomonas aeruginosa [see Clinical Studies ( 14.8 )] . 1.11 Acute Pyelonephritis: 5 or 10-day Treatment Regimen Levofloxacin s indicated for the treatment of acute pyelonephritis caused by Escherichia coli, including cases with concurrent bacteremia [ see Clinical Studies ( 14.7 , 14.8 ) ]. 1.12 Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections Levofloxacin is indicated for the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (mild to moderate) due to Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, or Staphylococcus saprophyticus. Because fluoroquinolones, including levofloxacin, have been associated with serious adverse reactions [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1- 5.15)] and for some patients uncomplicated urinary tract infection is self-limiting, reserve levofloxacin for treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections in patients who have no alternative treatment options. 1.13 Acute Bacterial Exacerbation of Chronic Bronchitis Levofloxacin is indicated for the treatment of acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis (ABECB) due to methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Haemophilus influenzae , Haemophilus parainfluenzae , or Moraxella catarrhalis . [see Clinical Studies (14.4) ] Because fluoroquinolones, including levofloxacin, have been associated with serious adverse reactions [ see Warnings and Precautions (5.1-5.15) ] and for some patients ABECB is self-limiting, reserve levofloxacin for treatment of ABECB in patients who have no alternative treatment options. 1.14 Acute Bacterial Sinusitis: 5-day and 10–14 day Treatment Regimens Levofloxacin is indicated for the treatment of acute bacterial sinusitis due to Streptococcus pneumoniae , Haemophilus influenzae , or Moraxella catarrhalis [see Clinical Studies ( 14.4 )]. Because fluoroquinolones, including levofloxacin, have been associated with serious adverse reactions [ see Warnings and Precautions (5.1-5.14) ] and for some patients ABECB is self-limiting, reserve levofloxacin for treatment of ABECB in patients who have no alternative treatment options. 1.15 Usage To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of levofloxacin and other antibacterial drugs, levofloxacin should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy. Culture and susceptibility testing Appropriate culture and susceptibility tests should be performed before treatment in order to isolate and identify organisms causing the infection and to determine their susceptibility to levofloxacin [ see Microbiology (12.4) ]. Therapy with levofloxacin may be initiated before results of these tests are known; once results become available, appropriate therapy should be selected. As with other drugs in this class, some isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa may develop resistance fairly rapidly during treatment with levofloxacin. Culture and susceptibility testing performed periodically during therapy will provide information about the continued susceptibility of the pathogens to the antimicrobial agent and also the possible emergence of bacterial resistance.
Spl product data elements
Usually a list of ingredients in a drug product.
Levofloxacin Levofloxacin LEVOFLOXACIN LEVOFLOXACIN ANHYDROUS STARCH, CORN MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE CROSCARMELLOSE SODIUM POVIDONE, UNSPECIFIED MAGNESIUM STEARATE HYPROMELLOSE, UNSPECIFIED TITANIUM DIOXIDE POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL, UNSPECIFIED FERRIC OXIDE RED Brownish-pink Biconvex 250;C282
Nonclinical toxicology
Information about toxicology in non-human subjects.
13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY 13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility In a lifetime bioassay in rats, levofloxacin exhibited no carcinogenic potential following daily dietary administration for 2 years; the highest dose (100 mg/kg/day) was 1.4 times the highest recommended human dose (750 mg) based upon relative body surface area. Levofloxacin did not shorten the time to tumor development of UV-induced skin tumors in hairless albino (Skh-1) mice at any levofloxacin dose level and was therefore not photo-carcinogenic under conditions of this study. Dermal levofloxacin concentrations in the hairless mice ranged from 25 to 42 mcg/g at the highest levofloxacin dose level (300 mg/kg/day) used in the photo-carcinogenicity study. By comparison, dermal levofloxacin concentrations in human subjects receiving 750 mg of levofloxacin averaged approximately 11.8 mcg/g at Cmax. Levofloxacin was not mutagenic in the following assays: Ames bacterial mutation assay ( S. typhimurium and E. coli) , CHO/HGPRT forward mutation assay, mouse micronucleus test, mouse dominant lethal test, rat unscheduled DNA synthesis assay, and the mouse sister chromatid exchange assay. It was positive in the in vitro chromosomal aberration (CHL cell line) and sister chromatid exchange (CHL/IU cell line) assays. Levofloxacin caused no impairment of fertility or reproductive performance in rats at oral doses as high as 360 mg/kg/day, corresponding to 4.2 times the highest recommended human dose based upon relative body surface area and intravenous doses as high as 100 mg/kg/day, corresponding to 1.2 times the highest recommended human dose based upon relative body surface area. 13.2 Animal Toxicology and/or Pharmacology Levofloxacin and other quinolones have been shown to cause arthropathy in immature animals of most species tested [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.11 )]. In immature dogs (4–5 months old), oral doses of 10 mg/kg/day for 7 days and intravenous doses of 4 mg/kg/day for 14 days of levofloxacin resulted in arthropathic lesions. Administration at oral doses of 300 mg/kg/day for 7 days and intravenous doses of 60 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks produced arthropathy in juvenile rats. Three-month old beagle dogs dosed orally with levofloxacin at 40 mg/kg/day exhibited clinically severe arthrotoxicity resulting in the termination of dosing at Day 8 of a 14-day dosing routine. Slight musculoskeletal clinical effects, in the absence of gross pathological or histopathological effects, resulted from the lowest dose level of 2.5 mg/kg/day (approximately 0.2-fold the pediatric dose based upon AUC comparisons). Synovitis and articular cartilage lesions were observed at the 10 and 40 mg/kg dose levels (approximately 0.7-fold and 2.4-fold the pediatric dose, respectively, based on AUC comparisons). Articular cartilage gross pathology and histopathology persisted to the end of the 18-week recovery period for those dogs from the 10 and 40 mg/kg/day dose levels. When tested in a mouse ear swelling bioassay, levofloxacin exhibited phototoxicity similar in magnitude to ofloxacin, but less phototoxicity than other quinolones. While crystalluria has been observed in some intravenous rat studies, urinary crystals are not formed in the bladder, being present only after micturition and are not associated with nephrotoxicity. In mice, the CNS stimulatory effect of quinolones is enhanced by concomitant administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. In dogs, levofloxacin administered at 6 mg/kg or higher by rapid intravenous injection produced hypotensive effects. These effects were considered to be related to histamine release. In vitro and in vivo studies in animals indicate that levofloxacin is neither an enzyme inducer nor inhibitor in the human therapeutic plasma concentration range; therefore, no drug metabolizing enzyme-related interactions with other drugs or agents are anticipated.
Microbiology
Microbiology
12.4 Microbiology Mechanism of Action Levofloxacin is the L-isomer of the racemate, ofloxacin, a quinolone antimicrobial agent. The antibacterial activity of ofloxacin resides primarily in the L-isomer. The mechanism of action of levofloxacin and other fluoroquinolone antimicrobials involves inhibition of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase (both of which are type II topoisomerases), enzymes required for DNA replication, transcription, repair and recombination. Mechanism of Resistance Fluoroquinolone resistance can arise through mutations in defined regions of DNA gyrase or topoisomerase IV, termed the Quinolone-Resistance Determining Regions (QRDRs), or through altered efflux. Fluoroquinolones, including levofloxacin, differ in chemical structure and mode of action from aminoglycosides, macrolides and β-lactam antibiotics, including penicillins. Fluoroquinolones may, therefore, be active against bacteria resistant to these antimicrobials. Resistance to levofloxacin due to spontaneous mutation in vitro is a rare occurrence (range: 10 -9 to 10 -10 ). Cross-resistance has been observed between levofloxacin and some other fluoroquinolones, some microorganisms resistant to other fluoroquinolones may be susceptible to levofloxacin. Activity in vitro and in vivo Levofloxacin has in vitro activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Levofloxacin has been shown to be active against most isolates of the following bacteria both in vitro and in clinical infections as described in Indications and Usage ( 1 ): Gram-Positive Bacteria Enterococcus faecalis Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-susceptible isolates) Staphylococcus epidermidis (methicillin-susceptible isolates) Staphylococcus saprophyticus Streptococcus pneumoniae (including multi-drug resistant strains [MDRSP] 1) Streptococcus pyogenes 1 MDRSP (Multi-drug resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae ) isolates are isolates resistant to two or more of the following antibiotics: penicillin (MIC ≥2 mcg/mL), 2nd generation cephalosporins, e.g., cefuroxime; macrolides, tetracyclines and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Gram-Negative Bacteria Enterobacter cloacae Escherichia coli Haemophilus influenzae Haemophilus parainfluenzae Klebsiella pneumoniae Legionella pneumophila Moraxella catarrhalis Proteus mirabilis Pseudomonas aeruginosa Serratia marcescens Other Bacteria Chlamydophila pneumoniae Mycoplasma pneumoniae The following in vitro data are available, but their clinical significance is unknown : Levofloxacin exhibits in vitro minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC values) of 2 mcg/mL or less against most (≥90%) isolates of the following microorganisms; however, the safety and effectiveness of levofloxacin in treating clinical infections due to these bacteria have not been established in adequate and well-controlled trials. Gram-Positive Bacteria Staphylococcus haemolyticus β-hemolytic Streptococcus (Group C/F) β-hemolytic Streptococcus (Group G) Streptococcus agalactiae Streptococcus milleri Viridans group streptococci Bacillus anthracis Gram-Negative Bacteria Acinetobacter baumannii Acinetobacter lwoffii Bordetella pertussis Citrobacter koseri Citrobacter freundii Enterobacter aerogenes Enterobacter sakazakii Klebsiella oxytoca Morganella morganii Pantoea agglomerans Proteus vulgaris Providencia rettgeri Providencia stuartii Pseudomonas fluorescens Yersinia pestis Anaerobic Gram-Positive Bacteria Clostridium perfringens Susceptibility Tests When available, the clinical microbiology laboratory should provide the results of in vitro susceptibility test results for antimicrobial drug products used in the resident hospitals to the physician as periodic reports that describe the susceptibility profile of nosocomial and community-acquired pathogens. These reports should aid the physician in selecting an antibacterial drug product for treatment. Dilution techniques: Quantitative methods are used to determine antimicrobial minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs). These MICs provide estimates of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. The MIC values should be determined using a standardized procedure. Standardized procedures are based on a dilution method 1, 2, 4 (broth or agar) or equivalent with standardized inoculum concentrations and standardized concentrations of levofloxacin powder. The MIC values should be interpreted according to the criteria outlined in Table 9. Diffusion techniques: Quantitative methods that require measurement of zone diameters also provide reproducible estimates of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. One such standardized procedure 2, 3 requires the use of standardized inoculum concentrations. This procedure uses paper disks impregnated with 5 mcg levofloxacin to test the susceptibility of bacteria to levofloxacin. Reports from the laboratory providing results of the standard single-disk susceptibility test with a 5 mcg levofloxacin disk should be interpreted according to the criteria outlined in Table 9. Table9:Susceptibility TestInterpretiveCriteriaforLevofloxacin † The current absence of data on resistant isolates precludes defining any categories other than "Susceptible." Isolates yielding MIC /zone diameter results suggestive of a "nonsusceptible" category should be submitted to a reference laboratory for further testing. Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (mcg/mL) Disk Diffusion (zone diameter in mm) Pathogen S I R S I R Enterobacteriaceae ≤2 4 ≥8 ≥17 14–16 ≤13 Enterococcus faecalis ≤2 4 ≥8 ≥17 14–16 ≤13 Staphylococcus species ≤2 4 ≥8 ≥17 14–16 ≤13 Pseudomonas aeruginosa ≤2 4 ≥8 ≥17 14–16 ≤13 Haemophilus influenzae ≤2 -- † -- ≥17 -- -- Haemophilus parainfluenzae ≤2 -- -- ≥17 -- -- Streptococcus pneumoniae ≤2 4 ≥8 ≥17 14–16 ≤13 Streptococcus pyogenes ≤2 4 ≥8 ≥17 14–16 ≤13 Yersinia pestis 4 ≤0.25 -- -- -- -- -- Bacillus anthracis 4 ≤0.25 -- -- -- -- -- S = Susceptible, I = Intermediate, R = Resistant A report of Susceptible indicates that the pathogen is likely to be inhibited if the antimicrobial compound in the blood reaches the concentrations usually achievable. A report of Intermediate indicates that the result should be considered equivocal, and, if the microorganism is not fully susceptible to alternative, clinically feasible drugs, the test should be repeated. This category implies possible clinical applicability in body sites where the drug is physiologically concentrated or in situations where a high dosage of drug can be used. This category also provides a buffer zone which prevents small uncontrolled technical factors from causing major discrepancies in interpretation. A report of Resistant indicates that the pathogen is not likely to be inhibited if the antimicrobial compound in the blood reaches the concentrations usually achievable; other therapy should be selected. Quality Control: Standardized susceptibility test procedures require the use of laboratory controls to monitor and ensure the accuracy and precision of supplies and reagents used in the assay, and the techniques of the individuals performing the test. 1, 2, 3, 4 Standard levofloxacin powder should provide the range of MIC values noted in Table 10. For the diffusion technique using the 5 mcg disk, the criteria in Table 10 should be achieved. Table10:QualityControlforSusceptibilityTesting Microorganism Microorganism QC Number MIC (mcg/mL) Disk Diffusion (zone diameter in mm) Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 0.25 – 2 -- Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 0.008 – 0.06 29 – 37 Escherichia coli ATCC 35218 0.015 – 0.06 -- Haemophilus influenzae ATCC 49247 0.008 – 0.03 32 – 40 Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 0.5 – 4 19 – 26 Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 0.06 – 0.5 -- Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 -- 25 – 30 Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC 49619 0.5 – 2 20 – 25
Table9:Susceptibility TestInterpretiveCriteriaforLevofloxacin | †The current absence of data on resistant isolates precludes defining any categories other than "Susceptible." Isolates yielding MIC /zone diameter results suggestive of a "nonsusceptible" category should be submitted to a reference laboratory for further testing. |
| Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (mcg/mL) | Disk Diffusion (zone diameter in mm) |
| Pathogen | S | I | R | S | I | R |
| Enterobacteriaceae | ≤2 | 4 | ≥8 | ≥17 | 14–16 | ≤13 |
| Enterococcus faecalis | ≤2 | 4 | ≥8 | ≥17 | 14–16 | ≤13 |
| Staphylococcus species | ≤2 | 4 | ≥8 | ≥17 | 14–16 | ≤13 |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | ≤2 | 4 | ≥8 | ≥17 | 14–16 | ≤13 |
| Haemophilus influenzae | ≤2 | --† | -- | ≥17 | -- | -- |
| Haemophilus parainfluenzae | ≤2 | -- | -- | ≥17 | -- | -- |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | ≤2 | 4 | ≥8 | ≥17 | 14–16 | ≤13 |
| Streptococcus pyogenes | ≤2 | 4 | ≥8 | ≥17 | 14–16 | ≤13 |
| Yersinia pestis4 | ≤0.25 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Bacillus anthracis4 | ≤0.25 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| S = Susceptible, I = Intermediate, R = Resistant |
Table10:QualityControlforSusceptibilityTesting | Microorganism | Microorganism QC Number | MIC (mcg/mL) | Disk Diffusion (zone diameter in mm) |
| Enterococcus faecalis | ATCC 29212 | 0.25 – 2 | -- |
| Escherichia coli | ATCC 25922 | 0.008 – 0.06 | 29 – 37 |
| Escherichia coli | ATCC 35218 | 0.015 – 0.06 | -- |
| Haemophilus influenzae | ATCC 49247 | 0.008 – 0.03 | 32 – 40 |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | ATCC 27853 | 0.5 – 4 | 19 – 26 |
| Staphylococcus aureus | ATCC 29213 | 0.06 – 0.5 | -- |
| Staphylococcus aureus | ATCC 25923 | -- | 25 – 30 |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | ATCC 49619 | 0.5 – 2 | 20 – 25 |
Package label principal display panel
The content of the principal display panel of the product package, usually including the product’s name, dosage forms, and other key information about the drug product.
PACKAGE LABEL.PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL NDC 63187-925-21 R X ONLY Levofloxacin Tablets, USP 250 mg Once-A-Day PHARMACIST: Please dispense with Medication Guide 21 Tablets (Brownish Pink) Cipla 63187-925-21
Recent major changes
A list of the section(s) that contain substantive changes that have been approved by FDA in the product labeling. The headings and subheadings, if appropriate, affected by the change are listed together with each section’s identifying number and the month and year on which the change was incorporated in the labeling.
RECENT MAJOR CHANGES Boxed Warning 6/2016 Indications and Usage (1) 6/2016 Dosage and Administration (2) 6/2016 Warnings and Precautions (5) 6/2016
Information necessary for patients to use the drug safely and effectively, such as precautions concerning driving or the concomitant use of other substances that may have harmful additive effects.
17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION Advise the patient to read the see FDA-Approved Medication Guide ( 17.6 ) Serious Adverse Reactions Advise patients to stop taking levofloxacin if they experience an adverse reaction and to call their healthcare provider for advice on completing the full course of treatment with another antibacterial drug. Inform patients of the following serious adverse reactions that have been associated with levofloxacin or other fluoroquinolone use. • Disabling and Potentially Irreversible Serious Adverse Reactions That May Occur Together : Inform patients that disabling and potentially irreversible serious adverse reactions, including tendinitis and tendon rupture, peripheral neuropathies, and central nervous system effects, have been associated with use of levofloxacin and may occur together in the same patient. Inform patients to stop taking levofloxacin immediately if they experience an adverse reaction and to call their healthcare provider. • Tendinitis and Tendon Rupture: Instruct patients to contact their healthcare provider if they experience pain, swelling, or inflammation of a tendon, or weakness or inability to use one of their joints; rest and refrain from exercise; and discontinue levofloxacin treatment. Symptoms may be irreversible. The risk of severe tendon disorder with fluoroquinolones is higher in older patients usually over 60 years of age, in patients taking corticosteroid drugs, and in patients with kidney, heart or lung transplants. • Peripheral Neuropathies: Inform patients that peripheral neuropathies have been associated with levofloxacin use, symptoms may occur soon after initiation of therapy and may be irreversible. If symptoms of peripheral neuropathy including pain, burning, tingling, numbness and/or weakness develop, immediately discontinue levofloxacin and tell them to contact their physician. • Central Nervous System Effects (for example, convulsions, dizziness, lightheadedness, increased intracranial pressure) : Inform patients that convulsions have been reported in patients receiving fluoroquinolones, including levofloxacin. Instruct patients to notify their physician before taking this drug if they have a history of convulsions. Inform patients that they should know how they react to levofloxacin before they operate an automobile or machinery or engage in other activities requiring mental alertness and coordination. Instruct patients to notify their physician if persistent headache with or without blurred vision occurs. • Exacerbation of Myasthenia Gravis: Instruct patients to inform their physician of any history of myasthenia gravis. Instruct patients to notify their physician if they experience any symptoms of muscle weakness, including respiratory difficulties. • Hypersensitivity Reactions: Inform patients that levofloxacin can cause hypersensitivity reactions, even following a single dose, and to discontinue the drug at the first sign of a skin rash, hives or other skin reactions, a rapid heartbeat, difficulty in swallowing or breathing, any swelling suggesting angioedema (for example, swelling of the lips, tongue, face, tightness of the throat, hoarseness), or other symptoms of an allergic reaction. • Hepatotoxicity: Inform patients that severe hepatotoxicity (including acute hepatitis and fatal events) has been reported in patients taking levofloxacin. Instruct patients to inform their physician if they experience any signs or symptoms of liver injury including: loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, fever, weakness, tiredness, right upper quadrant tenderness, itching, yellowing of the skin and eyes, light colored bowel movements or dark colored urine. • Diarrhea: Diarrhea is a common problem caused by antibiotics which usually ends when the antibiotic is discontinued. Sometimes after starting treatment with antibiotics, patients can develop watery and bloody stools (with or without stomach cramps and fever) even as late as two or more months after having taken the last dose of the antibiotic. If this occurs, instruct patients to contact their physician as soon as possible. • Prolongation of the QT Interval: Instruct patients to inform their physician of any personal or family history of QT prolongation or proarrhythmic conditions such as hypokalemia, bradycardia, or recent myocardial ischemia; if they are taking any Class IA (quinidine, procainamide), or Class III (amiodarone, sotalol) antiarrhythmic agents. Instruct patients to notify their physician if they have any symptoms of prolongation of the QT interval, including prolonged heart palpitations or a loss of consciousness. • Musculoskeletal Disorders in Pediatric Patients: Instruct parents to inform their child's physician if the child has a history of joint-related problems before taking this drug. Inform parents of pediatric patients to notify their child's physician of any joint-related problems that occur during or following levofloxacin therapy [see Warnings and Precautions (5.11) and Use in Specific Populations (8.4)]. • Photosensitivity/Phototoxicity: Inform patients that photosensitivity/phototoxicity has been reported in patients receiving fluoroquinolones. Inform patients to minimize or avoid exposure to natural or artificial sunlight (tanning beds or UVA/B treatment) while taking fluoroquinolones. If patients need to be outdoors while using fluoroquinolones, instruct them to wear loose-fitting clothes that protect skin from sun exposure and discuss other sun protection measures with their physician. If a sunburn-like reaction or skin eruption occurs, instruct patients to contact their physician. Antibacterial Resistance Antibacterial drugs including levofloxacin should only be used to treat bacterial infections. They do not treat viral infections (e.g., the common cold). When levofloxacin is prescribed to treat a bacterial infection, patients should be told that although it is common to feel better early in the course of therapy, the medication should be taken exactly as directed. Skipping doses or not completing the full course of therapy may (1) decrease the effectiveness of the immediate treatment and (2) increase the likelihood that bacteria will develop resistance and will not be treatable by levofloxacin or other antibacterial drugs in the future. Administration with Food, Fluids, and Concomitant Medications Patients should be informed that levofloxacin tablets may be taken with or without food. The tablet should be taken at the same time each day. Patients should drink fluids liberally while taking levofloxacin to avoid formation of a highly concentrated urine and crystal formation in the urine. Antacids containing magnesium, or aluminum, as well as sucralfate, metal cations such as iron, and multivitamin preparations with zinc or didanosine should be taken at least two hours before or two hours after oral levofloxacin administration. Drug Interactions with Insulin, Oral Hypoglycemic Agents, and Warfarin Patients should be informed that if they are diabetic and are being treated with insulin or an oral hypoglycemic agent and a hypoglycemic reaction occurs, they should discontinue levofloxacin and consult a physician. Patients should be informed that concurrent administration of warfarin and levofloxacin has been associated with increases of the International Normalized Ratio (INR) or prothrombin time and clinical episodes of bleeding. Patients should notify their physician if they are taking warfarin, be monitored for evidence of bleeding, and also have their anticoagulation tests closely monitored while taking warfarin concomitantly. Plague and Anthrax Studies Patients given levofloxacin for these conditions should be informed that efficacy studies could not be conducted in humans for ethical and feasibility reasons. Therefore, approval for these conditions was based on efficacy studies conducted in animals. Manufactured by: Cipla Ltd. Verna Goa, India. Manufactured for: Cipla USA, Inc. 9100 S. Dadeland Blvd., Suite 1500 Miami, Florida 33156 Repackaged by: Proficient Rx LP Thousand Oaks, CA 91320 Revised: 03/2017
Spl medguide
Information about the patient medication guide that accompanies the drug product. Certain drugs must be dispensed with an accompanying medication guide. This field may contain information about when to consult the medication guide and the contents of the medication guide.
MEDICATION GUIDE LEVOFLOXACIN TABLETS, USP [LEE-voe-FLOX-a-sin] Read the Medication Guide before you start taking levofloxacin tablets and each time you get a refill. There may be new information. This Medication Guide does not take the place of talking to your healthcare provider about your medical condition or your treatment. What is the most important information I should know about levofloxacin tablets? Levofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, can cause serious side effects. Some of these serious side effects can happen at the same time and could result in death. If you have any of the following serious side effects while you take levofloxacin tablets, you should stop taking levofloxacin tablets immediately and get medical help right away. 1. Tendon rupture or swelling of the tendon (tendinitis). • Tendon problems can happen in people of all ages who take levofloxacin tablets. Tendons are tough cords of tissue that connect muscles to bones. Some tendon problems include pain, swelling, tears and inflammation of tendons including the back of the ankle (Achilles), shoulder, hand or other tendons sites. • The risk of getting tendon problems while you take levofloxacin tablets is higher if you: ○ are over 60 years of age ○ are taking steroids (corticosteroids) ○ have had a kidney, heart or lung transplant. • Tendon problems can happen in people who do not have the above risk factors when they take levofloxacin tablets. • Other reasons that can increase your risk of tendon problems can include: ○ physical activity or exercise ○ kidney failure ○ tendon problems in the past, such as in people with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) • Stop taking levofloxacin tablets immediately and get medical help right away at the first sign of tendon pain, swelling or inflammation. Stop taking levofloxacin tablets, USP until tendinitis or tendon rupture has been ruled out by your healthcare provider. Avoid exercise and using the affected area. The most common area of pain and swelling is the Achilles tendon at the back of your ankle. This can also happen with other tendons. Talk to your healthcare provider about the risk of tendon rupture with continued use of levofloxacin tablets, USP . You may need a different antibiotic that is not a fluoroquinolone to treat your infection. • Tendon rupture can happen while you are taking or after you have finished taking levofloxacin tablets. Tendon ruptures can happen within hours or days of taking levofloxacin tablets andhave happened up to several months after patients have finished taking their fluoroquinolone. • Stop taking levofloxacin tablets immediately and get medical help right away if you get any of the following signs or symptoms of a tendon rupture: ○ hear or feel a snap or pop in a tendon area ○ bruising right after an injury in a tendon area ○ unable to move the affected area or bear weight 2. Changes in sensation and possible nerve damage (Peripheral Neuropathy). Damage to the nerves in arms, hands, legs, or feet can happen in people who take fluoroquinolones, including levofloxacin tablets. Stop taking levofloxacin tablets immediately and talk to your healthcare provider right away if you get any of the following symptoms of peripheral neuropathy in your arms, hands, legs, or feet: • pain • numbness • burning • weakness • tingling 3 . Central Nervous System (CNS) effects. Seizures have been reported in people who take fluoroquinolone antibacterial medicines, including levofloxacin. Tell your healthcare provider if you have a history of seizures before you start taking levofloxacin tablets. CNS side effects may happen as soon as after taking the first dose of levofloxacin tablets. Stop taking levofloxacin tablets immediately and talk to your healthcare provider right away if you get any of these side effects, or other changes in mood or behavior: • seizures • trouble sleeping • hear voices, see things or sense things that are not there (hallucinations) • nightmare • feel lightheaded or dizzy • feel more suspicious (paranoia) • feel restless • suicidal thoughts or acts • tremors • headaches that will not go away, with or without blurred vision • feel anxious or nervous • confusion • depression 4. Worsening of myasthenia gravis (a problem that causes muscle weakness). Fluoroquinolones like levofloxacin may cause worsening of myasthenia gravis symptoms, including muscle weakness and breathing problems. Tell your healthcare provider if you have a history of myasthenia gravis before you start taking levofloxacin tablets. Call your healthcare provider right away if you have any worsening muscle weakness or breathing problems. What are levofloxacin tablets? Levofloxacin tablets are a fluoroquinolone antibiotic medicine used in adults age 18 years or older; to treat certain infections caused by certain germs called bacteria. These bacterial infections include: • nosocomial pneumonia • community-acquired pneumonia • acute sinus infection • acute worsening of chronic bronchitis • skin infections, complicated and uncomplicated • chronic prostate infection • urinary tract infections, complicated and uncomplicated • acute kidney infection (pyelonephritis) • inhalation anthrax • plague Studies of levofloxacin for use in the treatment of plague and anthrax were done in animals only, because plague and anthrax could not be studied in people. Levofloxacin tablets should not be used in patients with uncomplicated urinary tract infections, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, or acute bacterial sinusitis if there are other treatment options available. Levofloxacin tablets is also used to treat children who are 6 months of age or older and may have breathed in anthrax germs, have plague, or been exposed to plague germs. It is not known if levofloxacin tablets is safe and effective in children under 6 months of age. The safety and effectiveness in children treated with levofloxacin tablets for more than 14 days is not known. Who should not take levofloxacin tablets? Do not take levofloxacin tablets if you have ever had a severe allergic reaction to an antibiotic known as a fluoroquinolone, or if you are allergic to levofloxacin or any of the ingredients in levofloxacin tablets. See the end of this leaflet for a complete list of ingredients in levofloxacin tablets. What should I tell my healthcare provider before taking levofloxacin tablets? Before you take levofloxacin tablets, tell your healthcare provider if you: • have tendon problems; levofloxacin tablets should not be used in patients who have a history of tendon problems • have a problem that causes muscle weakness (myasthenia gravis); levofloxacin tablets should not be used in patients who have a known history of myasthenia gravis • have central nervous system problems such as seizures (epilepsy) • have nerve problems; levofloxacin tablets should not be used in patients who have a history of a nerve problem called peripheral neuropathy • have or anyone in your family has an irregular heartbeat, especially a condition called "QT prolongation" • have low blood potassium (hypokalemia) • have bone problems • have joint problems including rheumatoid arthritis (RA) • have kidney problems. You may need a lower dose of levofloxacin tablets if your kidneys do not work well. • have liver problems • have diabetes or problems with low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) • are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. It is not known if levofloxacin will harm your unborn child. • are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed. It is not known if levofloxacin passes into your breast milk. You and your healthcare provider should decide if you will take levofloxacin tablets or breastfeed. You should not do both. Tell your healthcare provider about all your medicines you take, including prescription and non-prescription medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements. Levofloxacin tablets and other medicines can affect each other causing side effects. Especially tell your healthcare provider if you take: • a steroid medicine. • an anti-psychotic medicine • a tricyclic antidepressant • a water pill (diuretic) • certain medicines may keep levofloxacin tablets from working correctly. Take levofloxacin tablets either 2 hours before or 2 hours after taking these medicines or supplements: • an antacid, multivitamin, or other medicines or supplements that have magnesium, aluminum, iron, or zinc • sucralfate (Carafate®) • didanosine (Videx®,Videx® EC) • a blood thinner (warfarin, Coumadin, Jantoven) • an oral anti-diabetes medicine or insulin • an NSAID (Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug). Many common medicines for pain relief are NSAIDs. Taking an NSAID while you take levofloxacin tablets or other fluoroquinolones may increase your risk of central nervous system effects and seizures. • theophylline (Theo-24®, Elixophyllin®, Theochron®, Uniphyl®, Theolair®) • a medicine to control your heart rate or rhythm (antiarrhythmics) Ask your healthcare provider if you are not sure if any of your medicines are listed above. Know the medicines you take. Keep a list of your medicines and show it to your healthcare provider and pharmacist when you get a new medicine. How should I take levofloxacin tablets? • Take levofloxacin tablets exactly as prescribed by your healthcare provider tells you to take it. • Take levofloxacin tablets at about the same time each day. • Drink plenty of fluids while taking levofloxacin tablets. • Levofloxacin tablets can be taken with or without food. • If you miss a dose of levofloxacin tablets, take it as soon as you remember. Do not take more than one dose in one day. • Do not skip any doses of levofloxacin tablets, or stop taking it even if you begin to feel better, until you finish your prescribed treatment, unless: ○ you have tendon problems. See " what is the most important information i should know about levofloxacin tablets ?" ○ you have a serious allergic reaction. See " what are the possible side effects of levofloxacin tablets ?" ○ your healthcare provider tells you to stop taking levofloxacin tablets Taking all of your levofloxacin tablets doses will help make sure that all of the bacteria are killed. Taking all of your levofloxacin tablets doses will help you lower the chance that the bacteria will become resistant to levofloxacin tablets. If your infection does not get better while you take levofloxacin tablets, it may mean that the bacteria causing your infection may be resistant to levofloxacin tablets. If your infection does not get better call your healthcare provider. If your infection does not get better, levofloxacin tablets and other similar antibiotic medicines may not work for you in the future. • If you take too much levofloxacin tablets, call your healthcare provider or get medical help right away. What should I avoid while taking levofloxacin tablets? • Levofloxacin tablets can make you feel dizzy and lightheaded. Do not drive, operate machinery, or do other activities that require mental alertness or coordination until you know how levofloxacin tablets affects you. • Avoid sunlamps, tanning beds, and try to limit your time in the sun. Levofloxacin tablets can make your skin sensitive to the sun (photosensitivity) and the light from sunlamps and tanning beds. You could get severe sunburn, blisters or swelling of your skin. If you get any of these symptoms while you take levofloxacin tablets, call your healthcare provider right away. You should use a sunscreen and wear a hat and clothes that cover your skin if you have to be in sunlight. What are the possible side effects of levofloxacin tablets? Levofloxacin tablets can cause serious side effects including, • See "What Is The Most Important Information I Should Know About levofloxacin tablets?" • Serious allergic reactions. Allergic reactions can happen in people taking fluoroquinolones, including levofloxacin tablets, even after only 1 dose. Stop taking levofloxacin tablets and get emergency medical help right away if you get any of the following symptoms of a severe allergic reaction: ○ hives ○ trouble breathing or swallowing ○ swelling of the lips, tongue, face ○ throat tightness, hoarseness ○ rapid heartbeat ○ faint ○ skin rash Skin rash may happen in people taking levofloxacin tablets, even after only 1 dose. Stop taking levofloxacin tablets at the first sign of a skin rash and call your healthcare provider. Skin rash may be a sign of a more serious reaction to levofloxacin tablets. • Liver damage (hepatotoxicity): Hepatotoxicity can happen in people who take levofloxacin tablets. Call your healthcare provider right away if you have unexplained symptoms such as: ○ nausea or vomiting, ○ stomach pain, ○ fever, ○ weakness, ○ abdominal pain or tenderness, ○ itching, ○ unusual tiredness, ○ loss of appetite, ○ light colored bowel movements, ○ dark colored urine ○ yellowing of your skin or the whites of your eyes. Stop taking levofloxacin tablets and tell your healthcare provider right away if you have yellowing of your skin or white part of your eyes, or if you have dark urine. These can be signs of a serious reaction to levofloxacin tablets (a liver problem). • Intestine infection (Pseudomembranous colitis) Pseudomembranous colitis can happen with most antibiotics, including levofloxacin tablets. Call your healthcare provider right away if you get watery diarrhea, diarrhea that does not go away, or bloody stools. You may have stomach cramps and a fever. Pseudomembranous colitis can happen 2 or more months after you have finished your antibiotic. • Serious heart rhythm changes (QT prolongation and torsades de pointes) Tell your healthcare provider right away if you have a change in your heart beat (a fast or irregular heartbeat), or if you faint. Levofloxacin tablets may cause a rare heart problem known as prolongation of the QT interval. This condition can cause an abnormal heartbeat and can be very dangerous. The chances of this happening are higher in people: ○ who are elderly ○ with a family history of prolonged QT interval ○ with low blood potassium (hypokalemia) ○ who take certain medicines to control heart rhythm (antiarrhythmics) • Joint Problems Increased chance of problems with joints and tissues around joints in children can happen. Tell your child's healthcare provider if your child has any joint problems during or after treatment with levofloxacin tablets. • Changes in blood sugar People who take levofloxacin tablets and other fluoroquinolone medicines with oral anti-diabetes medicines or with insulin can get low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) and high blood sugar (hyperglycemia). Follow your healthcare provider's instructions for how often to check your blood sugar. If you have diabetes and you get low blood sugar while taking levofloxacin tablets, stop taking levofloxacin tablets and call your healthcare provider right away. Your antibiotic medicine may need to be changed. • Sensitivity to sunlight (photosensitivity) See "what should i avoid while taking levofloxacin tablets?" The most common side effects of levofloxacin tablets include: o nausea o headache o diarrhea o insomnia o constipation o dizziness In children 6 months and older who take levofloxacin tablets to treat anthrax disease or plague, vomiting is also common. Levofloxacin tablets may cause false-positive urine screening results for opiates when testing is done with some commercially available kits. A positive result should be confirmed using a more specific test. These are not all the possible side effects of levofloxacin tablets. Tell your healthcare provider about any side effect that bothers you or that does not go away. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088. How should I store levofloxacin tablets ? Store levofloxacin tablets at 20° to 25°C (68°C to 77°C) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature] Keep levofloxacin tablets and all medicines out of the reach of children. General Information about about the safe and effective use of levofloxacin tablets, USP Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Medication Guide. Do not use levofloxacin tablets for a condition for which it is not prescribed. Do not give levofloxacin tablets to other people, even if they have the same symptoms that you have. It may harm them. This Medication Guide summarizes the most important information about levofloxacin tablets. If you would like more information about levofloxacin tablets, talk with your healthcare provider. You can ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist for information about levofloxacin tablets that is written for healthcare professionals. For more information call Cipla Ltd. at 1-866-604-3268 What are the ingredients in levofloxacin tablets? ● 250 mg levofloxacin film-coated tablets: • Active ingredient: levofloxacin, USP • In active ingredients: corn starch, croscarmellose sodium, hypromellose, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, povidone, titanium dioxide and red iron oxide ● 500 mg levofloxacin film-coated tablets: • Active ingredient: levofloxacin, USP • Inactive ingredients: corn starch, croscarmellose sodium, hypromellose, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, povidone, titanium dioxide and Yellow iron Oxide. ● 750 mg levofloxacin film-coated tablets: • Active ingredient: levofloxacin, USP • Inactive ingredients: corn starch, croscarmellose sodium, hypromellose, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, povidone and titanium dioxide. Manufactured By: Cipla Ltd. Verna Goa, India. Manufactured for: Cipla USA, Inc. 9100 S. Dadeland Blvd., Suite 1500 Miami, Florida 33156 Repackaged by: Proficient Rx LP Thousand Oaks, CA 91320 Disclaimer: Other Brands listed are the registered trademarks of their respective owners and are not trademarks of Cipla Limited . Revised: 3/2017 Summary of Heart Protection Study Results 1 volume of distribution/bioavailability. Endpoint Simvastatin Tablets (N=10,269) n (%) number of patients with indicated event. Placebo (N=10,267) n (%) Risk Reduction (%) (95% CI) p-Value Primary Mortality 1,328 (12.9) 1,507 (14.7) 13 (6 to 19) p=0.0003 CHD mortality 587 (5.7) 707 (6.9) 18 (8 to 26) p=0.0005 Secondary Non-fatal MI 357 (3.5) 574 (5.6) 38 (30 to 46) p<0.0001 Stroke 444 (4.3) 585 (5.7) 25 (15 to 34) p<0.0001 Tertiary Coronary revascularization 513 (5) 725 (7.1) 30 (22 to 38) p<0.0001
Summary of Heart Protection Study Results | 1 volume of distribution/bioavailability. |
| Endpoint | Simvastatin Tablets (N=10,269) n (%) number of patients with indicated event. | Placebo (N=10,267) n (%) | Risk Reduction (%) (95% CI) | p-Value |
| Primary | | | | |
| Mortality | 1,328 (12.9) | 1,507 (14.7) | 13 (6 to 19) | p=0.0003 |
| CHD mortality | 587 (5.7) | 707 (6.9) | 18 (8 to 26) | p=0.0005 |
| Secondary | | | | |
| Non-fatal MI | 357 (3.5) | 574 (5.6) | 38 (30 to 46) | p<0.0001 |
| Stroke | 444 (4.3) | 585 (5.7) | 25 (15 to 34) | p<0.0001 |
| Tertiary | | | | |
| Coronary revascularization | 513 (5) | 725 (7.1) | 30 (22 to 38) | p<0.0001 |
Clinical studies
This field may contain references to clinical studies in place of detailed discussion in other sections of the labeling.
14 CLINICAL STUDIES 14.1 Nosocomial Pneumonia Adult patients with clinically and radiologically documented nosocomial pneumonia were enrolled in a multicenter, randomized, open-label study comparing intravenous levofloxacin (750 mg once daily) followed by oral levofloxacin (750 mg once daily) for a total of 7–15 days to intravenous imipenem/cilastatin (500–1000 mg every 6–8 hours daily) followed by oral ciprofloxacin (750 mg every 12 hours daily) for a total of 7–15 days. Levofloxacin-treated patients received an average of 7 days of intravenous therapy (range: 1–16 days); comparator-treated patients received an average of 8 days of intravenous therapy (range: 1–19 days). Overall, in the clinically and microbiologically evaluable population, adjunctive therapy was empirically initiated at study entry in 56 of 93 (60.2%) patients in the levofloxacin arm and 53 of 94 (56.4%) patients in the comparator arm. The average duration of adjunctive therapy was 7 days in the levofloxacin arm and 7 days in the comparator. In clinically and microbiologically evaluable patients with documented Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, 15 of 17 (88.2%) received ceftazidime (N=11) or piperacillin/tazobactam (N=4) in the levofloxacin arm and 16 of 17 (94.1%) received an aminoglycoside in the comparator arm. Overall, in clinically and microbiologically evaluable patients, vancomycin was added to the treatment regimen of 37 of 93 (39.8%) patients in the levofloxacin arm and 28 of 94 (29.8%) patients in the comparator arm for suspected methicillin-resistant S. aureus infection. Clinical success rates in clinically and microbiologically evaluable patients at the post-therapy visit (primary study endpoint assessed on day 3–15 after completing therapy) were 58.1% for levofloxacin and 60.6% for comparator. The 95% CI for the difference of response rates (Levofloxacin minus comparator) was [-17.2, 12.0]. The microbiological eradication rates at the post-therapy visit were 66.7% for levofloxacin and 60.6% for comparator. The 95% CI for the difference of eradication rates (levofloxacin minus comparator) was [-8.3, 20.3]. Clinical success and microbiological eradication rates by pathogen are detailed in Table 11. Table11:ClinicalSuccessRatesandMicrobiologicalEradicationRates(NosocomialPneumonia) * Methicillin-susceptible S. aureus † See above text for use of combination therapy ‡ The observed differences in rates for the clinical and microbiological outcomes may reflect other factors that were not accounted for in the study Pathogen N Levofloxacin No. (%) of Patients Microbiologic/Clinical Outcomes N Imipenem/Cilastatin No. (%) of Patients Microbiologic/Clinical Outcomes MSSA * 21 14 (66.7)/13 (61.9) 19 13 (68.4)/15 (78.9) P.aeruginosa † 17 10 (58.8)/11 (64.7) 17 5 (29.4)/7 (41.2) S. marcescens 11 9 (81.8)/7 (63.6) 7 2 (28.6)/3 (42.9) E. coli 12 10 (83.3)/7 (58.3) 11 7 (63.6 )/8 (72.7) K.pneumoniae ‡ 11 9 (81.8)/5 (45.5) 7 6 (85.7)/3 (42.9) H. influenzae 16 13 (81.3)/10 (62.5) 15 14 (93.3)/11 (73.3) S. pneumoniae 4 3 (75.0)/3 (75.0) 7 5 (71.4)/4 (57.1) 14.2 Community-Acquired Pneumonia: 7–14 day Treatment Regimen Adult inpatients and outpatients with a diagnosis of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia were evaluated in 2 pivotal clinical studies. In the first study, 590 patients were enrolled in a prospective, multi-center, unblinded randomized trial comparing levofloxacin 500 mg once daily orally or intravenously for 7 to 14 days to ceftriaxone 1 to 2 grams intravenously once or in equally divided doses twice daily followed by cefuroxime axetil 500 mg orally twice daily for a total of 7 to 14 days. Patients assigned to treatment with the control regimen were allowed to receive erythromycin (or doxycycline if intolerant of erythromycin) if an infection due to atypical pathogens was suspected or proven. Clinical and microbiologic evaluations were performed during treatment, 5 to 7 days post-therapy, and 3 to 4 weeks post-therapy. Clinical success (cure plus improvement) with levofloxacin at 5 to 7 days post-therapy, the primary efficacy variable in this study, was superior (95%) to the control group (83%). The 95% CI for the difference of response rates (Levofloxacin minus comparator) was [-6, 19]. In the second study, 264 patients were enrolled in a prospective, multi-center, non-comparative trial of 500 mg levofloxacin administered orally or intravenously once daily for 7 to 14 days. Clinical success for clinically evaluable patients was 93%. For both studies, the clinical success rate in patients with atypical pneumonia due to Chlamydophila pneumoniae , Mycoplasma pneumoniae , and Legionella pneumophila were 96%, 96%, and 70%, respectively. Microbiologic eradication rates across both studies are presented in Table 12. Table12:BacteriologicalEradicationRatesacross2CommunityAcquiredPneumoniaClinicalStudies Pathogen No. Pathogens Bacteriological Eradication Rate (%) H. influenzae 55 98 S. pneumoniae 83 95 S. aureus 17 88 M. catarrhalis 18 94 H. parainfluenzae 19 95 K. pneumoniae 10 100 Community-Acquired Pneumonia Due to Multi-Drug Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Levofloxacin was effective for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia caused by multi-drug resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (MDRSP). MDRSP isolates are isolates resistant to two or more of the following antibacterials: penicillin (MIC ≥2 mcg/mL), 2nd generation cephalosporins (e.g., cefuroxime, macrolides, tetracyclines and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole). Of 40 microbiologically evaluable patients with MDRSP isolates, 38 patients (95.0%) achieved clinical and bacteriologic success at post-therapy. The clinical and bacterial success rates are shown in Table 13. Table13:ClinicalandBacterialSuccessRatesforLevofloxacin-TreatedMDRSPinCommunityAcquiredPneumoniaPatients(PopulationValidforEfficacy) Screening Susceptibility Clinical Success Bacteriological Success One patient had a respiratory isolate that was resistant to tetracycline, cefuroxime, macrolides and TMP/SMX and intermediate to penicillin and a blood isolate that was intermediate to penicillin and cefuroxime and resistant to the other classes. The patient is included in the database based on respiratory isolate. n/N n=the number of microbiologically evaluable patients who were clinical successes; N=number of microbiologically evaluable patients in the designated resistance group. % n/N n=the number of MDRSP isolates eradicated or presumed eradicated in microbiologically evaluable patients; N=number of MDRSP isolates in a designated resistance group. % Penicillin-resistant 16/17 94.1 16/17 94.1 2nd generation Cephalosporin resistant 31/32 96.9 31/32 96.9 Macrolide-resistant 28/29 96.6 28/29 96.6 Trimethoprim/ Sulfamethoxazole resistant 17/19 89.5 17/19 89.5 Tetracycline-resistant 12/12 100 12/12 100 Not all isolates were resistant to all antimicrobial classes tested. Success and eradication rates are summarized in Table 14. Table14:ClinicalSuccessandBacteriologicEradicationRatesforResistantStreptococcuspneumoniae(CommunityAcquiredPneumonia) Type of Resistance Clinical Success Bacteriologic Eradication Resistant to 2 antibacterials 17/18 (94.4%) 17/18 (94.4%) Resistant to 3 antibacterials 14/15 (93.3%) 14/15 (93.3%) Resistant to 4 antibacterials 7/7 (100%) 7/7 (100%) Resistant to 5 antibacterials 0 0 Bacteremia with MDRSP 8/9 (89%) 8/9 (89%) 14.3 Community-Acquired Pneumonia: 5-Day Treatment Regimen To evaluate the safety and efficacy of the higher dose and shorter course of levofloxacin, 528 outpatient and hospitalized adults with clinically and radiologically determined mild to severe community-acquired pneumonia were evaluated in a double-blind, randomized, prospective, multicenter study comparing levofloxacin 750 mg, IV or orally, every day for five days or levofloxacin 500 mg IV or orally, every day for 10 days. Clinical success rates (cure plus improvement) in the clinically evaluable population were 90.9% in the levofloxacin 750 mg group and 91.1% in the levofloxacin 500 mg group. The 95% CI for the difference of response rates (levofloxacin 750 minus levofloxacin 500) was [-5.9, 5.4]. In the clinically evaluable population (31–38 days after enrollment) pneumonia was observed in 7 out of 151 patients in the levofloxacin 750 mg group and 2 out of 147 patients in the levofloxacin 500 mg group. Given the small numbers observed, the significance of this finding cannot be determined statistically. The microbiological efficacy of the 5-day regimen was documented for infections listed in Table 15. Table15:BacteriologicalEradicationRates(Community-AcquiredPneumonia) S. pneumoniae 19/20 (95%) Haemophilus influenzae 12/12 (100%) Haemophilus parainfluenzae 10/10 (100%) Mycoplasma pneumoniae 26/27 (96%) Chlamydophila pneumoniae 13/15 (87%) 14.4 Acute Bacterial Sinusitis: 5-day and 10–14 day Treatment Regimens Levofloxacin is approved for the treatment of acute bacterial sinusitis (ABS) using either 750 mg by mouth × 5 days or 500 mg by mouth once daily × 10–14 days. To evaluate the safety and efficacy of a high dose short course of levofloxacin, 780 outpatient adults with clinically and radiologically determined acute bacterial sinusitis were evaluated in a double-blind, randomized, prospective, multicenter study comparing levofloxacin 750 mg by mouth once daily for five days to levofloxacin 500 mg by mouth once daily for 10 days. Clinical success rates (defined as complete or partial resolution of the pre-treatment signs and symptoms of ABS to such an extent that no further antibiotic treatment was deemed necessary) in the microbiologically evaluable population were 91.4% (139/152) in the levofloxacin 750 mg group and 88.6% (132/149) in the levofloxacin 500 mg group at the test-of-cure (TOC) visit (95% CI [-4.2, 10.0] for levofloxacin 750 mg minus levofloxacin 500 mg). Rates of clinical success by pathogen in the microbiologically evaluable population who had specimens obtained by antral tap at study entry showed comparable results for the five- and ten-day regimens at the test-of-cure visit 22 days post treatment (see Table 16). Table16:ClinicalSuccessRatebyPathogenattheTOCinMicrobiologicallyEvaluableSubjectsWhoUnderwentAntralPuncture(AcuteBacterialSinusitis) Pathogen Levofloxacin 750 mg × 5 days Levofloxacin 500 mg × 10 days Streptococcus pneumoniae Note: Forty percent of the subjects in this trial had specimens obtained by sinus endoscopy. The efficacy data for subjects whose specimen was obtained endoscopically were comparable to those presented in the above table. 25/27 (92.6%) 26/27 (96.3%) Haemophilus influenzae 19/21 (90.5%) 25/27 (92.6%) Moraxella catarrhalis 10/11 (90.9%) 13/13 (100%) 14.5 Complicated Skin and Skin Structure Infections Three hundred ninety-nine patients were enrolled in an open-label, randomized, comparative study for complicated skin and skin structure infections. The patients were randomized to receive either levofloxacin 750 mg once daily (IV followed by oral), or an approved comparator for a median of 10 ± 4.7 days. As is expected in complicated skin and skin structure infections, surgical procedures were performed in the levofloxacin and comparator groups. Surgery (incision and drainage or debridement) was performed on 45% of the levofloxacin-treated patients and 44% of the comparator-treated patients, either shortly before or during antibiotic treatment and formed an integral part of therapy for this indication. Among those who could be evaluated clinically 2–5 days after completion of study drug, overall success rates (improved or cured) were 116/138 (84.1%) for patients treated with levofloxacin and 106/132 (80.3%) for patients treated with the comparator. Success rates varied with the type of diagnosis ranging from 68% in patients with infected ulcers to 90% in patients with infected wounds and abscesses. These rates were equivalent to those seen with comparator drugs. 14.6 Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis Adult patients with a clinical diagnosis of prostatitis and microbiological culture results from urine sample collected after prostatic massage (VB3) or expressed prostatic secretion (EPS) specimens obtained via the Meares-Stamey procedure were enrolled in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind study comparing oral levofloxacin 500 mg, once daily for a total of 28 days to oral ciprofloxacin 500 mg, twice daily for a total of 28 days. The primary efficacy endpoint was microbiologic efficacy in microbiologically evaluable patients. A total of 136 and 125 microbiologically evaluable patients were enrolled in the levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin groups, respectively. The microbiologic eradication rate by patient infection at 5–18 days after completion of therapy was 75.0% in the levofloxacin group and 76.8% in the ciprofloxacin group (95% CI [-12.58, 8.98] for levofloxacin minus ciprofloxacin). The overall eradication rates for pathogens of interest are presented in Table 17. Table17:BacteriologicalEradicationRates(ChronicBacterialProstatitis) Levofloxacin (N=136) Ciprofloxacin (N=125) Pathogen N Eradication N Eradication E. coli 15 14 (93.3%) 11 9 (81.8%) E. faecalis 54 39 (72.2%) 44 33 (75.0%) S. epidermidis Eradication rates shown are for patients who had a sole pathogen only; mixed cultures were excluded. 11 9 (81.8%) 14 11 (78.6%) Eradication rates for S. epidermidis when found with other co-pathogens are consistent with rates seen in pure isolates. Clinical success (cure + improvement with no need for further antibiotic therapy) rates in microbiologically evaluable population 5–18 days after completion of therapy were 75.0% for levofloxacin-treated patients and 72.8% for ciprofloxacin-treated patients (95% CI [-8.87, 13.27] for levofloxacin minus ciprofloxacin). Clinical long-term success (24–45 days after completion of therapy) rates were 66.7% for the levofloxacin-treated patients and 76.9% for the ciprofloxacin-treated patients (95% CI [-23.40, 2.89] for levofloxacin minus ciprofloxacin). 14.7 Complicated Urinary Tract Infections and Acute Pyelonephritis: 5-day Treatment Regimen To evaluate the safety and efficacy of the higher dose and shorter course of levofloxacin, 1109 patients with cUTI and AP were enrolled in a randomized, double-blind, multicenter clinical trial conducted in the US from November 2004 to April 2006 comparing levofloxacin 750 mg IV or orally once daily for 5 days (546 patients) with ciprofloxacin 400 mg IV or 500 mg orally twice daily for 10 days (563 patients). Patients with AP complicated by underlying renal diseases or conditions such as complete obstruction, surgery, transplantation, concurrent infection or congenital malformation were excluded. Efficacy was measured by bacteriologic eradication of the baseline organism(s) at the post-therapy visit in patients with a pathogen identified at baseline. The post-therapy (test-of-cure) visit occurred 10 to 14 days after the last active dose of levofloxacin and 5 to 9 days after the last dose of active ciprofloxacin. The bacteriologic cure rates overall for levofloxacin and control at the test-of-cure (TOC) visit for the group of all patients with a documented pathogen at baseline (modified intent to treat or mITT) and the group of patients in the mITT population who closely followed the protocol (Microbiologically Evaluable) are summarized in Table 18. Table18:BacteriologicalEradicationatTest-of-Cure Levofloxacin 750 mg orally or IV once daily for 5 days Ciprofloxacin 400 mg IV/500 mg orally twice daily for 10 days Overall Difference [95% CI] n/N % n/N % Levofloxacin- Ciprofloxacin mITT Population The mITT population included patients who received study medication and who had a positive (≥10 CFU/mL) urine culture with no more than 2 uropathogens at baseline. Patients with missing response were counted as failures in this analysis. Overall (cUTI or AP) 252/333 75.7 239/318 75.2 0.5 (-6.1, 7.1) cUTI 168/230 73.0 157/213 73.7 AP 84/103 81.6 82/105 78.1 Microbiologically Evaluable Population The Microbiologically Evaluable population included patients with a confirmed diagnosis of cUTI or AP, a causative organism(s) at baseline present at ≥ 10 CFU/mL, a valid test-of-cure urine culture, no pathogen isolated from blood resistant to study drug, no premature discontinuation or loss to follow-up, and compliance with treatment (among other criteria). Overall (cUTI or AP) 228/265 86.0 215/241 89.2 -3.2 [-8.9, 2.5] cUTI 154/185 83.2 144/165 87.3 AP 74/80 92.5 71/76 93.4 Microbiologic eradication rates in the Microbiologically Evaluable population at TOC for individual pathogens recovered from patients randomized to levofloxacin treatment are presented in Table 19. Table19:BacteriologicalEradicationRatesforIndividualPathogensRecoveredFromPatientsRandomizedtoLevofloxacin750mgQDfor5DaysTreatment Pathogen Bacteriological Eradication Rate (n/N) % Escherichia coli The predominant organism isolated from patients with AP was E.coli : 91% (63/69) eradication in AP and 89% (92/103) in patients with cUTI. 155/172 90 Klebsiella pneumoniae 20/23 87 Proteus mirabilis 12/12 100 14.8 Complicated Urinary Tract Infections and Acute Pyelonephritis: 10-day Treatment Regimen To evaluate the safety and efficacy of the 250 mg dose, 10 day regimen of levofloxacin, 567 patients with uncomplicated UTI, mild-to-moderate cUTI, and mild-to-moderate AP were enrolled in a randomized, double-blind, multicenter clinical trial conducted in the US from June 1993 to January 1995 comparing levofloxacin 250 mg orally once daily for 10 days (285 patients) with ciprofloxacin 500 mg orally twice daily for 10 days (282 patients). Patients with a resistant pathogen, recurrent UTI, women over age 55 years, and with an indwelling catheter were initially excluded, prior to protocol amendment which took place after 30% of enrollment. Microbiological efficacy was measured by bacteriologic eradication of the baseline organism(s) at 1–12 days post-therapy in patients with a pathogen identified at baseline. The bacteriologic cure rates overall for levofloxacin and control at the test-of-cure (TOC) visit for the group of all patients with a documented pathogen at baseline (modified intent to treat or mITT) and the group of patients in the mITT population who closely followed the protocol (Microbiologically Evaluable) are summarized in Table 20. Table20:BacteriologicalEradicationOverall(cUTIorAP)atTest-Of-Cure The Microbiologically Evaluable population included mITT patients who met protocol-specified evaluability criteria. Levofloxacin 250 mg once daily for 10 days Ciprofloxacin 500 mg twice daily for 10 days n/N % n/N % mITT Population 1–9 days post-therapy for 30% of subjects enrolled prior to a protocol amendment; 5–12 days post-therapy for 70% of subjects. 174/209 83.3 184/219 84.0 Microbiologically Evaluable Population The mITT population included patients who had a pathogen isolated at baseline. Patients with missing response were counted as failures in this analysis. 164/177 92.7 159/171 93.0 14.9 Inhalational Anthrax (Post-Exposure) The effectiveness of levofloxacin for this indication is based on plasma concentrations achieved in humans, a surrogate endpoint reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit. Levofloxacin has not been tested in humans for the post-exposure prevention of inhalation anthrax. The mean plasma concentrations of levofloxacin associated with a statistically significant improvement in survival over placebo in the rhesus monkey model of inhalational anthrax are reached or exceeded in adult and pediatric patients receiving the recommended oral and intravenous dosage regimens [see Indications and Usage ( 1.13 ); Dosage and Administration ( 2.1 , 2.2 ) ]. Levofloxacin pharmacokinetics have been evaluated in adult and pediatric patients. The mean (± SD) steady state peak plasma concentration in human adults receiving 500 mg orally or intravenously once daily is 5.7 ± 1.4 and 6.4 ± 0.8 mcg/mL, respectively; and the corresponding total plasma exposure (AUC 0–24 ) is 47.5 ± 6.7 and 54.6 ± 11.1 mcg.h/mL, respectively. The predicted steady-state pharmacokinetic parameters in pediatric patients ranging in age from 6 months to 17 years receiving 8 mg/kg orally every 12 hours (not to exceed 250 mg per dose) were calculated to be comparable to those observed in adults receiving 500 mg orally once daily [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )]. In adults, the safety of levofloxacin for treatment durations of up to 28 days is well characterized. However, information pertaining to extended use at 500 mg daily up to 60 days is limited. Prolonged levofloxacin therapy in adults should only be used when the benefit outweighs the risk. In pediatric patients, the safety of levofloxacin for treatment durations of more than 14 days has not been studied. An increased incidence of musculoskeletal adverse events (arthralgia, arthritis, tendinopathy, gait abnormality) compared to controls has been observed in clinical studies with treatment duration of up to 14 days. Long-term safety data, including effects on cartilage, following the administration of levofloxacin to pediatric patients is limited [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.10 ) , Use in Specific Populations ( 8.4 )] . A placebo-controlled animal study in rhesus monkeys exposed to an inhaled mean dose of 49 LD 50 (~2.7 × 10 6 ) spores (range 17 – 118 LD 50 ) of B. anthracis (Ames strain) was conducted. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of levofloxacin for the anthrax strain used in this study was 0.125 mcg/mL. In the animals studied, mean plasma concentrations of levofloxacin achieved at expected T max (1 hour post-dose) following oral dosing to steady state ranged from 2.79 to 4.87 mcg/mL. Steady state trough concentrations at 24 hours post-dose ranged from 0.107 to 0.164 mcg/mL. Mean (SD) steady state AUC 0–24 was 33.4 ± 3.2 mcg.h/mL (range 30.4 to 36.0 mcg.h/mL). Mortality due to anthrax for animals that received a 30 day regimen of oral levofloxacin beginning 24 hrs post exposure was significantly lower (1/10), compared to the placebo group (9/10) [P=0.0011, 2-sided Fisher's Exact Test]. The one levofloxacin treated animal that died of anthrax did so following the 30-day drug administration period. 14.10 Plague Efficacy studies of levofloxacin could not be conducted in humans with pneumonic plague for ethical and feasibility reasons. Therefore, approval of this indication was based on an efficacy study conducted in animals. The mean plasma concentrations of levofloxacin associated with a statistically significant improvement in survival over placebo in an African green monkey model of pneumonic plague are reached or exceeded in adult and pediatric patients receiving the recommended oral and intravenous dosage regimens [see Indications and Usage ( 1.14 ), Dosage and Administration ( 2.1 ), ( 2.2 )]. Levofloxacin pharmacokinetics have been evaluated in adult and pediatric patients. The mean (± SD) steady state peak plasma concentration in human adults receiving 500 mg orally or intravenously once daily is 5.7 ± 1.4 and 6.4 ± 0.8 mcg/mL, respectively; and the corresponding total plasma exposure (AUC0-24) is 47.5 ± 6.7 and 54.6 ± 11.1 mcg.h/mL, respectively. The predicted steady-state pharmacokinetic parameters in pediatric patients ranging in age from 6 months to 17 years receiving 8 mg/kg orally every 12 hours (not to exceed 250 mg per dose) were calculated to be comparable to those observed in adults receiving 500 mg orally once daily [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )]. A placebo-controlled animal study in African green monkeys exposed to an inhaled mean dose of 65 LD 50 (range 3 to 145 LD 50 ) of Yersinia pestis (CO92 strain) was conducted. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of levofloxacin for the Y. pestis strain used in this study was 0.03 mcg/mL. Mean plasma concentrations of levofloxacin achieved at the end of a single 30-min infusion ranged from 2.84 to 3.50 mcg/mL in African green monkeys. Trough concentrations at 24 hours post-dose ranged from <0.03 to 0.06 mcg/mL. Mean (SD) AUC 0-24 was 11.9 (3.1) mcg.h/mL (range 9.50 to 16.86 mcg.h/mL). Animals were randomized to receive either a 10-day regimen of i.v. levofloxacin or placebo beginning within 6 hrs of the onset of telemetered fever (≥ 39 o C for more than 1 hour). Mortality in the levofloxacin group was significantly lower (1/17) compared to the placebo group (7/7) [p<0.001, Fisher's Exact Test; exact 95% confidence interval (-99.9%, -55.5%) for the difference in mortality]. One levofloxacin-treated animal was euthanized on Day 9 post-exposure to Y. pestis due to a gastric complication; it had a blood culture positive for Y. pestis on Day 3 and all subsequent daily blood cultures from Day 4 through Day 7 were negative.
Table11:ClinicalSuccessRatesandMicrobiologicalEradicationRates(NosocomialPneumonia) | * Methicillin-susceptible S. aureus |
| † See above text for use of combination therapy |
| ‡ The observed differences in rates for the clinical and microbiological outcomes may reflect other factors that were not accounted for in the study |
| Pathogen | N | Levofloxacin No. (%) of Patients Microbiologic/Clinical Outcomes | N | Imipenem/Cilastatin No. (%) of Patients Microbiologic/Clinical Outcomes |
| MSSA* | 21 | 14 (66.7)/13 (61.9) | 19 | 13 (68.4)/15 (78.9) |
| P.aeruginosa † | 17 | 10 (58.8)/11 (64.7) | 17 | 5 (29.4)/7 (41.2) |
| S. marcescens | 11 | 9 (81.8)/7 (63.6) | 7 | 2 (28.6)/3 (42.9) |
| E. coli | 12 | 10 (83.3)/7 (58.3) | 11 | 7 (63.6 )/8 (72.7) |
| K.pneumoniae ‡ | 11 | 9 (81.8)/5 (45.5) | 7 | 6 (85.7)/3 (42.9) |
| H. influenzae | 16 | 13 (81.3)/10 (62.5) | 15 | 14 (93.3)/11 (73.3) |
| S. pneumoniae | 4 | 3 (75.0)/3 (75.0) | 7 | 5 (71.4)/4 (57.1) |
Table12:BacteriologicalEradicationRatesacross2CommunityAcquiredPneumoniaClinicalStudies | Pathogen | No. Pathogens | Bacteriological Eradication Rate (%) |
| H. influenzae | 55 | 98 |
| S. pneumoniae | 83 | 95 |
| S. aureus | 17 | 88 |
| M. catarrhalis | 18 | 94 |
| H. parainfluenzae | 19 | 95 |
| K. pneumoniae | 10 | 100 |
Table13:ClinicalandBacterialSuccessRatesforLevofloxacin-TreatedMDRSPinCommunityAcquiredPneumoniaPatients(PopulationValidforEfficacy) | Screening Susceptibility | Clinical Success | Bacteriological Success One patient had a respiratory isolate that was resistant to tetracycline, cefuroxime, macrolides and TMP/SMX and intermediate to penicillin and a blood isolate that was intermediate to penicillin and cefuroxime and resistant to the other classes. The patient is included in the database based on respiratory isolate. |
| n/N n=the number of microbiologically evaluable patients who were clinical successes; N=number of microbiologically evaluable patients in the designated resistance group. | % | n/N n=the number of MDRSP isolates eradicated or presumed eradicated in microbiologically evaluable patients; N=number of MDRSP isolates in a designated resistance group. | % |
| Penicillin-resistant | 16/17 | 94.1 | 16/17 | 94.1 |
| 2nd generation Cephalosporin resistant | 31/32 | 96.9 | 31/32 | 96.9 |
| Macrolide-resistant | 28/29 | 96.6 | 28/29 | 96.6 |
| Trimethoprim/ Sulfamethoxazole resistant | 17/19 | 89.5 | 17/19 | 89.5 |
| Tetracycline-resistant | 12/12 | 100 | 12/12 | 100 |
Table14:ClinicalSuccessandBacteriologicEradicationRatesforResistantStreptococcuspneumoniae(CommunityAcquiredPneumonia) | Type of Resistance | Clinical Success | Bacteriologic Eradication |
| Resistant to 2 antibacterials | 17/18 (94.4%) | 17/18 (94.4%) |
| Resistant to 3 antibacterials | 14/15 (93.3%) | 14/15 (93.3%) |
| Resistant to 4 antibacterials | 7/7 (100%) | 7/7 (100%) |
| Resistant to 5 antibacterials | 0 | 0 |
| Bacteremia with MDRSP | 8/9 (89%) | 8/9 (89%) |
Table15:BacteriologicalEradicationRates(Community-AcquiredPneumonia) | S. pneumoniae | 19/20 (95%) |
| Haemophilus influenzae | 12/12 (100%) |
| Haemophilus parainfluenzae | 10/10 (100%) |
| Mycoplasma pneumoniae | 26/27 (96%) |
| Chlamydophila pneumoniae | 13/15 (87%) |
Table16:ClinicalSuccessRatebyPathogenattheTOCinMicrobiologicallyEvaluableSubjectsWhoUnderwentAntralPuncture(AcuteBacterialSinusitis) | Pathogen | Levofloxacin 750 mg × 5 days | Levofloxacin 500 mg × 10 days |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae Note: Forty percent of the subjects in this trial had specimens obtained by sinus endoscopy. The efficacy data for subjects whose specimen was obtained endoscopically were comparable to those presented in the above table. | 25/27 (92.6%) | 26/27 (96.3%) |
| Haemophilus influenzae | 19/21 (90.5%) | 25/27 (92.6%) |
| Moraxella catarrhalis | 10/11 (90.9%) | 13/13 (100%) |
Table17:BacteriologicalEradicationRates(ChronicBacterialProstatitis) | Levofloxacin (N=136) | Ciprofloxacin (N=125) |
| Pathogen | N | Eradication | N | Eradication |
| E. coli | 15 | 14 (93.3%) | 11 | 9 (81.8%) |
| E. faecalis | 54 | 39 (72.2%) | 44 | 33 (75.0%) |
| S. epidermidis Eradication rates shown are for patients who had a sole pathogen only; mixed cultures were excluded. | 11 | 9 (81.8%) | 14 | 11 (78.6%) |
Table18:BacteriologicalEradicationatTest-of-Cure | Levofloxacin 750 mg orally or IV once daily for 5 days | Ciprofloxacin 400 mg IV/500 mg orally twice daily for 10 days | Overall Difference [95% CI] |
| n/N | % | n/N | % | Levofloxacin- Ciprofloxacin |
| mITT Population The mITT population included patients who received study medication and who had a positive (≥10 CFU/mL) urine culture with no more than 2 uropathogens at baseline. Patients with missing response were counted as failures in this analysis. |
| Overall (cUTI or AP) | 252/333 | 75.7 | 239/318 | 75.2 | 0.5 (-6.1, 7.1) |
| cUTI | 168/230 | 73.0 | 157/213 | 73.7 | |
| AP | 84/103 | 81.6 | 82/105 | 78.1 | |
| Microbiologically Evaluable Population The Microbiologically Evaluable population included patients with a confirmed diagnosis of cUTI or AP, a causative organism(s) at baseline present at ≥ 10 CFU/mL, a valid test-of-cure urine culture, no pathogen isolated from blood resistant to study drug, no premature discontinuation or loss to follow-up, and compliance with treatment (among other criteria). |
| Overall (cUTI or AP) | 228/265 | 86.0 | 215/241 | 89.2 | -3.2 [-8.9, 2.5] |
| cUTI | 154/185 | 83.2 | 144/165 | 87.3 | |
| AP | 74/80 | 92.5 | 71/76 | 93.4 | |
Table19:BacteriologicalEradicationRatesforIndividualPathogensRecoveredFromPatientsRandomizedtoLevofloxacin750mgQDfor5DaysTreatment | Pathogen | Bacteriological Eradication Rate (n/N) | % |
| Escherichia coli The predominant organism isolated from patients with AP was E.coli : 91% (63/69) eradication in AP and 89% (92/103) in patients with cUTI. | 155/172 | 90 |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | 20/23 | 87 |
| Proteus mirabilis | 12/12 | 100 |
Table20:BacteriologicalEradicationOverall(cUTIorAP)atTest-Of-Cure The Microbiologically Evaluable population included mITT patients who met protocol-specified evaluability criteria. | Levofloxacin 250 mg once daily for 10 days | Ciprofloxacin 500 mg twice daily for 10 days |
| n/N | % | n/N | % |
| mITT Population 1–9 days post-therapy for 30% of subjects enrolled prior to a protocol amendment; 5–12 days post-therapy for 70% of subjects. | 174/209 | 83.3 | 184/219 | 84.0 |
| Microbiologically Evaluable Population The mITT population included patients who had a pathogen isolated at baseline. Patients with missing response were counted as failures in this analysis. | 164/177 | 92.7 | 159/171 | 93.0 |
References
This field may contain references when prescription drug labeling must summarize or otherwise relay on a recommendation by an authoritative scientific body, or on a standardized methodology, scale, or technique, because the information is important to prescribing decisions.
15 REFERENCES 1. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically. Approved Standard - 9th ed. CLSI Document M7-A9, CLSI, 950 West Valley Rd., Suite 2500, Wayne, PA, 2012. 2. CLSI. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; 22nd Informational Supplement. CLSI Document M100 - S22, 2012. 3. CLSI Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Tests. Approved Standard - 11th ed. CLSI M2-A11, 2012. 4. CLSI. Methods for Antimicrobial Dilution and Disk Susceptibility Testing of Infrequently Isolated or Fastidious Bacteria; Approved Guideline - 2nd ed. CLSI Document M45-A2, 2010.
Use in specific populations
Information about use of the drug by patients in specific populations, including pregnant women and nursing mothers, pediatric patients, and geriatric patients.
8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS • Geriatrics: Severe hepatotoxicity has been reported. The majority of reports describe patients 65 years of age or older ( 5.8 , 8.5 , 17). May have increased risk of tendinopathy (including rupture), especially with concomitant corticosteroid use ( 5.2 , 8.5 , 17 ). May be more susceptible to prolongation of the QT interval ( 5.10 , 8.5 , 17 ) • Pediatrics: Musculoskeletal disorders (arthralgia, arthritis, tendinopathy, and gait abnormality) seen in more levofloxacin treated patients than in comparator. Shown to cause arthropathy and osteochondrosis in juvenile animals ( 5.11 , 8.4 , 13.2 ). Safety in pediatric patients treated for more than 14 days has not been studied. Risk-benefit appropriate only for the treatment of inhalational anthrax (post-exposure) ( 1.7 , 2.2 , 8.4 , 14.9 ) and plague (1.8, 2.2, 8.4, 14.10) . 8.1 Pregnancy Pregnancy Category C. Levofloxacin was not teratogenic in rats at oral doses as high as 810 mg/kg/day which corresponds to 9.4 times the highest recommended human dose based upon relative body surface area, or at intravenous doses as high as 160 mg/kg/day corresponding to 1.9 times the highest recommended human dose based upon relative body surface area. The oral dose of 810 mg/kg/day to rats caused decreased fetal body weight and increased fetal mortality. No teratogenicity was observed when rabbits were dosed orally as high as 50 mg/kg/day which corresponds to 1.1 times the highest recommended human dose based upon relative body surface area, or when dosed intravenously as high as 25 mg/kg/day, corresponding to 0.5 times the highest recommended human dose based upon relative body surface area. There are, however, no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Levofloxacin should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. 8.3 Nursing Mothers Based on data on other fluoroquinolones and very limited data on levofloxacin, it can be presumed that levofloxacin will be excreted in human milk. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions from levofloxacin in nursing infants, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother. 8.4 Padiatric Use Quinolones, including levofloxacin, cause arthropathy and osteochondrosis in juvenile animals of several species. [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.11 ) and Animal Toxicology and/or Pharmacology ( 13.2 )]. Inhalational Anthrax (Post-Exposure) Levofloxacin is indicated in pediatric patients 6 months of age and older, for inhalational anthrax (post-exposure). The risk-benefit assessment indicates that administration of levofloxacin to pediatric patients is appropriate. The safety of levofloxacin in pediatric patients treated for more than 14 days has not been studied. [see Indications and Usage ( 1.7 ) , Dosage and Administration ( 2.2 ) and Clinical Studies ( 14.9 )] . Plague Levofloxacin is indicated in pediatric patients, 6 months of age and older, for treatment of plague, including pneumonic and septicemic plague due to Yersinia pestis (Y. pestis) and prophylaxis for plague. Efficacy studies of levofloxacin could not be conducted in humans with pneumonic plague for ethical and feasibility reasons. Therefore, approval of this indication was based on an efficacy study conducted in animals. The risk-benefit assessment indicates that administration of levofloxacin to pediatric patients is appropriate [ see Indications and Usage ( 1.8 ), Dosage and Administration ( 2.2 ) and Clinical Studies ( 14.10 ) ]. Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients below the age of six months have not been established. Adverse Events In clinical trials, 1534 children (6 months to 16 years of age) were treated with oral and intravenous levofloxacin. Children 6 months to 5 years of age received levofloxacin 10 mg/kg twice a day and children greater than 5 years of age received 10 mg/kg once a day (maximum 500 mg per day) for approximately 10 days. A subset of children in the clinical trials (1340 levofloxacin-treated and 893 non-fluoroquinolone-treated) enrolled in a prospective, long-term surveillance study to assess the incidence of protocol-defined musculoskeletal disorders (arthralgia, arthritis, tendinopathy, gait abnormality) during 60 days and 1 year following the first dose of the study drug. Children treated with levofloxacin had a significantly higher incidence of musculoskeletal disorders when compared to the non-fluoroquinolone-treated children as illustrated in Table 7. Follow-up Period Levofloxacin N = 1340 Non-Fluoroquinolone Non-Fluoroquinolone: ceftriaxone, amoxicillin/ clavulanate, clarithromycin N = 893 p-value 2-sided Fisher's Exact Test 60 days 28 (2.1%) 8 (0.9%) p = 0.038 1 year There were 1199 levofloxacin-treated and 804 non-fluoroquinolone-treated children who had a one-year evaluation visit. However, the incidence of musculoskeletal disorders was calculated using all reported events during the specified period for all children enrolled regardless of whether they completed the 1-year evaluation visit. 46 (3.4%) 16 (1.8%) p = 0.025 Arthralgia was the most frequently occurring musculoskeletal disorder in both treatment groups. Most of the musculoskeletal disorders in both groups involved multiple weight-bearing joints. Disorders were moderate in 8/46 (17%) children and mild in 35/46 (76%) levofloxacin-treated children and most were treated with analgesics. The median time to resolution was 7 days for levofloxacin-treated children and 9 for non-fluoroquinolone-treated children (approximately 80% resolved within 2 months in both groups). No child had a severe or serious disorder and all musculoskeletal disorders resolved without sequelae. Vomiting and diarrhea were the most frequently reported adverse events, occurring in similar frequency in the levofloxacin-treated and non-fluoroquinolone-treated children. In addition to the events reported in pediatric patients in clinical trials, events reported in adults during clinical trials or post-marketing experience [see Adverse Reactions ( 6 )] may also be expected to occur in pediatric patients. 8.5 Geriatric Use Geriatric patients are at increased risk for developing severe tendon disorders including tendon rupture when being treated with a fluoroquinolone such as levofloxacin. This risk is further increased in patients receiving concomitant corticosteroid therapy. Tendinitis or tendon rupture can involve the Achilles, hand, shoulder, or other tendon sites and can occur during or after completion of therapy; cases occurring up to several months after fluoroquinolone treatment have been reported. Caution should be used when prescribing levofloxacin to elderly patients especially those on corticosteroids. Patients should be informed of this potential side effect and advised to discontinue levofloxacin and contact their healthcare provider if any symptoms of tendinitis or tendon rupture occur [see Boxed Warning; Warnings and Precautions ( 5.8 ); and Adverse Reactions ( 6.3 )] . In phase 3 clinical trials, 1,945 levofloxacin-treated patients (26%) were ≥ 65 years of age. Of these, 1,081 patients (14%) were between the ages of 65 and 74 and 864 patients (12%) were 75 years or older. No overall differences in safety or effectiveness were observed between these subjects and younger subjects, but greater sensitivity of some older individuals cannot be ruled out. Severe, and sometimes fatal, cases of hepatotoxicity have been reported post-marketing in association with levofloxacin. The majority of fatal hepatotoxicity reports occurred in patients 65 years of age or older and most were not associated with hypersensitivity. Levofloxacin should be discontinued immediately if the patient develops signs and symptoms of hepatitis [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.8 )] . Elderly patients may be more susceptible to drug-associated effects on the QT interval. Therefore, precaution should be taken when using levofloxacin with concomitant drugs that can result in prolongation of the QT interval (e.g., Class IA or Class III antiarrhythmics) or in patients with risk factors for torsade de pointes (e.g., known QT prolongation, uncorrected hypokalemia) [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.10 )] . The pharmacokinetic properties of levofloxacin in younger adults and elderly adults do not differ significantly when creatinine clearance is taken into consideration. However, since the drug is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, the risk of toxic reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection, and it may be useful to monitor renal function [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )] . 8.6 Renal Impairment Clearance of levofloxacin is substantially reduced and plasma elimination half-life is substantially prolonged in patients with impaired renal function (creatinine clearance < 50 mL/min), requiring dosage adjustment in such patients to avoid accumulation. Neither hemodialysis nor continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) is effective in removal of levofloxacin from the body, indicating that supplemental doses of levofloxacin are not required following hemodialysis or CAPD [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.3 )]. 8.7 Hepatic Impairment Pharmacokinetic studies in hepatically impaired patients have not been conducted. Due to the limited extent of levofloxacin metabolism, the pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin are not expected to be affected by hepatic impairment.
| Follow-up Period | Levofloxacin N = 1340 | Non-Fluoroquinolone Non-Fluoroquinolone: ceftriaxone, amoxicillin/ clavulanate, clarithromycin N = 893 | p-value 2-sided Fisher's Exact Test |
| 60 days | 28 (2.1%) | 8 (0.9%) | p = 0.038 |
| 1 year There were 1199 levofloxacin-treated and 804 non-fluoroquinolone-treated children who had a one-year evaluation visit. However, the incidence of musculoskeletal disorders was calculated using all reported events during the specified period for all children enrolled regardless of whether they completed the 1-year evaluation visit. | 46 (3.4%) | 16 (1.8%) | p = 0.025 |
How supplied
Information about the available dosage forms to which the labeling applies, and for which the manufacturer or distributor is responsible. This field ordinarily includes the strength of the dosage form (in metric units), the units in which the dosage form is available for prescribing, appropriate information to facilitate identification of the dosage forms (such as shape, color, coating, scoring, and National Drug Code), and special handling and storage condition information.
16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING 16.1 Levofloxacin Tablets, USP Levofloxacin tablets, USP Levofloxacin tablets, USP are supplied as 250, 500, and 750 mg oval-shaped, coated tablets. Levofloxacin tablets, USP are packaged in bottles and in unit-dose blister strips in the following configurations: • 250 mg tablets are Brownish-pink, oval, biconvex, film coated tablets, debossed 250 on one side and "C282" on the other side. – bottles of 05 Tablets (NDC 63187-925-05) – bottles of 07 Tablets (NDC 63187-925-07) – bottles of 10 Tablets (NDC 63187-925-10) – bottles of 14 Tablets (NDC 63187-925-14) – bottles of 21 Tablets (NDC 63187-925-21) – bottles of 28 Tablets (NDC 63187-925-28) Dispense in a well-closed container as defined in the USP. Use child-resistant closure (as required). Store at 20º - 25ºC (68º - 77ºF) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature].
Boxed warning
Information about contraindications or serious warnings, particularly those that may lead to death or serious injury.
WARNING: SERIOUS ADVERSE REACTIONS INCLUDING TENDINITIS, TENDON RUPTURE, PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY, CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM EFFECTS AND EXACERBATION OF MYASTHENIA GRAVIS See full prescribing information for complete boxed warning. Fluoroquinolones, including levofloxacin, have been associated with disabling and potentially irreversible serious adverse reactions that have occurred together (5.1), including: Tendinitis and tendon rupture (5.2) • Peripheral neuropathy (5.3) • Central nervous system effects (5.4) Discontinue levofloxacin immediately and avoid the use of fluoroquinolones, including levofloxacin, in patients who experience any of these serious adverse reactions (5.1) Fluoroquinolones, including levofloxacin, may exacerbate muscle weakness in patients with myasthenia gravis. Avoid levofloxacin in patients with a known history of myasthenia gravis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)]. Because fluoroquinolones, including levofloxacin have been associated with serious adverse reactions (5.1-5.14), reserve levofloxacin for use in patients who have no alternative treatment options for the following indications: • Uncomplicated urinary tract infection (1.12) • Acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis (1.13) • Acute bacterial sinusitis (1.14) WARNING: SERIOUS ADVERSE REACTIONS INCLUDING TENDINITIS, TENDON RUPTURE, PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY, CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM EFFECTS AND EXACERBATION OF MYASTHENIA GRAVIS See full prescribing information for complete boxed warning. Fluoroquinolones, including levofloxacin, have been associated with disabling and potentially irreversible serious adverse reactions that have occurred together [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)] , including: • Tendinitis and tendon rupture [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)] • Peripheral neuropathy [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)] • Central nervous system effects [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)] Discontinue levofloxacin immediately and avoid the use of fluoroquinolones, including levofloxacin, in patients who experience any of these serious adverse reactions [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)] Fluoroquinolones, including levofloxacin, may exacerbate muscle weakness in patients with myasthenia gravis. Avoid levofloxacin in patients with a known history of myasthenia gravis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)]. Because fluoroquinolones, including levofloxacin have been associated with serious adverse reactions (5.1-5.14), reserve levofloxacin for use in patients who have no alternative treatment options for the following indications: • Double click here to open Word Application. • Write unordered list in to word document. • Close Word Application. Double click here to open Word Application. Write ordered list in to word document. Close Word Application.
